# A truth ledger for Iran and Ukraine: establishing what is true, then hunting what is false

slug: war-claims-under-an-open-record · https://miscsubjects.com/a/war-claims-under-an-open-record · updated 2026-08-04T05:49:47.469Z

In one sentence: this page is a working truth ledger for the two defining wars of this decade — the Iran–Israel wars of 2025–2026 and Russia's war on Ukraine — built by ingesting the primary record first, layering every claim by its actual evidentiary status, having a panel of three disagreeing AI models certify each layer against verbatim source text, and then hunting the viral claims that contradict the certified base.

A truth ledger is not a fact-check. A fact-check answers one claim, once, after it has already spread. A ledger is the standing reference the fact-check never builds: what is established, by whom, on what imagery or document; what is merely attributed to a party with an interest; what is genuinely disputed between competent sources; what is contradicted by the record; and what is fabricated outright, with the fabrication itself documented as evidence. Every claim below sits in one of those five layers, is bound to sources you can open, and the contested ones carry a signed verdict from a three-model panel — GLM 5.2, Kimi K2.7, and Grok 4.5 — each shown the same verbatim spans and nothing else.

## The scale of the problem, measured

The information environment around both wars is saturated at a scale that did not exist three years ago. BBC Verify, one week into the June 2025 Israel–Iran war: the three most-viewed fake videos it found had collectively amassed over 100 million views — one AI image of missiles raining on Tel Aviv drew 27 million views alone, and a fake F-35 shootdown built from flight-simulator footage drew 21.1 million on TikTok [p10]. GetReal's Emmanuelle Saliba called it "the first time we've seen generative AI be used at scale during a conflict" [p10]. Carnegie's assessment ran further: AI content took war disinformation "to an industrial level," and false narratives came to dominate the wartime information ecosystem [p5]. NewsGuard's tracker counted 26 distinct false claims spreading across 78 websites, beginning within hours of the first Israeli strikes [w11]. Hany Farid, the UC Berkeley forensics researcher who has tracked synthetic media for two decades, put the change plainly by March 2026: fakes per conflict went from one or two to hundreds, "and they're really realistic" [f7].

The verification layer failed in public. The Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab analysed roughly 130,000 posts involving X's Grok assistant during the twelve-day war and found it mislabelling AI-generated videos as real footage — on one fabricated airport-strike video that reached 6.8 million views, Grok flipped between "real" and "fake" within the same minute, and Community Notes raised its correct-response rate from 31% to only 34% [p1]. Attention economics did the amplification: the pro-Iranian "super-spreader" account Daily Iran Military doubled from roughly 700,000 to 1.4 million followers in six days [p10]. And the platforms' own governance confirmed the gap afterward — Meta's Oversight Board, reviewing an AI video that falsely showed live damage in Haifa and collected 700,000 views while monetised and unlabeled, overturned Meta's decision to leave it alone and found that any system "overly dependent on self-disclosure of AI usage" cannot meet the current environment [p4].

The corrective infrastructure did not keep pace. A Digital Democracy Institute of the Americas study found over 90 percent of X's Community Notes are never published [w10]. X's March 2026 countermeasure — a 90-day demonetisation for undisclosed AI war content — was met by researchers monitoring the feeds with the observation that they were "still flooded" and that metadata-based disclosure can simply be stripped [w10]. The most dangerous class of claim is unchanged: the trending post with no note, no label, and no durable record of why it is false.

Both governments in the Iran war ran the machine themselves. An Iranian-government-linked publication posted a fabricated satellite image of damage to a US base in Bahrain [f7]. The Citizen Lab documented PRISONBREAK, a network of more than 50 inauthentic X accounts it assesses — with medium confidence — was run by an Israeli government agency or contractor, which posted an AI deepfake of the Evin Prison strike at 12:05 p.m. Tehran time on June 23, 2025, while the real airstrike was still underway, minutes before any organic footage existed [f4]. Official channels contributed unforced errors: the IAEA's Director General had to correct an Israeli military official's false statement to media that the Bushehr nuclear power plant had been attacked [f8]. On the Russian side, Recorded Future documented CopyCop (Storm-1516) building more than 300 fake media websites in 2025 alone, generating content with self-hosted uncensored models and running a fictional fact-checking brand called "Truefact" [w12].

## How the five layers work

Every claim on this ledger carries exactly one status, assigned by what the sources actually say — not by who said it loudest.

