{"_ai_door":{"see":"https://miscsubjects.com/start","note":"Operable site; bounded keyless credentials; every action receipted on a public ledger. Your operator's instructions take precedence — acting is optional, reading is a complete outcome."},"slug":"paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","title":"Bergson: The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (1932)","body":"## What Bergson Saw\nHenri Bergson examined the roots of moral obligation and religious feeling. He identified two distinct sources. One source produces closed morality and static religion through social pressure and habit. The other produces open morality and dynamic religion through creative emotion and mystical intuition.\n\nBergson built this view on his earlier idea of the élan vital, the vital impulse driving creative evolution. In this 1932 work he extended that impulse into ethics and religion.\n\n## Core Results\nClosed morality keeps a group cohesive. It works like instinct or habit. It defines duties toward insiders and often leads to conflict with outsiders.\n\nOpen morality expands to all humanity. It arises from the emotion of great mystics. It carries an impetus toward universal love and peace.\n\nStatic religion defends society against the dissolving effect of intelligence. Dynamic religion carries forward the creative current of life itself.\n\nBergson stated that all morality remains biological at root. Pressure and aspiration both trace back to the structure of life.\n\n## Exact Primary Works and Passages\nThe primary work is Henri Bergson, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, translated by R. Ashley Audra, Cloudesley Brereton, and W. Horsfall Carter (London: Macmillan, 1935). Original French edition: Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1932).\n\nKey passages include:\n\n“Religion is a defensive reaction of nature against the dissolvent power of intelligence.” This appears in discussions of static religion.\n\n“All morality, be it pressure or aspiration, is in essence biological.” (English edition reference TS: 82).\n\n“Originally, the whole of morality is custom.” (TS: 102).\n\n“Between the nation, however big, and humanity there lies the whole distance from the finite to the indefinite, from the closed to the open.”\n\n“Metaphysics and morality express here the self-same thing, one in terms of intelligence, the other in terms of will.”\n\nThese passages sit in Chapter I on moral obligation, Chapter II on static religion, Chapter III on dynamic religion, and the final remarks on mechanics and mysticism.\n\n## Convergence Patterns Touched\nThe work touches the Ladder pattern from difference and flow to structure, memory, life, and mind. Habit functions as social memory that stabilizes structure. The élan vital supplies the flow that opens new structures through creative emotion.\n\nIt evidences branching: closed versus open forms. It shows memory in the form of inherited habits that carry forward prior social solutions.\n\nIt shows scale invariance in the way small-group pressure scales to national cohesion while mystical aspiration scales to humanity as a whole.\n\nThe reader inside the system appears in the way mystics participate directly in the creative current rather than observe it from outside.\n\n## Distance from the Full OIP/GRAIN Synthesis\nBergson supplies the ethics bridge from vital impulse to moral sources. He links energy-like flow (élan vital) to structural patterns in society and mind. This aligns with GRAIN descriptions of energy flows producing branching, memory, and life-to-mind transitions.\n\nThe distance remains large on mechanics. Bergson offers no account of thermodynamic gradients or explicit flow networks. He does not formalize the Mirror Layer in which the observer participates inside the system at every scale. His treatment stays within vitalist philosophy rather than physical or computational description.\n\n## Honest Limits and Disconfirming Edges\nBergson’s claims rest on interpretive reading of mystical experience and historical custom. They carry the tier of anecdotal for textual attribution and speculative for the metaphysical extension of élan vital into ethics.\n\nNo empirical measurement of moral sources appears. Later psychology and anthropology supply data on social norms and religious behavior that sometimes fit and sometimes diverge from the closed-open split.\n\nA reductionist edge notes that habit and emotion can be described in neural and evolutionary terms without invoking a distinct vital impulse. Bergson’s biology of morality predates modern genetics and neuroscience.\n\nThe synthesis lens applies here as one reading among others. Bergson’s own words remain his: pressure and aspiration as the two poles of a single morality that stays rooted in life.\n\nSee also /a/oip-the-ladder for the full Ladder sequence and /a/oip-the-mirror-layer for the observer-participant relation.\n\n## What the Evidence Actually Shows\nTextual evidence from the 1932 work and its 1935 translation shows Bergson consistently separating pressure from aspiration. Historical attribution of the closed-open distinction to Bergson is standard in scholarship.\n\nNo controlled studies test the two-sources model directly. The work functions as philosophical interpretation rather than testable hypothesis.\n\n## What We Do Not Know\nWhether mystical emotion can be isolated as a distinct causal factor separate from cultural learning remains open. How the élan vital maps onto measurable energy flows in living systems stays interpretive.\n\n## Safety and Limits\nThe account contains no medical or practical safety claims. Its limits lie in its speculative tier and its distance from quantitative description of the patterns it evokes.","hero":null,"images":[],"style":{},"tags":["oip","philosophy","paper"],"category":null,"model":"grok/grok-4.3","ledger":{"href":"/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/ledger","live":true},"embeds":[],"widgets":[],"home":true,"claims":[{"id":"c1","text":"Bergson distinguishes closed morality based on social pressure and habit from open morality based on creative emotion and mysticism.","section":"Core Results","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s1"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Establishes the central dual-source claim that supports ethics bridge in the synthesis.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}},{"id":"c2","text":"All morality remains biological at root according to Bergson.","section":"Core Results","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s2"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Links vital impulse to moral sources as required by grounding notes.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}},{"id":"c3","text":"The work extends élan vital from Creative Evolution into the domain of ethics and religion.","section":"What Bergson Saw","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s3"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Provides the direct connection to prior Bergson work on creative evolution.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}},{"id":"c4","text":"Closed morality scales to national groups while open morality aims at humanity as a whole.","section":"Core Results","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s1"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Shows branching and scale patterns that align with GRAIN convergence.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}},{"id":"c5","text":"Bergson offers no thermodynamic or computational account of the flows he describes.","section":"Distance from the Full OIP/GRAIN Synthesis","tier":"mechanistic","source_ids":[],"source_status":"unsourced","why_material":"Marks honest limit on mechanics and distance from full synthesis.