{"slug":"school-atomism-vs-energeticism-debate-boltzmann-vs-mach-ostwald","verification":{"valid":true,"entries":5,"head":"444bc39199a47c6ab5c949658d3eb0baab25528fec3e2375bec33c5e0b29e416"},"count":5,"sources":[{"id":"s1","type":"other","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2010/entries/statphys-Boltzmann/","title":"Boltzmann's Work in Statistical Physics","quote":"In 1872 Boltzmann published one of his most important papers (Weitere Studien). It contained two celebrated results nowadays known as the H-theorem.","summary":"Primary reference for H-theorem.","claim_ids":["c1","c6"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-07-09T06:51:15.165Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"genesis","hash":"db5481d6ebcf86dc494f04eab1394fcf2d2899bb3eaaadd9fdceed20aca4dd7f"},{"id":"s2","type":"other","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann","title":"Ludwig Boltzmann","quote":"In 1877, he provided the current definition of entropy, S = k_B ln Ω.","summary":"Standard citation for entropy formula.","claim_ids":["c2"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-07-09T06:51:15.165Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"db5481d6ebcf86dc494f04eab1394fcf2d2899bb3eaaadd9fdceed20aca4dd7f","hash":"b4cb7624b3ab62b025b84957d01c5d8481cbcefdf44f5e9291f7cb591c540642"},{"id":"s3","type":"other","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2008/entries/ernst-mach/","title":"Ernst Mach","quote":"Mach's opposition to atomism has become one of his best known legacies.","summary":"Documents Mach's stance.","claim_ids":["c3"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-07-09T06:51:15.165Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"b4cb7624b3ab62b025b84957d01c5d8481cbcefdf44f5e9291f7cb591c540642","hash":"ae1e9f8af947baa2fda678f2b585465dd91df4366073652d551ef43279072cb5"},{"id":"s4","type":"other","url":"https://www.kroneckerwallis.com/boltzmann-vs-his-critics-the-fierce-battle-over-atoms/","title":"Boltzmann vs His Critics","quote":"At an 1895 meeting in Lubeck, Boltzmann defended atomic theory against Ostwald's energetics.","summary":"Records the Lübeck debate.","claim_ids":["c4"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-07-09T06:51:15.165Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"ae1e9f8af947baa2fda678f2b585465dd91df4366073652d551ef43279072cb5","hash":"ed22a8941bc54c6b708b109ee1afc357b9442fd23ac2a3ed574bb121880c8cd3"},{"id":"s5","type":"other","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann","title":"Ludwig Boltzmann","quote":"Boltzmann also extended his theory in his 1877 paper beyond Carnot... by demonstrating that entropy is contributed to by heat, spatial separation, and radiation.","summary":"Supports scale and distribution claims.","claim_ids":["c5"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-07-09T06:51:15.165Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"ed22a8941bc54c6b708b109ee1afc357b9442fd23ac2a3ed574bb121880c8cd3","hash":"444bc39199a47c6ab5c949658d3eb0baab25528fec3e2375bec33c5e0b29e416"}]}