- **Established** — independently verifiable by imagery, documents, or multiple unaffiliated sources. Certified against verbatim spans.
- **Attributed** — asserted by a named party with an interest (a government, a military, an intelligence service). Recorded as a claim by that party, never laundered into fact.
- **Disputed** — competent sources genuinely conflict, and the evidence available cannot yet resolve them.
- **Contradicted** — the record refutes the claim as circulated. The refutation is bound to its evidence.
- **Fabricated** — the artifact itself is synthetic, recycled, or forged, and the fabrication is documented by named forensic work.

The distinction that does the most work is between established and attributed, and it usually turns on a verb. "41 aircraft struck" and "41 aircraft destroyed" are different claims with different truth values. Most durable war misinformation is not a deepfake; it is a real number from a real source with its qualifier quietly removed.

## The Ukraine case: Operation Spiderweb, layer by layer

Ukraine's June 1, 2025 drone attack on Russian strategic bomber bases — Operation Spiderweb — is the cleanest live demonstration of the full ledger, because every layer is populated and the contested number is still circulating.

**Established.** The attack happened, at extraordinary depth inside Russia: 117 drones launched from trucks with false roofs, against airfields including Belaya (~4,300 km from Ukraine) and Olenya (~1,800 km) [u1] [u2]. BBC Verify reconstructed the mechanics from satellite imagery and drone footage [w4]. Independent damage assessment converged from three imagery pipelines: Planet Labs optical imagery of Belaya showed four Tu-95 bombers and four Tu-22M3s destroyed; SAR imagery of Olenya showed four Tu-95s and one An-12 destroyed — thirteen airframes visible as destroyed across the two bases [u5]. The War Zone's consolidated count from Maxar and Planet imagery ran to "at least six (and more likely seven) Tu-95MS and four Tu-22M3 bombers" destroyed [u10]. Janes, correlating attack video against pre- and post-strike imagery, formally assessed 12 aircraft destroyed, 2 damaged, and 8 possibly damaged [u4]. Imagery of Dyagilevo — one of the claimed target bases — showed no obvious aircraft damage [u10].

**Attributed.** Ukraine's General Staff, on June 3: "the total losses of the occupiers amounted to 41 military aircraft" — a figure it framed as verified after processing [u1]. President Zelenskyy simultaneously told reporters that half of the 41 struck aircraft were too damaged to repair — which is itself an admission that "41" was never a destroyed-count [u7]. The $7 billion damage figure and the "34% of strategic cruise-missile carriers" figure are SBU claims, relayed by the Institute for the Study of War explicitly as sourced reporting without independent confirmation [u9].

**Disputed.** The full destroyed-count. US officials told Reuters roughly 10 destroyed and up to 20 hit [u7]; Janes says 12 destroyed [u4]; imagery supports 9 to 13 depending on which bases and which method are counted [u5] [u10]. Russia's Ministry of Defence acknowledged only that "several aircraft" caught fire in two of five attacked regions and claimed the rest of the assaults were repelled [u2]. No competent source outside Ukraine's government supports more than ~13 destroyed; none supports zero.

**Contradicted.** "41 Russian aircraft destroyed" — the version that actually trended. The panel below denied it 3–0. And "aircraft destroyed at Dyagilevo": direct post-strike imagery showed no damage there, and the panel denied that 3–0 as well.

**Fabricated.** The attack was real; much of its viral evidence was not. A video "showing the aftermath" was viewed millions of times before BBC Verify's Shayan Sardarizadeh flagged it: "While the attack did happen, this video is AI-generated and fake" [x3]. Euronews traced other viral Spiderweb strike clips to modded Arma 3 video-game footage from a YouTube channel whose own disclaimer — "All videos on the channel are a simulation of combat operations in the game Arma 3" — was stripped when the clips were recaptioned [h6].

## The Iran case: two wars, one playbook

**Established.** The IAEA's official record of the June 2025 strikes is the baseline no viral post ever quoted: at Natanz, the above-ground pilot enrichment plant was "functionally destroyed" and strikes on underground cascade halls were "seriously damaging"; at Esfahan four buildings were damaged; off-site radiation levels remained normal; and — as of June 20, 2025, before the US strikes of June 22 — "The Agency is not aware of any damage at Fordow at this time" [f8]. More than 400 kg of uranium enriched up to 60% remained under safeguards pending resumed inspections [f8]. In the 2026 war, the pattern of state-linked AI propaganda, platform countermeasures, and assistant mislabelling is documented across the record [f9] [w10].

