{"slug":"landauer-1961","verification":{"valid":false,"broken_at":0,"reason":"prev mismatch"},"count":5,"sources":[{"id":"landauer-1961","type":"primary","url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.53.0183","title":"Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process","quote":"Information is physical.","summary":"The original 1961 IBM paper deriving the minimum heat dissipation bound for irreversible bit erasure from Liouville's theorem and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.","claim_ids":["c1","c2","c3","c4"],"quality_score":1},{"id":"bennett-1973","type":"adjacent","url":"https://miscsubjects.com/article/bennett-1973","title":"Bennett 1973 — Logical Reversibility of Computation","quote":"","summary":"Shows that reversible computation can avoid the Landauer cost entirely by running backward with no heat dissipation.","claim_ids":["c2"],"quality_score":0.95},{"id":"berut-2012","type":"adjacent","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10872","title":"Experimental verification of Landauer's principle linking information and thermodynamics","quote":"","summary":"Bérut et al. (2012) trapped a colloidal particle in a double-well laser potential and measured heat dissipation during bit erasure, showing saturation at the Landauer limit in the quasi-static regime.","claim_ids":["c1"],"quality_score":0.9},{"id":"konopik-2020","type":"rival","url":"","title":"Konopik et al. 2020 — Non-equilibrium information erasure below kT ln(2)","quote":"","summary":"Demonstrated that non-equilibrium reservoirs can enable information erasure below the Landauer limit, showing the bound is not universal but a thermal-equilibrium theorem.","claim_ids":["c5"],"quality_score":0.85},{"id":"earman-norton-1999","type":"rival","url":"","title":"Earman & Norton 1999 — Exorcist XIV: The Wrath of Maxwell's Demon","quote":"","summary":"Philosophical challenge arguing Landauer's principle is either redundant (if the demon is already governed by the Second Law) or insufficient (if not). Bennett conceded this was 'the objection of greatest merit.'","claim_ids":["c6"],"quality_score":0.8}]}