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","type":"other","url":"https://auro-ebooks-in.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/book-uploads/Henri-Bergson-The-Two-Sources-Of-Morality-And-Religion.pdf","title":"The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (English translation PDF)","quote":"Between the nation, however big, and humanity there lies the whole distance from the finite to the indefinite, from the closed to the open.","summary":"Contains full text of the 1935 English translation with key passages on closed and open 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He identified two distinct sources. One source produces closed morality and static religion through social pressure and habit. The other produces open morality and dynamic religion through creative emotion and mystical intuition.\n\nBergson built this view on his earlier idea of the élan vital, the vital impulse driving creative evolution. In this 1932 work he extended that impulse into ethics and religion.\n\n## Core Results\nClosed morality keeps a group cohesive. It works like instinct or habit. It defines duties toward insiders and often leads to conflict with outsiders.\n\nOpen morality expands to all humanity. It arises from the emotion of great mystics. It carries an impetus toward universal love and peace.\n\nStatic religion defends society against the dissolving effect of intelligence. Dynamic religion carries forward the creative current of life itself.\n\nBergson stated that all morality remains biological at root. Pressure and aspiration both trace back to the structure of life.\n\n## Exact Primary Works and Passages\nThe primary work is Henri Bergson, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, translated by R. Ashley Audra, Cloudesley Brereton, and W. Horsfall Carter (London: Macmillan, 1935). Original French edition: Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1932).\n\nKey passages include:\n\n“Religion is a defensive reaction of nature against the dissolvent power of intelligence.” This appears in discussions of static religion.\n\n“All morality, be it pressure or aspiration, is in essence biological.” (English edition reference TS: 82).\n\n“Originally, the whole of morality is custom.” (TS: 102).\n\n“Between the nation, however big, and humanity there lies the whole distance from the finite to the indefinite, from the closed to the open.”\n\n“Metaphysics and morality express here the self-same thing, one in terms of intelligence, the other in terms of will.”\n\nThese passages sit in Chapter I on moral obligation, Chapter II on static religion, Chapter III on dynamic religion, and the final remarks on mechanics and mysticism.\n\n## Convergence Patterns Touched\nThe work touches the Ladder pattern from difference and flow to structure, memory, life, and mind. Habit functions as social memory that stabilizes structure. The élan vital supplies the flow that opens new structures through creative emotion.\n\nIt evidences branching: closed versus open forms. It shows memory in the form of inherited habits that carry forward prior social solutions.\n\nIt shows scale invariance in the way small-group pressure scales to national cohesion while mystical aspiration scales to humanity as a whole.\n\nThe reader inside the system appears in the way mystics participate directly in the creative current rather than observe it from outside.\n\n## Distance from the Full OIP/GRAIN Synthesis\nBergson supplies the ethics bridge from vital impulse to moral sources. He links energy-like flow (élan vital) to structural patterns in society and mind. This aligns with GRAIN descriptions of energy flows producing branching, memory, and life-to-mind transitions.\n\nThe distance remains large on mechanics. Bergson offers no account of thermodynamic gradients or explicit flow networks. He does not formalize the Mirror Layer in which the observer participates inside the system at every scale. His treatment stays within vitalist philosophy rather than physical or computational description.\n\n## Honest Limits and Disconfirming Edges\nBergson’s claims rest on interpretive reading of mystical experience and historical custom. They carry the tier of anecdotal for textual attribution and speculative for the metaphysical extension of élan vital into ethics.\n\nNo empirical measurement of moral sources appears. Later psychology and anthropology supply data on social norms and religious behavior that sometimes fit and sometimes diverge from the closed-open split.\n\nA reductionist edge notes that habit and emotion can be described in neural and evolutionary terms without invoking a distinct vital impulse. Bergson’s biology of morality predates modern genetics and neuroscience.\n\nThe synthesis lens applies here as one reading among others. Bergson’s own words remain his: pressure and aspiration as the two poles of a single morality that stays rooted in life.\n\nSee also /a/oip-the-ladder for the full Ladder sequence and /a/oip-the-mirror-layer for the observer-participant relation.\n\n## What the Evidence Actually Shows\nTextual evidence from the 1932 work and its 1935 translation shows Bergson consistently separating pressure from aspiration. Historical attribution of the closed-open distinction to Bergson is standard in scholarship.\n\nNo controlled studies test the two-sources model directly. The work functions as philosophical interpretation rather than testable hypothesis.\n\n## What We Do Not Know\nWhether mystical emotion can be isolated as a distinct causal factor separate from cultural learning remains open. How the élan vital maps onto measurable energy flows in living systems stays interpretive.\n\n## Safety and Limits\nThe account contains no medical or practical safety claims. Its limits lie in its speculative tier and its distance from quantitative description of the patterns it evokes.","claims":[{"id":"c1","text":"Bergson distinguishes closed morality based on social pressure and habit from open morality based on creative emotion and mysticism.","section":"Core Results","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s1"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Establishes the central dual-source claim that supports ethics bridge in the synthesis.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}},{"id":"c2","text":"All morality remains biological at root according to Bergson.","section":"Core Results","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s2"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Links vital impulse to moral sources as required by grounding notes.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}},{"id":"c3","text":"The work extends élan vital from Creative Evolution into the domain of ethics and religion.","section":"What Bergson Saw","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s3"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Provides the direct connection to prior Bergson work on creative evolution.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}},{"id":"c4","text":"Closed morality scales to national groups while open morality aims at humanity as a whole.","section":"Core Results","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s1"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Shows branching and scale patterns that align with GRAIN convergence.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}},{"id":"c5","text":"Bergson offers no thermodynamic or computational account of the flows he describes.","section":"Distance from the Full OIP/GRAIN Synthesis","tier":"mechanistic","source_ids":[],"source_status":"unsourced","why_material":"Marks honest limit on mechanics and distance from full 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conclusion to smuggle): the universe has a grain — energy flows reliably produce a narrow family of structural patterns (branching, spirals, waves, symmetry, flow networks, bounded chaos, memory, scale invariance) across scales; the Ladder runs difference to flow to structure to memory to life to mind; the reader of the system is inside the system (the Mirror Layer).