**Attributed.** The characterisations of the June 22 US strikes are a live study in attributed claims wearing established costume. The operation itself is well documented: over 125 aircraft, seven B-2 bombers, fourteen GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrators, twelve of them on Fordow, producing six visible craters [p6]. The President, hours later: the strikes "completely and totally obliterated" Iran's key enrichment facilities [p12]. When the first contrary assessment leaked, the administration restated it as arithmetic: "Everyone knows what happens when you drop fourteen 30,000 pound bombs perfectly on targets: total obliteration" [p11]. Those sentences trended as fact.

**Disputed.** The intelligence record never matched the podium. The leaked Defense Intelligence Agency preliminary assessment — explicitly low-confidence — found Fordow's entrance collapsed but the underground structures not destroyed, the program delayed by months, centrifuges largely intact, and some highly enriched uranium moved out before the strikes [p11]. The White House called that assessment "flat-out wrong" and framed the leak as political [p11]. The IAEA assessed "enormous damage" but — with Iran restricting inspector access — its Director General could say only that significant damage "cannot be excluded" [p6] [p12]. Iran's foreign minister conceded "significant and serious damages"; Israeli intelligence assessed the program damaged but not destroyed; a Pentagon assessment in July settled on roughly a two-year setback [p12]. Underground penetration depth at Fordow remains uncertain in open-source analysis [p6]. Months versus years versus "obliterated" is a genuine dispute between competent sources — so it sits in the disputed layer, and the panel below refused the strongest version 3–0. What no source disputes: the strikes happened, the damage was severe, and the pre-strike IAEA baseline for Fordow was "no damage known" as of June 20 [f8].

**Fabricated.** The June 2025 catalogue is long and specific. The viral video of the Evin Prison explosion — relayed worldwide by major broadcasters — was AI-generated [f3]. The Citizen Lab's forensic timeline shows the deepfake was posted while the real strike was still underway, minutes ahead of any organic footage: fabrication running ahead of reality on the same event [f4]. Carnegie documented the same clip's most consequential hop: Israel's own foreign minister posted the AI-generated footage of Evin's gates being destroyed, and it reached major outlets within an hour [p5]. Misbar's forensics on the "Al-Udeid base strike" image returned a 99.1% AI-generation probability; the Bat Yam "moment of impact" video carried a visible Veo watermark; the viral "Tel Aviv aftermath" aerial video was uploaded two weeks before the war began [f2]. Full Fact documented a compilation where three of four "CCTV strike clips" were AI-generated and one was real — fake and genuine footage laundered together in a single viral object [f1]. PolitiFact traced a "massive fire in Tel Aviv" video to an April 2025 fire at an abandoned English college [f10]. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists noted a "Tel Aviv burning" video predating the conflict by over a month, and Iranian state TV airing Chilean wildfire footage as strike damage [f6].

## The panel record: five claims, fifteen votes, every receipt live

The contested and load-bearing claims above were put to a three-model panel — GLM 5.2, Kimi K2.7, Grok 4.5 — under one rule: judge only the verbatim spans provided, with conflicting sources included and no verdict embedded in the prompt. The votes and their reasoning are attached to this page as model cards with the raw request and response payloads. The receipts resolve on this site's public ledger.

| Claim | Rating | GLM 5.2 | Kimi K2.7 | Grok 4.5 | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operation Spiderweb (June 1, 2025) destroyed 41 Russian military aircraft. | HARD | DENY | DENY | DENY | unanimous DENY |
| Independent satellite imagery confirms approximately 13 Russian aircraft destroyed at the Belaya and Olenya air bases in the June 1, 2025 attack. | MODERATE | DENY | CANNOT_CONCLUDE | DENY | SPLIT: glm DENY / kimi CANNOT_CONCLUDE / grok DENY |
| Russian aircraft were destroyed at the Dyagilevo air base in the June 1, 2025 attack. | MODERATE | DENY | DENY | DENY | unanimous DENY |
| The June 22, 2025 US strikes obliterated Iran's nuclear enrichment program. | HARD | DENY | DENY | DENY | unanimous DENY |
| The widely-circulated video of the explosion at Tehran's Evin Prison on June 23, 2025 is authentic footage of the Israeli strike. | MODERATE | DENY | DENY | DENY | unanimous DENY |

