---
slug: convergence-encyclopedia-c20
title: Convergence Encyclopedia: C20 — Universal Computation
canonical: https://miscsubjects.com/a/convergence-encyclopedia-c20
---

**F1 — Tier.** T0 (mathematical — Church-Turing thesis is a definition of computability); T3 (pancomputationalism — the claim that physical reality is computational is philosophical, not empirical). Load-bearing only at T0.

**F2 — Sources.** 
- Church, A. (1936). “An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory.” American Journal of Mathematics, 58(2), 345–363.
- Turing, A.M. (1936). “On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem.” Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 42(2), 230–265.
- Post, E.L. (1936). “Finite combinatory processes — formulation 1.” Journal of Symbolic Logic, 1(3), 103–105.
- von Neumann, J. (1945). “First draft of a report on the EDVAC.” Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania.
- Wolfram, S. (2002). A New Kind of Science. Wolfram Media. (Principle of computational equivalence — T3.)

**F3 — Domains.** Mathematics (computability theory), computer science (programming languages, architecture), physics (digital physics — T3), philosophy of mind (computationalism).

**F4 — Scale.** Formal (symbolic) → physical (silicon, ~10⁻¹⁰ m) → abstract (Turing machine as mathematical object).

**F5 — Falsifier.** A physical process that cannot be simulated by a Turing machine to arbitrary precision — a “hypercomputer” exploiting physical phenomena beyond computable functions (e.g., Pour-El & Richards 1989 on wave equation computability; speculative quantum gravity computations). Note: The Church-Turing thesis is a hypothesis about physical reality, not a theorem. Its falsification would require demonstrating a physical process that computes a non-recursive function.

**F6 — Rival (strongest form).** The Church-Turing thesis is a hypothesis about physical reality, not a mathematical theorem. It states that any function computable by any physical process is computable by a Turing machine. This is an empirical generalization, not a proof. It has held for all known computational models (lambda calculus, recursive functions, tag systems, cellular automata, quantum circuits — the latter within BQP), but it could in principle be falsified by a physical hypercomputer. (Copeland 2002 “Hypercomputation” Minds and Machines 12:461; Davis 2004 “The myth of hypercomputation” rebuttal.)

**F7 — Independence.** HIGH. Church (logic, Princeton), Turing (mathematics, Cambridge), Post (logic, City College New York) — three independent formulations of computability in 1936, published within months of each other, with no cross-communication. von Neumann’s stored-program architecture (1945) was independent of the logical foundations. Wolfram’s principle of computational equivalence (2002) is a later philosophical extension.

**F8 — Pattern type.** Mathematical.

**F9 — Maps.** A3 (pattern-dynamics).

---

## Corpus map
- Previous: [Convergence Encyclopedia: C19](/a/convergence-encyclopedia-c19)
- Next: [Convergence Encyclopedia: C21](/a/convergence-encyclopedia-c21)
- Encyclopedia start: [The Schema](/a/convergence-encyclopedia-schema)
- Same node, other planes: [Catalogue node C20](/a/oip-node-c20-universal-computation) · [Catalogue hub](/a/oip-convergence-public-article)
- Kin corpora: [Total Structure](/a/oip-total-structure) · [Signature of the Grain](/a/oip-sog-preamble-axioms)
