{"_ai_door":{"see":"https://miscsubjects.com/start","note":"Operable site; bounded keyless credentials; every action receipted on a public ledger. Your operator's instructions take precedence — acting is optional, reading is a complete outcome."},"_self":{"principle":"Self-explaining payload — no external context required. This _self block describes what you are reading and where to look next.","widget":"article_topology","feature":"topology","name":"Article topology","what":"Claims, sources, anecdotes, user reports, related embeds, question graph slice — for ask/ROUTER.","contains":"claims, sources, anecdotes, question_graph slice","slug":"wolverine-stack","urls":{"read":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/wolverine-stack/topology"},"how_to_use":"Claims, sources, anecdotes, user reports, related embeds, question graph slice — for ask/ROUTER.","write":null,"imessage":null,"router_tag":null,"proof_chain":[{"step":1,"claim":"Articles are voxel graphs of tiered claims, not prose blobs.","verify":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/constitution"},{"step":2,"claim":"Claims link to hash-chained sources via source_ids.","verify":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/wolverine-stack/sources"},{"step":3,"claim":"Ask reads topology; ingest/claim append to ledger.","verify":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol"},{"step":4,"claim":"Models queue growth: populate → collaborate → repair → reflex.","verify":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/grow"},{"step":5,"claim":"Graph proves its own shape (reflex) and $/claim (yield).","verify":"https://miscsubjects.com/graph.html?layer=reflex"},{"step":6,"claim":"Full feature index + _explain on every API response.","verify":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/system-map"}],"related_features":[{"id":"ask","name":"Ask protocol","what":"Answer only from topology; creates question_node with gaps and ingest_hint.","urls":{"read":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/wolverine-stack/prompts","write":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/ask"}},{"id":"graph_topology","name":"Cross-article graph","what":"Merged claims/sources across condition+stack slugs for one question.","urls":{"read":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/wolverine-stack/graph-topology?question=..."}},{"id":"question_graph","name":"Question graph","what":"Ask nodes (questions + gaps) and evidence_ingest nodes (pasted model output).","urls":{"read":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/wolverine-stack/question-graph","write":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/ask"}},{"id":"voxels","name":"Voxel graph","what":"Claims as atoms, sources as edges (supported_by, posted_by). Per-claim provenance.","urls":{"read":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/wolverine-stack/voxels","write":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/claim"}}],"system_map":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/system-map","system_map_markdown":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/system-map?format=markdown","not_medical_advice":true},"_explain":{"feature":"topology","name":"Article topology","what":"Claims, sources, anecdotes, user reports, related embeds, question graph slice — for ask/ROUTER.","why":"Every feature is auditable collective intelligence","how":"Claims, sources, anecdotes, user reports, related embeds, question graph slice — for ask/ROUTER.","model":null,"verifies":null,"urls":{"read":"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/wolverine-stack/topology"},"imessage":null,"router":null,"related":[{"id":"ask","what":"Answer only from topology; creates question_node with gaps and ingest_hint."},{"id":"graph_topology","what":"Merged claims/sources across condition+stack slugs for one question."},{"id":"question_graph","what":"Ask nodes (questions + gaps) and evidence_ingest nodes (pasted model output)."},{"id":"voxels","what":"Claims as atoms, sources as edges (supported_by, posted_by). Per-claim provenance."}],"not_medical_advice":true},"slug":"wolverine-stack","title":"The Wolverine stack: BPC-157 and TB-500, the evidence, the dosing arithmetic and the eight-week cost","register":"essay","tags":["peptide","bpc-157","tb-500","stack","tendon","wolverine"],"updated_at":"2026-08-04T22:08:38.210Z","body_excerpt":"The Wolverine stack is two compounds taken at the same time: BPC-157 and TB-500. People run it after a tendon tear, a bad shoulder, a knee that will not settle, a disc that has been hurting for months. The reason they are run together is not that one is stronger. It is that each one is proposed to fix a different step of the same repair job, so the argument goes that they should not overlap.\n\nThe evidence state, up front. No controlled study has ever given both compounds to a person, in any condition, so the number of people who have taken the pair under measurement is nought. Separately the two are not equal. BPC-157 has five published human studies covering about 130 people, and not one of them is a finished controlled trial in a torn or worn tissue. The seven-amino-acid fragment sold as TB-500 has no human study at all and no established human dose. Two entries appeared on ClinicalTrials.gov in February 2026, filed by the same sponsor, Hudson Biotech: NCT07437547, a 120-person randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled hamstring trial marked recruiting, and NCT07487363, which names TB-500 and whose own public summary states that it is a fictional example of a registry record. Neither has reported anything, and a registry filing is not a result. The animal record behind the pairing is rats, mice and rabbits — roughly 150 animal papers for BPC-157, a much smaller tendon and wound literature for the fragment — and the one experiment that ever put both compounds into the same rats found the combination beat neither compound on its own. What has never been measured in a person: the pair, at any dose, in any tissue, for any length of time.