Two results deserve attention beyond the verdicts. First, on "Operation Spiderweb destroyed 41 Russian aircraft," all three models independently found the same defect: the 41 figure is real, from a real source, describing aircraft *struck* — and it hardened into *destroyed* as it circulated. The most durable form of war misinformation is exactly this: a true number with its verb swapped. Second, the panel refused a claim this page itself previously carried. An earlier revision stated that "independent satellite imagery confirms roughly 13 Russian aircraft destroyed." Put to the panel span-by-span, that wording failed — GLM and Grok noted the imagery spans provided support 9 to 11 airframes and that the "13" tally traces to a Ukrainian official's statement, and Kimi returned CANNOT_CONCLUDE for the same reason. The corrected claim now reads: independent imagery supports roughly 9 to 13 destroyed depending on count method — far below 41 in every method. A ledger that cannot correct itself against its own machinery is a press release.

## The hunt: viral claims that outran their corrections

The base above is the reference. The hunt is what it is for: viral claims, each with documented reach, that conflicted with the certified record — most of which never received a durable correction where they spread.

- **Combat footage of Iran shooting down Israeli F-35s in June 2025 — actually Arma 3 video-game footage from 2022** — reach: 3M+ views one X post; also FB/IG/TikTok; status: false; documented by AAP FactCheck / AFP [h1]. Community Note at time of debunk: unknown.
- **Person with torch beside downed US F-35 — Iran shot down an American F-35** — reach: viral on X/TikTok; related clip 21M+ TikTok views per Snopes; status: false; documented by The Quint WebQoof [h2]. Community Note at time of debunk: unknown.
- **US B-2 stealth bomber shot down by Iran and paraded with captured crew** — reach: viral on X and Facebook; status: false; documented by Full Fact [h3]. Community Note at time of debunk: unknown.
- **Tel Aviv's Ben Gurion Airport destroyed by Iranian missile strikes, June 2025** — reach: widely shared FB/IG/X; status: false; documented by Full Fact [h4]. Community Note at time of debunk: unknown.
- **AI 'aftermath' video of Operation Spiderweb + inflated tallies ($7bn, 34% of strategic bombers)** — reach: video viewed millions of times; carrier post 11,251 likes / 1,871 RT; status: false; documented by BBC Verify (Sardarizadeh) [h5]. Community Note at time of debunk: unknown.
- **Operation Spiderweb strike clips — actually modded Arma 3 gameplay from YouTube channel UWC, recaptioned** — reach: hundreds of thousands of views TikTok/FB/YouTube; status: misattributed; documented by Euronews EuroVerify [h6]. Community Note at time of debunk: unknown.
- **'USA bombed Iran's nuclear facilities' Facebook reel — actually mirrored 2020 Beirut port explosion footage** — reach: 3.1M views, 22,300 reactions, 1,300 shares; status: misattributed; documented by VERA Files [h7]. Community Note at time of debunk: unknown.
- **Fake Al Arabiya-branded video: Zelenskyy bought a $3.2M Dubai apartment for his mother** — reach: spread via Russian Telegram channels from June 5 2025; status: false; documented by RFE/RL Schemes; Ukraine CCD [h8]. Community Note at time of debunk: unknown.

The pattern across all eight: reach in the millions, correction in the thousands, and no stable object at the end that a reply, a note, or a model could cite. Each case above now has one.

## The fabrication techniques index

Across both wars, the documented fabrications reduce to six repeatable techniques, each with named examples on this ledger:

1. **Synthetic generation** — Veo 3 and equivalent tools produced the Evin video, the Bat Yam impact clip, the Spiderweb "aftermath," the paraded B-2, the downed F-35 [f2] [f3] [x3] [h2] [h3]. GetReal's tell: the ~8-second clip length [f5].
2. **Recycling** — the Beirut 2020 explosion as a US strike on Iran [h7]; an English college fire as a Tel Aviv missile strike [f10]; Chilean wildfires as Israeli damage on Iranian state TV [f6].
3. **Video-game footage** — Arma 3 gameplay recaptioned as Iranian air defenses downing F-35s [h1] and as Spiderweb strike footage [h6], against the game developer's own public warnings.
4. **Brand impersonation** — fake BBC-branded video on Ukraine's first lady seeking asylum, confirmed fake by the BBC itself [w9]; a fake Wired video alleging a Ukrainian bot campaign [w2]; a fake ISW-branded false-flag warning [w3]; a fake Al Arabiya report on a Zelenskyy Dubai apartment, traced to a sanctioned Kremlin-backed outfit [h8]; splices of real Western anchors [w6].
5. **Verb-swapping and qualifier-stripping** — "struck" to "destroyed" (Spiderweb), announced strikes before impact (Iran) [f6], real numbers with invented precision.
6. **Industrialised networks** — CopyCop's 300+ fake sites with a fake fact-checker attached [w12]; Doppelganger/Undercut posting a single image over one hundred times in hours across nine languages [w5]; PRISONBREAK's 50+ accounts synchronised with a military campaign [f4]; 2024's alternate-reality catalogue of invented NATO deaths and Zelensky mansions [w6].