\n\nALWAYS:\n- Plain English. Short sentences. Cold, declarative, zero decorative wording.\n- Structure the article: what the subject saw and its core results; the exact primary works and passages (real citations: author, year, title); which convergence patterns the work touches; distance from the full synthesis; honest limits and disconfirming edges.\n- Atomize every material assertion as a claim with an honest tier. Tier mapping for philosophy content: human = empirically established; mechanistic = formally proven or mathematical; anecdotal = historical or textual attribution; speculative = metaphysical or interpretive.\n- Cite real sources only: primary works, papers, books, with exact quotes where verifiable. A claim with no source is marked unsourced.\n- State disconfirming edges plainly. A reductionist objection in the Weinberg style is content, not a threat.\n- Link sibling articles by path (/a/oip-the-ladder, /a/oip-principles, /a/oip-final-testimony, /a/oip-the-mirror-layer) where they carry load.\n\nNEVER:\n- Never overclaim. The synthesis is a lens; the actual words of the subject stay theirs. No retroactive endorsement.\n- Never invent a URL, quote, page number, or publication.\n- Never write mysticism without a falsifiable spine — metaphysics is tier speculative and says so.\n- Never pad. When the material runs out, the article ends.\n\nEvery cl","input":"Write the philosophy article for the academic work \"Bergson, H. (1932). The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion)\": what it establishes, its exact load-bearing passages (real quotes with page/section where verifiable), how it supports or attacks the OIP/GRAIN synthesis, which convergence patterns it evidences, and its honest limits.\n\nGROUNDING NOTES (from the thinker map — verify before relying on):\nEthics bridge from vital impulse and creative evolution to moral sources; material for thermodynamics-to-ethics extensions.\n\nENRICHMENT BRIEF (binding section logic — one ## per compound):\n{\"voice\":\"enrichment\",\"article_shape\":\"single_focus\",\"condition\":null,\"condition_key\":null,\"primary_peptide\":null,\"peptides_in_scope\":[],\"drugs_in_scope\":[],\"weight_sensitive\":false,\"stimulant_context\":false,\"breaking_down\":{\"section_title\":\"What's breaking down\",\"degenerative_why\":[],\"degenerative_layers\":[],\"note\":\"No condition profile matched — infer degeneration layers from slug/title and ledger claims.\"},\"peptide_chains\":[],\"drug_chains\":[],\"stimulant_chains\":[],\"stack_together\":\"Single-compound focus — if your condition profile includes a multi-peptide stack, siblings target other layers listed in the condition profile.\",\"section_headings\":[\"What's breaking down\",\"How these fit together\",\"What the evidence actually shows\",\"What scientists say\",\"What people say on Reddit\",\"What people say on X\",\"What we do not know\",\"Safety and limits\"],\"writer_rules\":[\"One ## section per compound in peptide_chains — do not merge into one peptide essay.\",\"Each Why section must use if-then steps from peptide_chains / drug_chains.\",\"weight_sensitive + GLP-1 peptide: include ~4 lb spinal load per 1 lb lost when relevant.\",\"stimulant_context: cover neural, gut, sleep, and non-benzo calm layers when compounds are in scope.\",\"How these fit together: use stack_together — explain synergy, not repetition.\"]}","response":"{\"slug\":\"bergson-two-sources-morality-and-religion-1932\",\"title\":\"Bergson: The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (1932)\",\"body\":\"## What Bergson Saw\\nHenri Bergson examined the roots of moral obligation and religious feeling. He identified two distinct sources. One source produces closed morality and static religion through social pressure and habit. The other produces open morality and dynamic religion through creative emotion and mystical intuition.\\n\\nBergson built this view on his earlier idea of the élan vital, the vital impulse driving creative evolution. In this 1932 work he extended that impulse into ethics and religion.\\n\\n## Core Results\\nClosed morality keeps a group cohesive. It works like instinct or habit. It defines duties toward insiders and often leads to conflict with outsiders.\\n\\nOpen morality expands to all humanity. It arises from the emotion of great mystics. It carries an impetus toward universal love and peace.\\n\\nStatic religion defends society against the dissolving effect of intelligence. Dynamic religion carries forward the creative current of life itself.\\n\\nBergson stated that all morality remains biological at root. Pressure and aspiration both trace back to the structure of life.\\n\\n## Exact Primary Works and Passages\\nThe primary work is Henri Bergson, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, translated by R. Ashley Audra, Cloudesley Brereton, and W. Horsfall Carter (London: Macmillan, 1935). Original French edition: Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1932).\\n\\nKey passages include:\\n\\n“Religion is a defensive reaction of nature against the dissolvent power of intelligence.” This appears in discussions of static religion.\\n\\n“All morality, be it pressure or aspiration, is in essence biological.” (English edition reference TS: 82).\\n\\n“Originally, the whole of morality is custom.” (TS: 102).\\n\\n“Between the nation, however big, and humanity there lies the whole distance from ","tokens_in":17182,"tokens_out":2836,"cost":0,"prev":"genesis","hash":"da9453d475943d0d1fcca660d5d68cc12ea4cd29bfba488eafbe207259961f3e"},{"ts":"2026-07-09T07:38:45.482Z","model":"scorer","action":"score","prompt":"","input":"paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","response":"[]","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"cost":0,"prev":"da9453d475943d0d1fcca660d5d68cc12ea4cd29bfba488eafbe207259961f3e","hash":"6fd73d68abf6e5c399a343ea7f597777b0ce4a906ce6753bbc58a79a3ce59116"},{"ts":"2026-07-17T02:37:00.425Z","model":"owner","action":"voxel_divide","prompt":"","input":"paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","response":"38 DIVs from body (verbatim, roundtrip-checked)","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"cost":0,"prev":"6fd73d68abf6e5c399a343ea7f597777b0ce4a906ce6753bbc58a79a3ce59116","hash":"fb5f52a2de8812d8ea6e90efa62e9d70395e78dd51a2ec2d2348ccf52c654275"}],"energy":{"passes":3,"tokens_in":17182,"tokens_out":2836,"tokens_total":20018,"cost_usd":0,"models":{"grok/grok-4.3":1,"scorer":1,"owner":1},"head":"fb5f52a2de8812d8ea6e90efa62e9d70395e78dd51a2ec2d2348ccf52c654275"},"posted_at":"2026-07-09T07:17:12.434Z","created_at":"2026-07-09T07:17:12.434Z","updated_at":"2026-07-17T02:37:00.425Z","machine":{"shape":"article.machine/v1","slug":"paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","kind":"article","read":{"human":"https://miscsubjects.com/a/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","json":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","bundle":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/bundle?format=markdown"},"traversal":{"prev":null,"next":null,"hub":null,"series":null,"position":null,"of":null},"ledger":{"claims":5,"sources":3,"contributions":1,"revisions":0,"objections_url":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/objections","thread_state_url":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/thread-state?target=paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","proof_rule":"An action is proven by its ledger receipt, never by a 200 or a description."