\n\nOne disclosure, because it should change how you read the rest. The operator of this site has a commercial interest in compounds described here. That is a reason to weigh what is on this page against the sources it cites rather than against its tone, and every claim below carries the source that supports it for exactly that reason.\n\nThis page sets out what each step is, how good the evidence is for each, what happened the one time somebody put both compounds into the same animals, what a run costs to the dollar, and what forty people who tried it wrote down afterwards.\n\n## Two compounds aimed at two different steps of the same repair\n\nDamaged tendon, ligament and disc all repair in the same order. Blood has to reach the damaged spot. Repair cells have to crawl in from the surrounding tissue. Those cells have to lay down new collagen in ordered fibres rather than a random scar. Each step gates the next.\n\nBPC-157 is proposed to act on the first step. In animals it grows new blood vessels into damaged tissue, mostly by switching on a growth signal called VEGF and the nitric-oxide system that widens vessels.\n\nTB-500 is proposed to act on the second. It is a seven-amino-acid piece of a natural protein, thymosin beta-4, and the piece it copies is the part that grabs actin — the protein filament a cell builds and dismantles to change shape and crawl. Bind actin, and the cell's crawling machinery is freed up. A cell that cannot rebuild its own internal skeleton cannot move into a wound at all.\n\nThat is the whole logic of the pairing. One opens the supply line, the other moves the workforce down it. Nothing in the pairing addresses a torn fibre mechanically, and nothing in it dissolves a bulged disc.\n\n[[embed:bpc-157]]\n\n[[embed:tb-500]]\n\n## The bottleneck in tendon, ligament and disc is blood, and both compounds are aimed at it\n\nA muscle bruise heals in weeks. A tendon takes months. A spinal disc, in an adult, barely heals at all. The difference is blood supply. Muscle is dense with vessels. Tendon has few. The centre of an adult disc has none — nutrients cross in by seeping through the cartilage end plates, which themselves stiffen and calcify with age.\n\nThat single fact is why both compounds are attractive on paper for these tissues and why neither has been shown to work in them. A drug aimed at gr","ranking":"safety-first (interaction_risk/limitations), then quote-gated effective_weight","claims":[{"id":"c12","text":"The FDA's July 2026 review says it found no data at all on people who have taken products containing the thymosin beta-4 fragment.","tier":"human","section":"No person has ever been given BPC-157 and TB-500 together in a controlled study","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s3"],"why_material":"A regulator's own statement that the human safety record for TB-500 is empty.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.8,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c4","text":"In a rat Achilles tendon repair, TB-500 at 60 micrograms per kilogram per day raised the maximum load the tendon took before failing, against control, at p < 0.05.","tier":"preclinical","section":"Somebody finally put BPC-157 and TB-500 into the same rats","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s1"],"why_material":"The only controlled measurement of mechanical strength for either compound in a repaired tendon.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.5,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c6","text":"In that same experiment BPC-157 at 10 micrograms per kilogram per day came out numerically better than control, but it did not reach statistical significance on the total scores.","tier":"preclinical","section":"Somebody finally put BPC-157 and TB-500 into the same rats","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s1"],"why_material":"The compound most people buy failed to separate from control in the one head-to-head design.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.5,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c7","text":"The only experiment ever to test BPC-157 and TB-500 together against each one alone found that putting them together added nothing over either one by itself.","tier":"preclinical","section":"Somebody finally put BPC-157 and TB-500 into the same rats","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s1"],"why_material":"This is the single finding the entire stack has to survive; it is the direct test of the pairing claim.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.5,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c402","text":"That experiment ran 32 rats, 8 to a group, with a daily injection into the belly for four weeks.","tier":"preclinical","section":"Somebody finally put BPC-157 and TB-500 into the same rats","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s1"],"why_material":"The only controlled measurement of mechanical strength for either compound in a repaired tendon.