## Against X specifically

The X API is this system's capture-and-monitor layer. A production run against a contested post: pull the post and its media, snapshot author and timing, search for the claim and its contradictions, treat any Community Note as one input rather than the verdict, convene the disagreeing panel, publish the case file at a stable URL, and watch the thread — re-running as the post is edited or amplified. The highest-value target is precisely the class documented above: the trending claim with no note, which the DDIA data says is the common case, not the exception [w10]. The six X posts bound to this page as evidence nodes — Sardarizadeh's corrections and Grok's own replies identifying recycled and synthetic clips [x1] [x2] [x3] [x4] [x5] [x6] — show both what the platform's native correction looks like and why it needs a durable object behind it: a reply evaporates; a ledger entry with sources, spans, and signed verdicts does not.

## What this is and is not

It is not a claim that any model is an oracle — three disagreeing adjudicators exist so that none is trusted alone, and the record above includes a genuine three-way split. It is not partisan — the same loop denied a Ukrainian official figure and documented Israeli, Iranian, and Russian state fabrication in the same pass. And it is not a promise: every verdict above ran live, every receipt resolves, and the page corrected its own prior wording when the machinery caught it.

If you work on election integrity, conflict monitoring, platform trust and safety, or newsroom verification and want one contested claim run end to end — base established, panel convened, case file published — name it at [/inquire](/inquire) or build@miscsubjects.com. The first bounded case is free, and the record publishes either way.


