{"slug":"wiener-1948","verification":{"valid":false,"broken_at":0,"reason":"prev mismatch"},"count":5,"sources":[{"id":"s1","type":"primary","url":"https://miscsubjects.com/a/wiener-1948","title":"Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press.","quote":"We have decided to call the entire field of control and communication theory, whether in the machine or in the animal, by the name Cybernetics.","summary":"The foundational text establishing that control and communication theory applies identically to animals and machines, introducing feedback as the unifying mechanism.","claim_ids":["c1","c2","c3","c4","c5","c6"],"quality_score":0.9},{"id":"s2","type":"rival","url":"https://miscsubjects.com/a/cannon-1926","title":"Cannon, W. B. (1926). The Wisdom of the Body. Homeostasis empirical discovery.","quote":"","summary":"Cannon discovered homeostasis empirically in 1926 without invoking feedback mathematics, supporting the rival claim that some stability is passive equilibrium rather than active control.","claim_ids":["c7"],"quality_score":0.8},{"id":"s3","type":"rival","url":"https://miscsubjects.com/a/doolittle-2019","title":"Doolittle, W. F. (2019). Making Evolutionary Sense of Gaia. Trends in Ecology & Evolution.","quote":"","summary":"Doolittle demolished strong Gaia, arguing that apparent planetary feedback loops can be explained by natural selection acting on individual organisms rather than system-level control.","claim_ids":["c8"],"quality_score":0.75},{"id":"s4","type":"adjacent","url":"https://miscsubjects.com/a/shannon-1948","title":"Shannon, C. E. (1948). A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal.","quote":"","summary":"Shannon brought the information-theoretic framework to the Macy Conferences; his entropy formalism underpins Wiener's noise-entropy kinship claim.","claim_ids":["c4"],"quality_score":0.85},{"id":"s5","type":"adjacent","url":"https://miscsubjects.com/a/ashby-1956","title":"Ashby, W. R. (1956). An Introduction to Cybernetics. Chapman & Hall.","quote":"","summary":"Ashby extended Wiener's feedback framework into the law of requisite variety; his work is part of the same Macy Conference intellectual cluster.","claim_ids":["c2","c3"],"quality_score":0.8}]}