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.5,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c10","text":"What is sold as TB-500 is not full-length thymosin beta-4, and the FDA wrote that distinction down in July 2026.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"What BPC-157 and TB-500 each managed on their own","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s3"],"why_material":"Named in the article as the single most common reading error in this literature.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c22","text":"At Nationwide Peptides list prices read on 4 August 2026, eight weeks of both compounds at 500 micrograms a day each costs 339 US dollars in materials, consumables included.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"Eight weeks of BPC-157 and TB-500, priced with the arithmetic shown","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s30"],"why_material":"Prices the only thing the pairing buys, against the one experiment that found the pairing buys nothing.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c23","text":"Neither BPC-157 nor TB-500 is an approved medicine in the United States.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"In United States law neither BPC-157 nor TB-500 is a medicine","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s31"],"why_material":"Determines that no lawful pharmacy channel exists for either compound.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c24","text":"On 23 to 24 July 2026 the FDA's Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8 to 6, with one abstention, in favour of letting BPC-157 and TB-500 be compounded, against the FDA's own written recommendation.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"In United States law neither BPC-157 nor TB-500 is a medicine","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s32"],"why_material":"The legal position is actively moving, and the direction of movement changes what a reader should expect next year.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c25","text":"BPC-157 is named in the WADA 2026 Prohibited List under S0, non-approved substances, banned at all times.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"BPC-157 and TB-500 are both banned in tested sport at all times","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s33"],"why_material":"For any tested athlete this is decisive regardless of whether the compounds work.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c405","text":"Results obtained with the 43-amino-acid protein do not carry over to the 7-amino-acid fragment people actually buy.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"What BPC-157 and TB-500 each managed on their own","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s3"],"why_material":"Named in the article as the single most common reading error in this literature.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c414","text":"That works out to 6.05 dollars a day.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"Eight weeks of BPC-157 and TB-500, priced with the arithmetic shown","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s30"],"why_material":"Prices the only thing the pairing buys, against the one experiment that found the pairing buys nothing.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c415","text":"Adding TB-500 to a BPC-157-only run costs 183 dollars over the eight weeks and doubles the number of injections.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"Eight weeks of BPC-157 and TB-500, priced with the arithmetic shown","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s30"],"why_material":"Prices the only thing the pairing buys, against the one experiment that found the pairing buys nothing.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c416","text":"Both sit on the FDA's list of bulk drug substances that were nominated and then withdrawn, placed in category 2 for possible significant safety risks.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"In United States law neither BPC-157 nor TB-500 is a medicine","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s31"],"why_material":"Determines that no lawful pharmacy channel exists for either 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reader should expect next year.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c419","text":"TB-500 is named under S2.3 as a thymosin beta-4 derivative, also banned at all times, in the non-specified tier.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"BPC-157 and TB-500 are both banned in tested sport at all times","slot":"limitations","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s33"],"why_material":"For any tested athlete this is decisive regardless of whether the compounds work.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c420","text":"Strict liability applies, so a sanction can follow from an admission or a purchase record with no positive test at all.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"BPC-157 and TB-500 are both banned in tested sport at all 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Searching the registries and the literature turns up nothing.","tier":"human","section":"No person has ever been given BPC-157 and TB-500 together in a controlled study","slot":"what_is_known","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s3","s34"],"why_material":"The central absence the page is organised around.