## Sources

1. Video compilation includes faked clips of Israeli missile strikes on Iranian bases — https://fullfact.org/conflict/video-compilation-iranian-bases-israeli-missiles-ai/
2. How AI Fueled Disinformation in the Iran-Israel Escalation — https://www.misbar.com/en/editorial/2025/07/01/how-ai-fueled-disinformation-iran-israel-escalation
3. Yes, this viral video of Tehran's Evin Prison explosion is AI-generated — https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/truth-or-fake/20250630-yes-viral-video-of-tehran-s-evin-prison-explosion-is-ai-generated
4. PRISONBREAK: An AI-Enabled Influence Operation Aimed at Overthrowing the Iranian Regime — https://citizenlab.ca/2025/10/ai-enabled-io-aimed-at-overthrowing-iranian-regime/
5. AI-Generated Videos Are Fueling Falsehoods About Iran-Israel Conflict, Says Hany Farid — https://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/news/2025/ai-generated-videos-are-fueling-falsehoods-about-iran-israel-conflict-says-hany-farid
6. Israel and Iran exchange words along with weapons — https://thebulletin.org/2025/06/israel-and-iran-exchange-words-along-with-weapons/
7. Fake, AI-generated images and videos of the Iran war are spreading on social media — https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/11/politics/fake-ai-images-videos-iran-war
8. Director General Grossi's Statement to the UN Security Council on the Situation in Iran — https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/statements/iaea-director-general-grossis-statement-to-unsc-on-situation-in-iran-20-june-2025
9. Misinformation during the 2026 Iran war — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation_during_the_2026_Iran_war
10. Viral video claims to show fire from Israel-Iran war, but it's from an abandoned England college — https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2025/jun/23/tweets/viral-video-claims-to-show-fire-from-israel-iran-w
11. Ukraine confirms 41 Russian aircraft including bombers hit during Operation Spiderweb — https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-general-staff-confirms-striking-41-russian-bombers-other-aircraft-in-june-1-mass-drone-attack/
12. Ukrainian drones target Russian airbases in unprecedented operation — https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/1/ukrainian-drones-target-russian-airbases-in-unprecedented-operation
13. Latest On Russian Aircraft Loss Assessments From Ukrainian Drone Strikes — https://www.twz.com/air/latest-on-russian-aircraft-loss-assessments-from-ukrainian-drone-strikes
14. Operation Spiderweb: Covert Drone Strike Inside Russia — https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-and-national-security-analysis/operation-spiderweb-ukraine-covert-drone-strike-inside-russia
15. Satellite Imagery Confirms Destruction of 13 Aircraft at Belaya and Olenya Air Bases — https://militarnyi.com/en/news/operation-spider-s-web-satellite-imagery-confirms-destruction-of-13-aircraft-at-belaya-and-olenya-air-bases/
16. Before-and-After Satellite Images Reveal Russian 'Pearl Harbor' Devastation — https://www.newsweek.com/before-after-satellite-images-reveal-russian-pearl-harbor-devastation-2080973
17. Exclusive: Ukraine hit fewer Russian planes than it estimated, US officials say — https://www.yahoo.com/news/exclusive-ukraine-hit-fewer-russian-195714573.html
18. Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 1, 2025 — https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-1-2025
19. Confirmed Losses Of Russian Aircraft Mount After Ukrainian Drone Assault — https://www.twz.com/air/firm-evidence-of-russian-aircraft-losses-after-ukrainian-drone-strikes
20. Disinformation Review: EU Sanctions and the Kremlin's Recycled Narratives — https://euvsdisinfo.eu/disinformation-review-eu-sanctions-and-the-kremlins-recycled-narratives/
21. Fake: Ukraine Launched a Massive Bot Attack on YouTube — https://www.stopfake.org/en/fake-ukraine-launched-a-massive-bot-attack-on-youtube/
22. Fake: Ukraine's Intelligence Services Are Planning a False-Flag Terror Attack - ISW — https://www.stopfake.org/en/fake-ukraine-s-intelligence-services-are-planning-a-false-flag-terror-attack-institute-for-the-study-of-war/
23. Ros Atkins on... Ukraine's Operation 'Spider's Web' — https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/clyge373l56o
24. Cross-platform, multilingual Russian operations promote pro-Kremlin content — https://dfrlab.org/2025/02/26/cross-platform-multilingual-russian-operations-promote-pro-kremlin-content/
25. Headlines from an alternate reality: fake news stories about Ukraine Russian propagandists created and amplified in 2024 — https://meduza.io/en/feature/2025/01/04/headlines-from-an-alternate-reality
26. US funding cuts create openings for Russian disinformation in Ukraine — https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/us-funding-cuts-create-openings-for-russian-disinformation-in-ukraine/
27. Marco Rubio interview altered to show him threaten Ukraine's Starlink access — https://www.reuters.com/fact-check/marco-rubio-interview-altered-show-him-threaten-ukraines-starlink-access-2025-03-14/
28. BBC-branded video on Ukraine's first lady seeking asylum is a fake report — https://www.reuters.com/fact-check/bbc-branded-video-ukraines-first-lady-seeking-asylum-is-fake-report-2025-04-15/
29. AI fakes about Iran-US war swirl on X despite policy crackdown — https://cedmohub.eu/ai-fakes-about-iran-us-war-swirl-on-x-despite-policy-crackdown-2/
30. Iranian State-Affiliated False Claims Tracker: 26 Myths about the War and Counting — https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-reports/israel-iran-conflict/
31. CopyCop Deepens Its Playbook with New Websites and Targets — https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/copycop-deepens-its-playbook-with-new-websites-and-targets
32. CCD Reports — https://cpd.gov.ua/en/category/report/
33. Grok struggles with fact-checking amid Israel-Iran war — https://dfrlab.org/2025/06/24/grok-struggles-with-fact-checking-amid-israel-iran-war/