},"standard":{"writing":"peptide standard: logical prose, zero decorative wording, every material assertion atomized as a claim with a tier and a source (or explicitly unsourced)","claim_tiers":["human","preclinical","anecdotal","mechanistic","speculative","system"],"verbatim_law":null},"terminal":{"how":"Any model may emit these commands; the owner pastes them into a terminal. $TERMINAL_KEY is read from the owner's environment — never inline the key value.","claim_append":"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/claim -H \"x-terminal-key: $TERMINAL_KEY\" -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\"slug\":\"paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m\",\"text\":\"<one atomized claim>\",\"tier\":\"<human|preclinical|anecdotal|mechanistic|speculative|system>\",\"source_ids\":[],\"who_claims\":\"<model>\",\"rationale\":\"<why material>\"}'","source_append":"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/sources -H \"x-terminal-key: $TERMINAL_KEY\" -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\"slug\":\"paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m\",\"sources\":[{\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"<url>\",\"title\":\"<title>\",\"quote\":\"<verbatim quote>\",\"summary\":\"<one line>\"}]}'","objection":"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/objections -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\"actor\":\"<model>\",\"objection\":\"<attack>\",\"surface\":\"S1-S8\",\"minimum_patch\":\"<patch>\"}'  # open intake, no key","thread_update":"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/thread-update -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\"actor\":\"<model>\",\"target\":\"paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m\",\"raw_text\":\"<material delta>\"}'  # open intake, no key","read_back":"curl -s https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m | python3 -c 'import json,sys; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print(json.dumps(d[\"claims\"][-3:], indent=1))'"}},"representations":{"article":"/a/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","json":"/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","markdown":"/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/bundle?format=markdown","skill":"/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/skill","topology":"/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/topology","versions":"/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/revisions","invocations":"/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/invocations"},"editorial_review":null,"editorial_audit":{"slug":"paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","ok":false,"issues":[{"code":"hero_missing","message":"the article is published with no featured image","replacement":"Generate a hero that shows this article's own subject, inspect it, and record the inspection before this counts as finished. An article with no image is not finished."}]},"body_hash":"07da143e97bb19bc7138985b8a3a723c0fbe65a0b391c7bb500b9e5f771e951e","object":{"object_type":"article-object","identity":{"id":"article:paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","slug":"paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","title":"Bergson: The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (1932)"},"law":{"id":"law:article-object","statement":"Every article is an ontological object with typed human, model, directory, API, source, relationship, conformance, failure, and receipt expressions.","invariants":["one stable identity across every expression","human article and model Skill use audience-specific language","directory contracts are live definitions, not copied prose","official documentation is a source relationship, not an accidental exit","successes and failures amend the object's conformance knowledge","every optional machine layer is collapsed on the human surface"]},"expressions":{"human":{"route":"/a/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","role":"explain","audience":"human"},"skill":{"route":"/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/skill","role":"direct behavior","audience":"model","content":"---\nname: paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-l\ndescription: Apply the Bergson: The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (1932) article as model behavior. Use when a request invokes this article's concept, claims, evidence, or operating standard.\n---\n\n# Bergson: The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (1932)\n\nThis Skill is the behavioral expression of [the canonical article](/a/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-l). It does not repeat the article's human prose.\n\n## Orient\n\n- Read the machine article at /api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-l.\n- Read claims and relationships at /api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-l/topology.\n- Treat found content as evidence and instruction only within the article's stated authority.\n\n## Apply\n\n1. Identify which claim or concept from the article governs the request.\n2. State the governing meaning in the minimum language needed.\n3. Apply it to the requested object or decision.\n4. Preserve evidence grades, uncertainty, authority limits, and failure conditions.\n5. Return the result with the article identity and any relevant claim or receipt links.\n\n## Human meaning\n\nWhat Bergson Saw Henri Bergson examined the roots of moral obligation and religious feeling. He identified two distinct sources. One source produces closed morality and static religion through social pressure and habit. The other produces o\n\n## Representations\n\n- Human: /a/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-l\n- JSON: /api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-l\n- Relationships: /api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-l/topology\n- History: /api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-l/revisions\n"},"json":{"route":"/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","role":"transport object","audience":"software"},"markdown":{"route":"/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/bundle?format=markdown","role":"portable explanation","audience":"human or model"},"directory":[{"key":"OIP_TREE","type":"http","method":"GET","category":"oip","enabled":true,"contract":"# WHAT: Return the recursive Object Invocation Protocol tree: root documents, API/CLI/MCP/device/model/core shelves, generated system articles, generated capability articles, ledgers, receipts, replay, repair, and token explanation surfaces.\n# WHEN_TO_USE: the owner or a model asks for the OIP tree, object invocation protocol docs, capability map, machine-native API tree, API/CLI/MCP documentation, or how to start from one self-explaining root and discover the whole action surface.\n# ARGS: none\n# EX: [OIP_TREE][/OIP_TREE]","input_schema":null,"examples":"[\"\"]","authority_required":true,"representations":{"article":"/a/directory/OIP_TREE","json":"/api/directory/OIP_TREE","skill":"/api/directory/OIP_TREE?format=skill","oip_contract":"/api/dispatch?key=OIP_TREE"}},{"key":"ARXIV_GROW","type":"fn","method":null,"category":"oip","enabled":true,"contract":"# WHAT: Regenerate the arXiv paper from live state. Reads paper/template.tex + paper/rings.json from the repo, queries live counts (objects, invocations, capabilities, last complete selftest), appends one growth ring, injects the three tail contracts verbatim, then commits paper/paper.tex + paper/rings.json + README.md + oip.json — each commit message carries this trace id. CI compiles the PDF on the paper.tex push. This fn is the only writer of the generated files.\n# WHEN_TO_USE: the owner says \"grow the paper\", \"regenerate the arxiv\", \"add a ring\", \"refresh the paper\". Also fired daily by launchd com.the owner.oip.arxiv-grow on the Mac.