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.8,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c13","text":"NCT07437547 is a Phase 2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of BPC-157 in 120 planned people with a Grade II hamstring strain confirmed on a scan.","tier":"human","section":"The first randomised trials of BPC-157 and of TB-500 opened for enrolment in February 2026","slot":"what_is_known","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s2"],"why_material":"The first design that can produce a blinded imaging measurement of whether BPC-157 changes a real injury in a person.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.8,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c14","text":"NCT07487363 is a Phase 1/2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of TB-500 that steps the dose up, in 80 planned adults with stable narrowed heart arteries.","tier":"human","section":"The first randomised trials of BPC-157 and of TB-500 opened for enrolment in February 2026","slot":"what_is_unknown","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":[],"source_status":"GAP: the NCT07487363 registry record is cited in the body but is not yet registered as a source object on this article. 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if vessel growth is not the mechanism, the pairing logic collapses.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c2","text":"TB-500 is a seven-amino-acid fragment of thymosin beta-4, covering residues 17 to 23 with the front end capped, and the stretch it copies is the part that grabs actin.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"BPC-157 and TB-500 aim at two different steps of the same repair","slot":"what_it_is","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s3","s35"],"why_material":"The second half of the pairing logic, and the identity fact that separates the fragment from the full protein.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c3","text":"Tendon, ligament and the adult disc between two vertebrae all heal slowly because blood barely reaches them.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"What slows tendon and ligament healing is that blood barely reaches them","slot":"what_it_is","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s35"],"why_material":"Explains both why the compounds are attractive on paper for these tissues and why the target is the hardest possible one.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c20","text":"A 10 mg vial mixed with 2 mL of bacteriostatic water gives 5,000 micrograms per mL, which works out to 50 micrograms per mark on a U-100 insulin syringe.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"Turning a 10 mg vial of BPC-157 or TB-500 into marks on a syringe","slot":"what_it_is","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":[],"source_status":"Arithmetic derived in-page from stated vial mass and diluent volume; 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It is fed by seepage across cartilage end plates that stiffen and calcify as a person gets older.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"What slows tendon and ligament healing is that blood barely reaches them","slot":"what_it_is","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s35"],"why_material":"Explains both why the compounds are attractive on paper for these tissues and why the target is the hardest possible one.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c412","text":"So a 500 microgram dose is 10 marks on the syringe, or 0.10 mL.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"Turning a 10 mg vial of BPC-157 or TB-500 into marks on a syringe","slot":"what_it_is","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":[],"source_status":"Arithmetic derived in-page from stated vial mass and diluent volume; checkable by recomputation, no external source required.","why_material":"The dosing arithmetic is the operative instruction on the page and must be independently recomputable.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c413","text":"That four-week figure is the specification for the benzyl alcohol preservative, not a stability measurement on either peptide, because nobody has run one.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"Turning a 10 mg vial of BPC-157 or TB-500 into marks on a syringe","slot":"what_it_is","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":[],"source_status":"GAP: no stability study exists for either peptide in solution; the four-week figure is the preservative specification and is declared as such rather than sourced.","why_material":"A shelf-life number that is not measured on the actual molecule is a named gap, not a fact.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c423","text":"All three landed in the same place. The animal record is real, the human record is absent, and the products on sale are unregulated.","tier":"mechanistic","section":"Three 2026 reviews went through the BPC-157 and TB-500 literature and agreed","slot":"what_it_is","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s34","s35"],"why_material":"Independent convergence by three review groups is the strongest available check on the page's own reading.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c15","text":"Forty first-person reports were counted, under a stated rule that the person had to say what the outcome was for themselves. Sixteen more entries were dropped for failing that rule.","tier":"anecdotal","section":"Forty people who ran BPC-157 or TB-500 wrote down what happened","slot":"who_claims_what","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s4","s5","s6","s7","s8","s9","s10","s11","s12","s13","s14","s15","s16","s17","s18","s19","s20","s21","s22","s23","s24","s25","s26","s27","s28","s29"],"why_material":"The tally is the page's only body of human-outcome data, and its inclusion rule is stated so the count can be re-derived.