{"slug":"shannon-1948","verification":{"valid":false,"broken_at":0,"reason":"prev mismatch"},"count":5,"sources":[{"id":"S1","type":"primary","url":"https://miscsubjects.com/a/shannon-1948","title":"Shannon, C.E. (1948). A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423; 27(4), 623-656.","quote":"The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point. Frequently the messages have meaning; that is they refer to or are correlated according to some system with certain physical or conceptual entities. These semantic aspects of communication are irrelevant to the engineering problem.","summary":"The foundational paper of information theory. Proves source coding theorem, noisy channel coding theorem, and defines channel capacity. Establishes that information is physical and measurable in bits.","claim_ids":["C1","C2","C3","C4","C5","C6","C8"],"quality_score":1},{"id":"S2","type":"adjacent","url":"https://miscsubjects.com/a/landauer-1961","title":"Landauer, R. (1961). Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process. IBM Journal of Research and Development.","quote":"","summary":"Proves the physical cost of erasing one bit of information: at least kT ln 2 of heat must be dissipated. Bridges Shannon's abstract theory to physical thermodynamics.","claim_ids":["C6"],"quality_score":0.95},{"id":"S3","type":"rival","url":"https://miscsubjects.com/a/jaynes-1957","title":"Jaynes, E.T. (1957). Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics. Physical Review.","quote":"","summary":"Presents the objective Bayesian interpretation that entropy measures epistemic ignorance rather than a physical property of the world. Frames the thermodynamic convergence as formal analogy.","claim_ids":["C7"],"quality_score":0.75},{"id":"S4","type":"adjacent","url":"https://miscsubjects.com/a/boltzmann-1877","title":"Boltzmann, L. (1877). Über die Beziehung zwischen dem zweiten Hauptsatze der mechanischen Wärmetheorie und der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung.","quote":"","summary":"Originated the statistical-mechanical entropy formula S = k log W that Shannon adapted into H = -Σ p log p for information theory.","claim_ids":["C4"],"quality_score":0.9},{"id":"S5","type":"adjacent","url":"https://miscsubjects.com/a/kolmogorov-1965","title":"Kolmogorov, A.N. (1965). Three Approaches to the Quantitative Definition of Information.","quote":"","summary":"Defines algorithmic information content as the length of the shortest program that generates a string. Completes Shannon by handling individual objects rather than ensembles.","claim_ids":["C8"],"quality_score":0.9}]}