---
slug: convergence-encyclopedia-c16
title: Convergence Encyclopedia: C16 — Branching / Optimal Transport
canonical: https://miscsubjects.com/a/convergence-encyclopedia-c16
---

**F1 — Tier.** T1 (Murray’s law for laminar flow; constructal law as engineering principle; Horton’s laws for geomorphology). CRITICAL NOTE: Murray’s law (r₀³=r₁³+r₂³), Horton’s laws, and Bejan’s constructal law are THREE DIFFERENT RESULTS. They apply to different systems under different constraints. Do not claim all branching instances share Murray scaling.

**F2 — Sources.** 
- Murray, C.D. (1926). “The physiological principle of minimum work. I. The vascular system and the cost of blood volume.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 12(3), 207–214.
- Bejan, A. (1996). “Constructal-theory network of conducting paths for cooling a heat generating volume.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 40(4), 799–816. (Constructal law formalized.)
- Bejan, A. (1997). Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics. Wiley. (Constructal law expanded.)
- Horton, R.E. (1945). “Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins: Hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology.” Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 56(3), 275–370.
- Hack, J.T. (1957). “Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and Maryland.” U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers, 294-B, 45–97.

**F3 — Domains.** Rivers (Horton/Hack), lungs and blood vessels (Murray), neurons (branching dendrites), roots and mycelium (resource foraging), lightning (dielectric breakdown), engineered networks (constructal).

**F4 — Scale.** Capillary (~10⁻⁶ m) → Amazon basin (~10⁶ m); ~12 orders for Murray-type networks.

**F5 — Falsifier.** A branching network for viscous fluid transport that violates Murray’s Law (r₀³ ≠ r₁³ + r₂³) under controlled laminar flow conditions, despite having evolved or been designed for efficient transport. More generally: a constructal-optimized network whose performance improves when its branching geometry deviates from constructal predictions.
Rival (strongest form): Branching is geometric necessity under flow constraints, not evidence of a deep “grain” to reality. Murray’s cubic law holds for laminar viscous flow; it does not apply to turbulent flow, electrical conduction, or dielectric breakdown (lightning). Rivers follow Horton’s laws and Hack’s law (L ∝ A^0.6) with different exponents than biological networks. Lightning is fractal dielectric breakdown with no optimization principle. These are different phenomena with different mathematics. The convergence is superficial — they all look like trees because trees are the geometry of space-filling under flow. (Criticism of over-unified branching theories: LaBarbera 1990 Science 249:979; Bejan’s constructal law criticized as unfalsifiable by Ghodos- sian & Bejan 2017 Journal of Applied Physics rebuttal.)

**F7 — Independence.** HIGH. Murray (physiology, Penn State, 1926), Bejan (mechanical engineering, Duke, 1996), Horton (geology, 1945) — three fields, three countries, three decades (1920s–1990s), no intellectual borrowing. The commonality of branching geometry was recognized only retrospectively.

**F8 — Pattern type.** Structural / mathematical.

**F9 — Maps.** A2 (thermodynamic/computational), A7 (pattern geometry).

---

## Corpus map
- Previous: [Convergence Encyclopedia: C15](/a/convergence-encyclopedia-c15)
- Next: [Convergence Encyclopedia: C17](/a/convergence-encyclopedia-c17)
- Encyclopedia start: [The Schema](/a/convergence-encyclopedia-schema)
- Same node, other planes: [Catalogue node C16](/a/oip-node-c16-branching-optimal-transport) · [Catalogue hub](/a/oip-convergence-public-article)
- Edges touching C16: [convergence edge 9](/a/oip-convergence-edge-9) · [disconfirming edge 5](/a/oip-disconfirming-edge-5)
- Kin corpora: [Total Structure](/a/oip-total-structure) · [Signature of the Grain](/a/oip-sog-preamble-axioms)