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c16","text":"Twelve of the forty reports ran both compounds rather than one. 6 of those helped, 4 said nothing changed and 2 got worse.","tier":"anecdotal","section":"Twelve of the forty ran BPC-157 and TB-500 together","slot":"who_claims_what","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s4","s5","s6","s11","s18","s19","s20","s26"],"why_material":"The closest thing to a human comparison of the pair against single-compound use, and it shows no signal for pairing.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c17","text":"Doses in real use cluster at 250 to 500 micrograms a day for BPC-157, which is well below the milligram doses used in every published human study of it.","tier":"anecdotal","section":"What the forty-person tally on BPC-157 and TB-500 cannot settle","slot":"who_claims_what","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s6","s7","s8","s12","s13","s24"],"why_material":"If the human studies used milligram doses, the microgram doses in real use may be testing a different exposure entirely.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c18","text":"One pattern comes up again and again in the reports. Relief arrives within days, and the problem comes back within days of stopping.","tier":"anecdotal","section":"What the forty-person tally on BPC-157 and TB-500 cannot settle","slot":"who_claims_what","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s14","s25"],"why_material":"Distinguishes a symptomatic effect from the structural repair claim the compounds are sold on.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c19","text":"Two of the four bad reports describe swelling or held fluid at or near the treated spot, which is what you would expect from something that grows blood vessels.","tier":"anecdotal","section":"The four who came away from BPC-157 or TB-500 with a new problem","slot":"who_claims_what","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s27","s29"],"why_material":"The only adverse pattern in the set with a mechanism attached to it.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c409","text":"Of the forty, 21 said it helped (52.5%), 15 said nothing changed (37.5%) and 4 said something got worse (10%).","tier":"anecdotal","section":"Forty people who ran BPC-157 or TB-500 wrote down what happened","slot":"who_claims_what","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s4","s5","s6","s7","s8","s9","s10","s11","s12","s13","s14","s15","s16","s17","s18","s19","s20","s21","s22","s23","s24","s25","s26","s27","s28","s29"],"why_material":"The tally is the page's only body of human-outcome data, and its inclusion rule is stated so the count can be re-derived.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c410","text":"That is a 50% helped rate against 52.5% for the whole set, and at twelve people a gap that size tells you nothing.","tier":"anecdotal","section":"Twelve of the forty ran BPC-157 and TB-500 together","slot":"who_claims_what","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s4","s5","s6","s11","s18","s19","s20","s26"],"why_material":"The closest thing to a human comparison of the pair against single-compound use, and it shows no signal for pairing.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c411","text":"That shape fits irritation settling down rather than tissue actually being rebuilt.","tier":"anecdotal","section":"What the forty-person tally on BPC-157 and TB-500 cannot settle","slot":"who_claims_what","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s14","s25"],"why_material":"Distinguishes a symptomatic effect from the structural repair claim the compounds are sold on.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.3,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c26","text":"Both compounds are supposed to grow blood vessels, and thymosin beta-4 is found at high levels in many solid tumours.","tier":"speculative","section":"What nobody has measured about BPC-157 and TB-500 in a person","slot":"what_is_unknown","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s3","s35"],"why_material":"The most consequential unmeasured risk on the page, stated as unknown rather than as reassurance.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.12,"quote_gated":false},{"id":"c421","text":"What either one does in a person carrying a cancer nobody has found yet is unknown and unmeasured.","tier":"speculative","section":"What nobody has measured about BPC-157 and TB-500 in a person","slot":"what_is_unknown","interaction_risk":false,"status":"active","source_ids":["s3","s35"],"why_material":"The most consequential unmeasured risk on the page, stated as unknown rather than as reassurance.","retracted_at":null,"retraction_reason":null,"challenged_by":[],"effective_weight":0.12,"quote_gated":false}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","type":"source","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42542926/","title":"Biçer O, Adanir O, Güleryüz Y, Balci EC. Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study. Jt Dis Relat Surg, 23 July 2026. PMID 42542926","quote":"32 rats, Achilles transection and repair, four arms of eight, four weeks intraperitoneal: control, BPC-157 10 µg/kg/day, TB-500 60 µg/kg/day, or both. TB-500 alone raised maximum load to failure (p<0.05), Bonar score (p=0.016) and Movin score (p=0.017). The combination did not confer additional benefits compared to either agent alone.