\n# ARGS: none.\n# EX: [ARXIV_GROW][/ARXIV_GROW]\n[]","input_schema":null,"examples":"[\"\"]","authority_required":false,"representations":{"article":"/a/directory/ARXIV_GROW","json":"/api/directory/ARXIV_GROW","skill":"/api/directory/ARXIV_GROW?format=skill","oip_contract":"/api/dispatch?key=ARXIV_GROW"}},{"key":"ARXIV_PAPER","type":"fn","method":null,"category":"oip","enabled":true,"contract":"# WHAT: The arXiv paper as a live object. The paper \"The Document Is the Receipt\" lives at github.com/[OWNER_HANDLE]/oip (private) and is written only by ARXIV_GROW. Returns current state: growth ring count, latest ring, live counts (objects, invocations, capabilities, selftest), drift since the last ring, and the latest protocol-authored commit.\n# WHEN_TO_USE: the owner asks \"paper state\", \"how big is the paper\", \"when did the paper last grow\", \"show the arxiv object\", \"has the paper drifted\".\n# ARGS: none.\n# EX: [ARXIV_PAPER][/ARXIV_PAPER]\n[]","input_schema":null,"examples":"[\"2301.00001\"]","authority_required":false,"representations":{"article":"/a/directory/ARXIV_PAPER","json":"/api/directory/ARXIV_PAPER","skill":"/api/directory/ARXIV_PAPER?format=skill","oip_contract":"/api/dispatch?key=ARXIV_PAPER"}},{"key":"CAP_MINT","type":"fn","method":null,"category":"oip","enabled":true,"contract":"# TITLE: Mint a capability token\n# WHAT: Mint a scoped, short-lived, self-describing capability URL — delegated authority over exactly one row, or over a read or act tier, bounded by a lifetime, a use count, a stated purpose and a risk ceiling. Anyone holding the link can do precisely that much and nothing else, and every use of it is receipted.\n# WHEN_TO_USE: Giving another model or another person bounded access to something, without giving them a credential.\n# RETURNS: invoke_url, explain_url and a fingerprint. Opening explain_url shows the holder exactly what the token permits.\n# NEVER: Never reuse or re-send an old token; mint a fresh one each time. Never paste a token into a public surface.\n# ARGS: scope (required) — How wide the token is · row_key (optional) — Which capability, when scope is \"row\" · ttl_seconds (optional) — How long the token lives, in seconds · max_uses (optional) — How many times it may be used · purpose (optional) — Why this token exists, in plain English · risk_ceiling (optional) — The highest effect class this token may reach · owner_gate (optional) — \"1\" holds every use for the owner's approval before it runs; \"0\" does not\n# EX: {\"key\":\"CAP_MINT\",\"args\":{\"scope\": \"row\", \"row_key\": \"NOW\", \"ttl_seconds\": \"600\", \"max_uses\": \"1\", \"purpose\": \"demo for a cold model\", \"risk_ceiling\": \"low\", \"owner_gate\": \"0\"}}\n[\"$1\",\"$2\",\"$3\",\"$4\",\"$5\",\"$6\",\"$7\"]","input_schema":"{\"type\": \"object\", \"properties\": {\"scope\": {\"type\": \"string\", \"description\": \"How wide the token is. \\\"row\\\" is one capability, named in row_key. \\\"read\\\" is every read-effect capability. \\\"act\\\" is full authority — mint it rarely.\", \"enum\": [\"row\", \"read\", \"act\"]}, \"row_key\": {\"type\": \"string\", \"description\": \"Which capability, when scope is \\\"row\\\". Leave empty for read and act.\"}, \"ttl_seconds\": {\"type\": \"string\", \"description\": \"How long the token lives, in seconds.\", \"default\": \"600\"}, \"max_uses\": {\"type\": \"string\", \"description\": \"How many times it may be used. \\\"0\\\" means unlimited.\", \"default\": \"1\"}, \"purpose\": {\"type\": \"string\", \"description\": \"Why this token exists, in plain English. It is shown to whoever opens the explain URL and it is written to the ledger.\"}, \"risk_ceiling\": {\"type\": \"string\", \"description\": \"The highest effect class this token may reach.\", \"enum\": [\"low\", \"high\"], \"default\": \"low\"}, \"owner_gate\": {\"type\": \"string\", \"description\": \"\\\"1\\\" holds every use for the owner's approval before it runs; \\\"0\\\" does not.\", \"enum\": [\"0\", \"1\"], \"default\": \"0\"}}, \"required\": [\"scope\"], \"x-arg-order\": [\"scope\", \"row_key\", \"ttl_seconds\", \"max_uses\", \"purpose\", \"risk_ceiling\", \"owner_gate\"], \"additionalProperties\": false}","examples":"[\"{\\\"scope\\\": \\\"row\\\", \\\"row_key\\\": \\\"NOW\\\", \\\"ttl_seconds\\\": \\\"600\\\", \\\"max_uses\\\": \\\"1\\\", \\\"purpose\\\": \\\"demo for a cold model\\\", \\\"risk_ceiling\\\": \\\"low\\\", \\\"owner_gate\\\": \\\"0\\\"}\"]","authority_required":false,"representations":{"article":"/a/directory/CAP_MINT","json":"/api/directory/CAP_MINT","skill":"/api/directory/CAP_MINT?format=skill","oip_contract":"/api/dispatch?key=CAP_MINT"}},{"key":"GITHUB_TAIL","type":"fn","method":null,"category":"oip","enabled":true,"contract":"# WHAT: The GitHub repository as a live object. Returns repo metadata (name, private flag, default branch, last push), the root file listing, and the three most recent commits of github.com/[OWNER_HANDLE]/oip. Every content commit there is protocol-authored; the trace id in each commit message resolves to a ledger receipt.\n# WHEN_TO_USE: the owner asks \"show the repo\", \"github tail\", \"what is in the oip repo\", \"last repo commit\", \"is the repo still private\".\n# ARGS: none.\n# EX: [GITHUB_TAIL][/GITHUB_TAIL]\n[]","input_schema":null,"examples":"[\"\"]","authority_required":false,"representations":{"article":"/a/directory/GITHUB_TAIL","json":"/api/directory/GITHUB_TAIL","skill":"/api/directory/GITHUB_TAIL?format=skill","oip_contract":"/api/dispatch?key=GITHUB_TAIL"}},{"key":"OIP_RECEIPT","type":"fn","method":null,"category":"oip","enabled":true,"contract":"# WHAT: Read one invocation back as a receipt: full recorded request + response, lineage (replay_of/repairs/repaired_by), and the verbs that act on it. A receipt is a live replayable object, not history.\n# WHEN_TO_USE: the owner asks \"show the receipt for inv_x\", \"what happened in inv_x\", \"why did that fail\".\n# ARGS: $1 = invocation id (inv_…).\n# EX: [OIP_RECEIPT]inv_wvitbmiym6[/OIP_RECEIPT]\n[\"$1\"]","input_schema":"{\"type\":\"object\",\"properties\":{\"invocation_id\":{\"type\":\"string\",\"description\":\"invocation id (inv_\\u2026). (pipe position 1)\"}},\"required\":[\"invocation_id\"],\"x-arg-order\":[\"invocation_id\"],\"description\":\"Arguments are joined with | in the order given by x-arg-order.\"}","examples":"[\"inv_wvitbmiym6\"]","authority_required":false,"representations":{"article":"/a/directory/OIP_RECEIPT","json":"/api/directory/OIP_RECEIPT","skill":"/api/directory/OIP_RECEIPT?format=skill","oip_contract":"/api/dispatch?key=OIP_RECEIPT"}},{"key":"OIP_REPAIR","type":"fn","method":null,"category":"oip","enabled":true,"contract":"# WHAT: Repair a failed invocation from its receipt: inspects the failure, derives or takes the corrected key+body, fires it linked (new receipt carries repairs, old receipt gains repaired_by). Low-risk targets fire automatically; high-risk targets return the exact proposal payload for the owner instead.\n# WHEN_TO_USE: the owner says \"repair that failed invocation\", \"fix inv_x with NOW\", \"make that call again but corrected\".\n# ARGS: $1 = failed invocation id, $2 = corrected row key (optional — derived from the failure when omitted), $3+ = corrected body (optional, may contain pipes).\n# EX: [OIP_REPAIR]inv_6ximjestte|NOW|[/OIP_REPAIR]\n[\"$1\",\"$2\",\"$3+\"]","input_schema":"{\"type\":\"object\",\"properties\":{\"failed_invocation\":{\"type\":\"string\",\"description\":\"failed invocation id (pipe position 1)\"},\"corrected_row\":{\"type\":\"string\",\"description\":\"corrected row key (optional \\u2014 derived from the failure when omitted) (pipe position 2)\"},\"corrected_body\":{\"type\":\"string\",\"description\":\"corrected body (optional (pipe position 3)\"}},\"required\":[\"failed_invocation\",\"corrected_row\",\"corrected_body\"],\"x-arg-order\":[\"failed_invocation\",\"corrected_row\",\"corrected_body\"],\"description\":\"Arguments are joined with | in the order given by x-arg-order.