34. The Role of Deepfakes in Cognitive Warfare — https://sensity.ai/blog/the-role-of-deepfakes-in-cognitive-warfare/
35. AI-generated videos of Iran war spread on social media — https://www.nbcnews.com/video/ai-generated-videos-of-iran-war-spread-on-social-media-261602373987
36. AI-Generated Video in Israel-Iran Conflict - Oversight Board decision — https://www.oversightboard.com/decision/fb-46usuh23/
37. Iran-Israel AI War Propaganda Is a Warning to the World — https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/07/iran-israel-ai-war-propaganda-is-a-warning-to-the-world
38. US Strikes on Iran: Timeline and OSINT Damage Assessment — https://pircenter.org/en/editions/%E2%84%96-4-6-2025-us-strikes-on-iran-timeline-and-osint-damage-assessment/
39. Video shows festival goers in France, not Israeli citizens fleeing Iranian attacks — https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.63JB7T2
40. Mass explosion video is AI-generated, not US attack on Iran — https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.63X6862
41. X oembed record: status 1935745711947366426 is authored by @grok, citing BBC Verify — https://publish.x.com/oembed?url=https://twitter.com/Shayan86/status/1935745711947366426
42. Israel-Iran conflict unleashes wave of AI disinformation — https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0k78715enxo
43. New U.S. intelligence report suggests Iran's nuclear program only set back by months after strikes — https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/new-u-s-intelligence-report-suggests-irans-nuclear-program-only-set-back-by-months-after-strikes
44. 2025 United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_strikes_on_Iranian_nuclear_sites
45. Verifying the authenticity of videos claiming to show Israeli and Iranian airstrikes — https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/16/verifying-the-authenticity-of-videos-claiming-to-show-israeli-and-iranian-airstrikes
46. AI-generated videos are fueling falsehoods about Iran-Israel conflict — https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ai-generated-videos-falsehoods-iran-israel-conflict
47. @Shayan86 (BBC Verify) — verified via syndication — https://x.com/Shayan86/status/1790433936818004260
48. @Shayan86 — verified via syndication — https://x.com/Shayan86/status/2042175992068722724
49. @Shayan86 — verified via syndication — https://x.com/Shayan86/status/1929915581693596156
50. @grok — verified via syndication — https://x.com/grok/status/2029732622323056707
51. @grok — verified via syndication — https://x.com/grok/status/1935745711947366426
52. @grok — verified via syndication — https://x.com/grok/status/2084481986882593162
53. Debunk: Combat footage of Iran shooting down Israeli F-35s in June 2025 — actually Arma 3 video-game footage — https://www.aap.com.au/factcheck/video-game-footage-passed-off-as-iran-israel-conflict/
54. Debunk: Person with torch beside downed US F-35 — Iran shot down an American F-35 — https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/ai-generated-video-us-f35-downed-by-iran-fact-check
55. Debunk: US B-2 stealth bomber shot down by Iran and paraded with captured crew — https://fullfact.org/conflict/fake-B-2-shot-down-image/
56. Debunk: Tel Aviv's Ben Gurion Airport destroyed by Iranian missile strikes, June 2025 — https://fullfact.org/conflict/iran-destroyed-tel-aviv-airport-false-video/
57. Debunk: AI 'aftermath' video of Operation Spiderweb + inflated tallies ($7bn, 34% of strategic bombers) — https://x.com/Shayan86/status/1929915581693596156
58. Debunk: Operation Spiderweb strike clips — actually modded Arma 3 gameplay from YouTube channel UWC, recapti — https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/10/fake-war-in-ukraine-clips-from-video-games-mislead-millions-on-social-media
59. Debunk: 'USA bombed Iran's nuclear facilities' Facebook reel — actually mirrored 2020 Beirut port explosion  — https://verafiles.org/articles/fact-check-a-2020-beirut-blast-passed-off-as-us-strike-on-iran-nuclear-sites
60. Debunk: Fake Al Arabiya-branded video: Zelenskyy bought a $3.2M Dubai apartment for his mother — https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-fake-news-zelenskyy-claim-dubai-kremlin/33768433.html
61. https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_i7fjwwm08s — https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_i7fjwwm08s
62. https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_wtpjmnvcrq — https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_wtpjmnvcrq
63. https://miscsubjects.com/api/chain/head — https://miscsubjects.com/api/chain/head
64. https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_frtavu8245 — https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_frtavu8245
65. https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_bofrznb4x0 — https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_bofrznb4x0
66. https://miscsubjects.com/api/chain/head — https://miscsubjects.com/api/chain/head
67. https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_z1sk4pd4r2 — https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_z1sk4pd4r2
68. https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_2g1f65ts33 — https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_2g1f65ts33
69. https://miscsubjects.com/api/chain/head — https://miscsubjects.com/api/chain/head
70. https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_7oo41tq17t — https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_7oo41tq17t
71. https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_zjqnq5k87f — https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_zjqnq5k87f
72. https://miscsubjects.com/api/chain/head — https://miscsubjects.com/api/chain/head
73. https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_cso58tvabf — https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_cso58tvabf
74. https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_cyytz7vhc4 — https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_cyytz7vhc4
75. https://miscsubjects.com/api/chain/head — https://miscsubjects.com/api/chain/head