{"slug":"paper-von-bertalanffy-l-1968-general-system-theory-foundations-development-application","verification":{"valid":true,"entries":2,"head":"20fdc8e3e6987b2955df11d1f2f33f5eaf85f93865a3c75df0224290ccdc9baa"},"count":2,"sources":[{"id":"s1","type":"other","url":"https://www.panarchy.org/vonbertalanffy/systems.1968.html","title":"Ludwig von Bertalanffy, General System Theory (1968)","quote":"Every living organism is essentially an open system. It maintains itself in a continuous inflow and outflow... In any closed system, the final state is unequivocally determined by the initial conditions... This is not so in open systems. Here, the same final state may be reached from different initial conditions and in different ways.","summary":"Direct excerpts from the 1968 text on open systems and equifinality.","claim_ids":["c1","c2","c3"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-07-09T11:21:17.725Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"genesis","hash":"cc97e75059a7cc3e9a8bf9cfa0c3e87b70bf6cd9b051a9629893c24a555c5a91"},{"id":"s2","type":"other","url":"https://monoskop.org/images/7/77/Von_Bertalanffy_Ludwig_General_System_Theory_1968.pdf","title":"General System Theory PDF scan","quote":"Chapter 5 covers open systems and equifinality.","summary":"Confirms chapter locations and the author's own acknowledgment of scope limits.","claim_ids":["c4"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-07-09T11:21:17.725Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"cc97e75059a7cc3e9a8bf9cfa0c3e87b70bf6cd9b051a9629893c24a555c5a91","hash":"20fdc8e3e6987b2955df11d1f2f33f5eaf85f93865a3c75df0224290ccdc9baa"}]}