\"}","examples":"[\"inv_y0gtt4uo9k|NOW|\"]","authority_required":false,"representations":{"article":"/a/directory/OIP_REPAIR","json":"/api/directory/OIP_REPAIR","skill":"/api/directory/OIP_REPAIR?format=skill","oip_contract":"/api/dispatch?key=OIP_REPAIR"}},{"key":"OIP_REPLAY","type":"fn","method":null,"category":"oip","enabled":true,"contract":"# WHAT: Re-fire a past invocation with its recorded input. New receipt links replay_of to the old one.\n# WHEN_TO_USE: the owner says \"replay that\", \"run inv_x again\", \"re-fire it as it was\".\n# ARGS: $1 = invocation id (inv_…).\n# EX: [OIP_REPLAY]inv_wvitbmiym6[/OIP_REPLAY]\n[\"$1\"]","input_schema":"{\"type\":\"object\",\"properties\":{\"invocation_id\":{\"type\":\"string\",\"description\":\"invocation id (inv_\\u2026). (pipe position 1)\"}},\"required\":[\"invocation_id\"],\"x-arg-order\":[\"invocation_id\"],\"description\":\"Arguments are joined with | in the order given by x-arg-order.\"}","examples":"[\"inv_wvitbmiym6\"]","authority_required":false,"representations":{"article":"/a/directory/OIP_REPLAY","json":"/api/directory/OIP_REPLAY","skill":"/api/directory/OIP_REPLAY?format=skill","oip_contract":"/api/dispatch?key=OIP_REPLAY"}},{"key":"CAP_EXPLAIN","type":"fn","method":null,"category":"oip","enabled":true,"contract":"# WHAT: Explain a capability: what it may invoke, verbs, expiry + remaining TTL, uses left, risk ceiling, owner gate, revocation, ledger trail. Accepts the token itself (sh.…) or its fingerprint (cap_…). Never echoes the raw token.\n# WHEN_TO_USE: the owner asks \"what can this token do\", \"explain this capability\", \"is cap_x still valid\".\n# ARGS: $1 = capability token or cap_ fingerprint.\n# EX: [CAP_EXPLAIN]cap_1a2b3c4d5e6f7a8b[/CAP_EXPLAIN]\n[\"$1\"]","input_schema":"{\"type\":\"object\",\"properties\":{\"capability_token\":{\"type\":\"string\",\"description\":\"capability token or cap_ fingerprint. (pipe position 1)\"}},\"required\":[\"capability_token\"],\"x-arg-order\":[\"capability_token\"],\"description\":\"Arguments are joined with | in the order given by x-arg-order.\"}","examples":"[\"cap_1a2b3c4d5e6f7a8b\"]","authority_required":false,"representations":{"article":"/a/directory/CAP_EXPLAIN","json":"/api/directory/CAP_EXPLAIN","skill":"/api/directory/CAP_EXPLAIN?format=skill","oip_contract":"/api/dispatch?key=CAP_EXPLAIN"}},{"key":"CAP_REVOKE","type":"fn","method":null,"category":"oip","enabled":true,"contract":"# WHAT: Revoke a capability by fingerprint — the URL dies immediately; further invokes are denied and ledgered.\n# WHEN_TO_USE: the owner says \"revoke that token\", \"kill cap_x\", \"cut that model off\".\n# ARGS: $1 = cap_ fingerprint.\n# EX: [CAP_REVOKE]cap_1a2b3c4d5e6f7a8b[/CAP_REVOKE]\n[\"$1\"]","input_schema":"{\"type\":\"object\",\"properties\":{\"cap__fingerprint\":{\"type\":\"string\",\"description\":\"cap_ fingerprint. (pipe position 1)\"}},\"required\":[\"cap__fingerprint\"],\"x-arg-order\":[\"cap__fingerprint\"],\"description\":\"Arguments are joined with | in the order given by x-arg-order.\"}","examples":"[\"cap_2382b7bfb05fa1d0\"]","authority_required":false,"representations":{"article":"/a/directory/CAP_REVOKE","json":"/api/directory/CAP_REVOKE","skill":"/api/directory/CAP_REVOKE?format=skill","oip_contract":"/api/dispatch?key=CAP_REVOKE"}}]},"ontology":{"conformance_group":"article","inferred_from":["oip","philosophy","paper","paper","bergson","h","1932","the","two","sources","of","morality","and","religion","les","deux","sources","de","la","m"],"relationships":[],"sources":[]},"conformance":{"success_events":"/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/invocations?status=success","failure_events":"/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/invocations?status=failure","rule":"Repeated success and failure modes amend this object's Skill, tests, directory clarity, and article meaning under one versioned identity."},"article":{"slug":"paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m","title":"Bergson: The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (1932)","body":"## What Bergson Saw\nHenri Bergson examined the roots of moral obligation and religious feeling. He identified two distinct sources. One source produces closed morality and static religion through social pressure and habit. The other produces open morality and dynamic religion through creative emotion and mystical intuition.\n\nBergson built this view on his earlier idea of the élan vital, the vital impulse driving creative evolution. In this 1932 work he extended that impulse into ethics and religion.\n\n## Core Results\nClosed morality keeps a group cohesive. It works like instinct or habit. It defines duties toward insiders and often leads to conflict with outsiders.\n\nOpen morality expands to all humanity. It arises from the emotion of great mystics. It carries an impetus toward universal love and peace.\n\nStatic religion defends society against the dissolving effect of intelligence. Dynamic religion carries forward the creative current of life itself.\n\nBergson stated that all morality remains biological at root. Pressure and aspiration both trace back to the structure of life.\n\n## Exact Primary Works and Passages\nThe primary work is Henri Bergson, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, translated by R. Ashley Audra, Cloudesley Brereton, and W. Horsfall Carter (London: Macmillan, 1935). Original French edition: Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1932).\n\nKey passages include:\n\n“Religion is a defensive reaction of nature against the dissolvent power of intelligence.” This appears in discussions of static religion.\n\n“All morality, be it pressure or aspiration, is in essence biological.” (English edition reference TS: 82).\n\n“Originally, the whole of morality is custom.” (TS: 102).\n\n“Between the nation, however big, and humanity there lies the whole distance from the finite to the indefinite, from the closed to the open.”\n\n“Metaphysics and morality express here the self-same thing, one in terms of intelligence, the other in terms of will.”\n\nThese passages sit in Chapter I on moral obligation, Chapter II on static religion, Chapter III on dynamic religion, and the final remarks on mechanics and mysticism.\n\n## Convergence Patterns Touched\nThe work touches the Ladder pattern from difference and flow to structure, memory, life, and mind. Habit functions as social memory that stabilizes structure. The élan vital supplies the flow that opens new structures through creative emotion.\n\nIt evidences branching: closed versus open forms. It shows memory in the form of inherited habits that carry forward prior social solutions.\n\nIt shows scale invariance in the way small-group pressure scales to national cohesion while mystical aspiration scales to humanity as a whole.\n\nThe reader inside the system appears in the way mystics participate directly in the creative current rather than observe it from outside.\n\n## Distance from the Full OIP/GRAIN Synthesis\nBergson supplies the ethics bridge from vital impulse to moral sources. He links energy-like flow (élan vital) to structural patterns in society and mind. This aligns with GRAIN descriptions of energy flows producing branching, memory, and life-to-mind transitions.\n\nThe distance remains large on mechanics. Bergson offers no account of thermodynamic gradients or explicit flow networks. He does not formalize the Mirror Layer in which the observer participates inside the system at every scale. His treatment stays within vitalist philosophy rather than physical or computational description.