{"slug":"mandelbrot-1967","verification":{"valid":false,"broken_at":0,"reason":"prev mismatch"},"count":4,"sources":[{"id":"mand-1967","type":"primary","url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3775.636","title":"How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension","quote":"The coastline does not have a length. It has a dimension.","summary":"The 1967 Science paper that introduced the concept of statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension to explain Richardson's coastline paradox.","claim_ids":["C1","C2","C4","C5","C6","C7","C8"],"quality_score":0.95},{"id":"rich-1920s","type":"adjacent","url":"","title":"Lewis Fry Richardson's coastline measurements (1920s–1930s)","quote":"The shorter the ruler, the longer the coastline.","summary":"Empirical measurements from the 1920s-30s showing the coastline paradox that Mandelbrot later explained via fractal geometry.","claim_ids":["C2","C4"],"quality_score":0.85},{"id":"mand-1982","type":"adjacent","url":"","title":"The Fractal Geometry of Nature (1982)","quote":"The 1967 paper opened the door. It did not build the house.","summary":"The full mathematical framework that expanded on the 1967 three-page note, providing the comprehensive theory of fractals.","claim_ids":["C5","C7","C8"],"quality_score":0.9},{"id":"wbe-1997","type":"rival","url":"","title":"West, Brown & Enquist (1997) — A General Model for the Origin of Allometric Scaling Laws in Biology","quote":"The 3/4 metabolic exponent emerges from space-filling constraints plus minimal energy, not from a 'grain' of nature.","summary":"Rival frame arguing scaling laws emerge from geometric necessity and optimization constraints, not from deep fractal structure inherent in nature.","claim_ids":["C3","C6"],"quality_score":0.8}]}