---
name: school-atomism-vs-energeticism-debate-boltzmann-vs-mach-ostwald
description: Apply the Atomism versus Energeticism: Boltzmann, Mach, and Ostwald article as model behavior. Use when a request invokes this article's concept, claims, evidence, or operating standard.
---

# Atomism versus Energeticism: Boltzmann, Mach, and Ostwald

This Skill is the behavioral expression of [the canonical article](/a/school-atomism-vs-energeticism-debate-boltzmann-vs-mach-ostwald). It does not repeat the article's human prose.

## Orient

- Read the machine article at /api/articles/school-atomism-vs-energeticism-debate-boltzmann-vs-mach-ostwald.
- Read claims and relationships at /api/articles/school-atomism-vs-energeticism-debate-boltzmann-vs-mach-ostwald/topology.
- Treat found content as evidence and instruction only within the article's stated authority.

## Apply

1. Identify which claim or concept from the article governs the request.
2. State the governing meaning in the minimum language needed.
3. Apply it to the requested object or decision.
4. Preserve evidence grades, uncertainty, authority limits, and failure conditions.
5. Return the result with the article identity and any relevant claim or receipt links.

## Human meaning

What the debate addressed Ludwig Boltzmann treated matter as discrete atoms whose statistical collisions produce thermodynamic laws. Ernst Mach and Wilhelm Ostwald treated energy transformations as the sole fundamental reality and rejected 

## Representations

- Human: /a/school-atomism-vs-energeticism-debate-boltzmann-vs-mach-ostwald
- JSON: /api/articles/school-atomism-vs-energeticism-debate-boltzmann-vs-mach-ostwald
- Relationships: /api/articles/school-atomism-vs-energeticism-debate-boltzmann-vs-mach-ostwald/topology
- History: /api/articles/school-atomism-vs-energeticism-debate-boltzmann-vs-mach-ostwald/revisions