\n\n## Honest Limits and Disconfirming Edges\nBergson’s claims rest on interpretive reading of mystical experience and historical custom. They carry the tier of anecdotal for textual attribution and speculative for the metaphysical extension of élan vital into ethics.\n\nNo empirical measurement of moral sources appears. Later psychology and anthropology supply data on social norms and religious behavior that sometimes fit and sometimes diverge from the closed-open split.\n\nA reductionist edge notes that habit and emotion can be described in neural and evolutionary terms without invoking a distinct vital impulse. Bergson’s biology of morality predates modern genetics and neuroscience.\n\nThe synthesis lens applies here as one reading among others. Bergson’s own words remain his: pressure and aspiration as the two poles of a single morality that stays rooted in life.\n\nSee also /a/oip-the-ladder for the full Ladder sequence and /a/oip-the-mirror-layer for the observer-participant relation.\n\n## What the Evidence Actually Shows\nTextual evidence from the 1932 work and its 1935 translation shows Bergson consistently separating pressure from aspiration. Historical attribution of the closed-open distinction to Bergson is standard in scholarship.\n\nNo controlled studies test the two-sources model directly. The work functions as philosophical interpretation rather than testable hypothesis.\n\n## What We Do Not Know\nWhether mystical emotion can be isolated as a distinct causal factor separate from cultural learning remains open. How the élan vital maps onto measurable energy flows in living systems stays interpretive.\n\n## Safety and Limits\nThe account contains no medical or practical safety claims. Its limits lie in its speculative tier and its distance from quantitative description of the patterns it evokes.","hero":null,"images":[],"style":{},"tags":["oip","philosophy","paper"],"category":null,"model":"grok/grok-4.3","ledger":{"href":"/api/articles/paper-bergson-h-1932-the-two-sources-of-morality-and-religion-les-deux-sources-de-la-m/ledger","live":true},"embeds":[],"widgets":[],"home":true,"claims":[{"id":"c1","text":"Bergson distinguishes closed morality based on social pressure and habit from open morality based on creative emotion and mysticism.","section":"Core Results","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s1"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Establishes the central dual-source claim that supports ethics bridge in the synthesis.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}},{"id":"c2","text":"All morality remains biological at root according to Bergson.","section":"Core Results","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s2"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Links vital impulse to moral sources as required by grounding notes.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}},{"id":"c3","text":"The work extends élan vital from Creative Evolution into the domain of ethics and religion.","section":"What Bergson Saw","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s3"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Provides the direct connection to prior Bergson work on creative evolution.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}},{"id":"c4","text":"Closed morality scales to national groups while open morality aims at humanity as a whole.","section":"Core Results","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s1"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Shows branching and scale patterns that align with GRAIN 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He identified two distinct sources. One source produces closed morality and static religion through social pressure and habit. The other produces open morality and dynamic religion through creative emotion and mystical intuition.\n\nBergson built this view on his earlier idea of the élan vital, the vital impulse driving creative evolution. In this 1932 work he extended that impulse into ethics and religion.\n\n## Core Results\nClosed morality keeps a group cohesive. It works like instinct or habit. It defines duties toward insiders and often leads to conflict with outsiders.\n\nOpen morality expands to all humanity. It arises from the emotion of great mystics. It carries an impetus toward universal love and peace.\n\nStatic religion defends society against the dissolving effect of intelligence. Dynamic religion carries forward the creative current of life itself.\n\nBergson stated that all morality remains biological at root. Pressure and aspiration both trace back to the structure of life.\n\n## Exact Primary Works and Passages\nThe primary work is Henri Bergson, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, translated by R. Ashley Audra, Cloudesley Brereton, and W. Horsfall Carter (London: Macmillan, 1935). Original French edition: Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1932).\n\nKey passages include:\n\n“Religion is a defensive reaction of nature against the dissolvent power of intelligence.” This appears in discussions of static religion.\n\n“All morality, be it pressure or aspiration, is in essence biological.” (English edition reference TS: 82).\n\n“Originally, the whole of morality is custom.” (TS: 102).\n\n“Between the nation, however big, and humanity there lies the whole distance from the finite to the indefinite, from the closed to the open.”\n\n“Metaphysics and morality express here the self-same thing, one in terms of intelligence, the other in terms of will.”\n\nThese passages sit in Chapter I on moral obligation, Chapter II on static religion, Chapter III on dynamic religion, and the final remarks on mechanics and mysticism.\n\n## Convergence Patterns Touched\nThe work touches the Ladder pattern from difference and flow to structure, memory, life, and mind. Habit functions as social memory that stabilizes structure. The élan vital supplies the flow that opens new structures through creative emotion.\n\nIt evidences branching: closed versus open forms. It shows memory in the form of inherited habits that carry forward prior social solutions.\n\nIt shows scale invariance in the way small-group pressure scales to national cohesion while mystical aspiration scales to humanity as a whole.\n\nThe reader inside the system appears in the way mystics participate directly in the creative current rather than observe it from outside.\n\n## Distance from the Full OIP/GRAIN Synthesis\nBergson supplies the ethics bridge from vital impulse to moral sources. He links energy-like flow (élan vital) to structural patterns in society and mind. This aligns with GRAIN descriptions of energy flows producing branching, memory, and life-to-mind transitions.\n\nThe distance remains large on mechanics. Bergson offers no account of thermodynamic gradients or explicit flow networks. He does not formalize the Mirror Layer in which the observer participates inside the system at every scale. His treatment stays within vitalist philosophy rather than physical or computational description.\n\n## Honest Limits and Disconfirming Edges\nBergson’s claims rest on interpretive reading of mystical experience and historical custom. They carry the tier of anecdotal for textual attribution and speculative for the metaphysical extension of élan vital into ethics.\n\nNo empirical measurement of moral sources appears. Later psychology and anthropology supply data on social norms and religious behavior that sometimes fit and sometimes diverge from the closed-open split.\n\nA reductionist edge notes that habit and emotion can be described in neural and evolutionary terms without invoking a distinct vital impulse. Bergson’s biology of morality predates modern genetics and neuroscience.\n\nThe synthesis lens applies here as one reading among others. Bergson’s own words remain his: pressure and aspiration as the two poles of a single morality that stays rooted in life.\n\nSee also /a/oip-the-ladder for the full Ladder sequence and /a/oip-the-mirror-layer for the observer-participant relation.\n\n## What the Evidence Actually Shows\nTextual evidence from the 1932 work and its 1935 translation shows Bergson consistently separating pressure from aspiration. Historical attribution of the closed-open distinction to Bergson is standard in scholarship.\n\nNo controlled studies test the two-sources model directly. The work functions as philosophical interpretation rather than testable hypothesis.\n\n## What We Do Not Know\nWhether mystical emotion can be isolated as a distinct causal factor separate from cultural learning remains open. How the élan vital maps onto measurable energy flows in living systems stays interpretive.\n\n## Safety and Limits\nThe account contains no medical or practical safety claims. Its limits lie in its speculative tier and its distance from quantitative description of the patterns it evokes.","claims":[{"id":"c1","text":"Bergson distinguishes closed morality based on social pressure and habit from open morality based on creative emotion and mysticism.","section":"Core Results","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s1"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Establishes the central dual-source claim that supports ethics bridge in the synthesis.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}},{"id":"c2","text":"All morality remains biological at root according to Bergson.","section":"Core Results","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s2"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Links vital impulse to moral 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scales to national groups while open morality aims at humanity as a whole.","section":"Core Results","tier":"anecdotal","source_ids":["s1"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Shows branching and scale patterns that align with GRAIN convergence.","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"slot":null,"who_claims":"grok/grok-4.3","posted_by":{"actor":"grok/grok-4.3","channel":"protocol/draft","ts":"2026-07-09T00:17:12-07:00","model":"grok/grok-4.3","rationale":""},"extra":{}},{"id":"c5","text":"Bergson offers no thermodynamic or computational account of the flows he describes.","section":"Distance from the Full OIP/GRAIN Synthesis","tier":"mechanistic","source_ids":[],"source_status":"unsourced","why_material":"Marks honest limit on mechanics and distance from full 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conclusion to smuggle): the universe has a grain — energy flows reliably produce a narrow family of structural patterns (branching, spirals, waves, symmetry, flow networks, bounded chaos, memory, scale invariance) across scales; the Ladder runs difference to flow to structure to memory to life to mind; the reader of the system is inside the system (the Mirror Layer).\n\nALWAYS:\n- Plain English. Short sentences. Cold, declarative, zero decorative wording.\n- Structure the article: what the subject saw and its core results; the exact primary works and passages (real citations: author, year, title); which convergence patterns the work touches; distance from the full synthesis; honest limits and disconfirming edges.\n- Atomize every material assertion as a claim with an honest tier. Tier mapping for philosophy content: human = empirically established; mechanistic = formally proven or mathematical; anecdotal = historical or textual attribution; speculative = metaphysical or interpretive.\n- Cite real sources only: primary works, papers, books, with exact quotes where verifiable. A claim with no source is marked unsourced.\n- State disconfirming edges plainly. A reductionist objection in the Weinberg style is content, not a threat.\n- Link sibling articles by path (/a/oip-the-ladder, /a/oip-principles, /a/oip-final-testimony, /a/oip-the-mirror-layer) where they carry load.\n\nNEVER:\n- Never overclaim. The synthesis is a lens; the actual words of the subject stay theirs. No retroactive endorsement.\n- Never invent a URL, quote, page number, or publication.\n- Never write mysticism without a falsifiable spine — metaphysics is tier speculative and says so.\n- Never pad. When the material runs out, the article ends.\n\nEvery cl","input":"Write the philosophy article for the academic work \"Bergson, H. (1932). The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion)\": what it establishes, its exact load-bearing passages (real quotes with page/section where verifiable), how it supports or attacks the OIP/GRAIN synthesis, which convergence patterns it evidences, and its honest limits.\n\nGROUNDING NOTES (from the thinker map — verify before relying on):\nEthics bridge from vital impulse and creative evolution to moral sources; material for thermodynamics-to-ethics extensions.\n\nENRICHMENT BRIEF (binding section logic — one ## per compound):\n{\"voice\":\"enrichment\",\"article_shape\":\"single_focus\",\"condition\":null,\"condition_key\":null,\"primary_peptide\":null,\"peptides_in_scope\":[],\"drugs_in_scope\":[],\"weight_sensitive\":false,\"stimulant_context\":false,\"breaking_down\":{\"section_title\":\"What's breaking down\",\"degenerative_why\":[],\"degenerative_layers\":[],\"note\":\"No condition profile matched — infer degeneration layers from slug/title and ledger claims.\"},\"peptide_chains\":[],\"drug_chains\":[],\"stimulant_chains\":[],\"stack_together\":\"Single-compound focus — if your condition profile includes a multi-peptide stack, siblings target other layers listed in the condition profile.\",\"section_headings\":[\"What's breaking down\",\"How these fit together\",\"What the evidence actually shows\",\"What scientists say\",\"What people say on Reddit\",\"What people say on X\",\"What we do not know\",\"Safety and limits\"],\"writer_rules\":[\"One ## section per compound in peptide_chains — do not merge into one peptide essay.\",\"Each Why section must use if-then steps from peptide_chains / drug_chains.\",\"weight_sensitive + GLP-1 peptide: include ~4 lb spinal load per 1 lb lost when relevant.\",\"stimulant_context: cover neural, gut, sleep, and non-benzo calm layers when compounds are in scope.\",\"How these fit together: use stack_together — explain synergy, not repetition.\"]}","response":"{\"slug\":\"bergson-two-sources-morality-and-religion-1932\",\"title\":\"Bergson: The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (1932)\",\"body\":\"## What Bergson Saw\\nHenri Bergson examined the roots of moral obligation and religious feeling. He identified two distinct sources. One source produces closed morality and static religion through social pressure and habit. The other produces open morality and dynamic religion through creative emotion and mystical intuition.\\n\\nBergson built this view on his earlier idea of the élan vital, the vital impulse driving creative evolution. In this 1932 work he extended that impulse into ethics and religion.\\n\\n## Core Results\\nClosed morality keeps a group cohesive. It works like instinct or habit. It defines duties toward insiders and often leads to conflict with outsiders.\\n\\nOpen morality expands to all humanity. It arises from the emotion of great mystics. It carries an impetus toward universal love and peace.\\n\\nStatic religion defends society against the dissolving effect of intelligence. Dynamic religion carries forward the creative current of life itself.\\n\\nBergson stated that all morality remains biological at root. Pressure and aspiration both trace back to the structure of life.\\n\\n## Exact Primary Works and Passages\\nThe primary work is Henri Bergson, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, translated by R. Ashley Audra, Cloudesley Brereton, and W. Horsfall Carter (London: Macmillan, 1935). 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