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"597e23d54566917e160feba45a1732ab8e0fa2ac6ed716c7d9a20095dc054c0d"},{"id":"s2","type":"source","url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07437547","title":"NCT07437547 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial of Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 for Accelerated Repair of Acute Grade II Hamstring Strain Confirmed by MRI. Hudson Biotech. Recruiting, started 2 February 2026","quote":"120 participants planned. Subcutaneous injection once daily for 14 days versus placebo. Primary outcomes: time to return to unrestricted sport participation at 8 weeks, and change from baseline to day 14 in MRI-assessed hamstring injury volume by blinded central radiology review.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"cb27b6ea1a4706dace5228e530f492fb9e3244f9a7e0ea865caf57a20f7b45b6"},{"id":"s3","type":"source","url":"https://www.fda.gov/media/193349/download","title":"FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee — TB-500-related bulk drug substances, July 2026","quote":"FDA has not identified any human exposure data for drug products containing Thymosin Beta-4, Fragment. FDA lacks important information regarding any safety issues raised by this drug, including whether it would cause harm if administered to humans.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"9a1a3396091c6f3a10f8019b887d805a9ccb9c521a58ba8acf8938120074cff0"},{"id":"s7","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Biohackers/comments/1u09ium/bpc_157_tb500_side_effect_for_65_yrs_old/oqhs3hp/","title":"Reddit r/Biohackers — u/beach_nuts, 8 June 2026 — anecdotal, positive","quote":"Started BPC-157 three weeks after that injury, injecting 500mcg daily (left knee day 1, right knee day 2, etc). The chronic pain dissipated 3 weeks in and the injured knee felt stronger by week 4.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"82d61e78c543b4ce135bb0eb8f13acdd1731095f7dae1f512962053ae7765215"},{"id":"s8","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/PEDs/comments/1o3g7qp/is_oral_bpc157_less_effective_than_injecting_it/niwej2s/","title":"Reddit r/PEDs — u/SprinklesWise9857, 11 October 2025 — anecdotal, positive, self-assessed","quote":"I partially tore my rotator cuff in early September. Injected 1500 mg BPC 157 for 3 weeks and I'm nearly fully recovered. I say this in terms of feel, not medical imaging.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"504e5b4c84a17a063610d63c961dde70ee03ac9335384a4dfd6be31505e459d1"},{"id":"s9","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Sciatica/comments/1rnicr5/pinched_sciatic_nerve/","title":"Reddit r/Sciatica — u/kunukxathletix, 7 March 2026 — anecdotal, positive, sciatic pain","quote":"I tried ever and eventually decided to try injectable BPC 157 and within a few weeks pain started to ease, well this could be random so I continued use after about 6-7 weeks sciatic pain was almost all the way gone","claim_ids":[],"hash":"134747f722a7fd3a6a1ce33964945e63479845224553bd466c8bc2f6b99dedd5"},{"id":"s10","type":"source","url":"https://x.com/WovenDissent/status/2071612933382037588","title":"X — @WovenDissent, 2026 — anecdotal, positive, elbow tendons","quote":"From a year of constant pain to pain free in both elbows - totally healed my tendons in 6 weeks. Shit is a miracle","claim_ids":[],"hash":"9f42f3ff5a6ba55d8fcc9e2f540c96171f1ddf85f959ffabcdccb643cc1c6942"},{"id":"s11","type":"source","url":"https://x.com/MuroCrypto/status/2083184469956059529","title":"X — @MuroCrypto, 31 July 2026 — anecdotal, positive, herniated lumbar disc, ran both compounds","quote":"In June I ran BPC-157 and TB-500 for about 6 weeks. Separate, normal doses like everyone recommends, injected into belly fat. After 3-4 weeks it already felt better.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"051a97a12e695c1b5a2d06c4e9f842e996ef8b2b87401d47fb90d09dfb27e059"},{"id":"s12","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/steroids/comments/150bge2/compounds_healing_compounds_bpc157_tb500/js5hfcw/","title":"Reddit r/steroids — u/SwaveyyyD, 16 July 2023 — anecdotal, positive","quote":"I did 500mcg every 8 hours (3x a day) for 2 weeks. After the two weeks there was a substantial difference in pain levels.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"bd28124f3ed9d651cd36184ee27b77bd6e193c326b13d036f0a5065482940221"},{"id":"s13","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/steroids/comments/1jcmlrc/compounds_healing_compounds_bpc157_tb500_etc/mi4eq0n/","title":"Reddit r/steroids — u/UnusuallyTarded11, 16 March 2025 — anecdotal, positive, rotator cuff","quote":"Used bpc-157 for a few weeks at 450- 900 mcg / day to heal a severely strained rotator cuff and it seems to have worked wonders.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"06bf795659c66bedb37d982a5c999d44abcfa5409c456d9c100ad1a3fafc3018"},{"id":"s14","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/steroids/comments/1jcmlrc/compounds_healing_compounds_bpc157_tb500_etc/mi9owhr/","title":"Reddit r/steroids — u/MysterMumbles, 17 March 2025 — anecdotal, positive then relapse on stopping","quote":"Almost immediately the knee pain went away, although I have heard this is due to the anti-inflammatory effects rather than any actual healing. After three weeks when I stopped I noticed the knee pain came back almost immediately","claim_ids":[],"hash":"458b51a03b0c18433bd68e6432b7455462fedc705d2c9e34bf0082a1885d9f69"},{"id":"s15","type":"source","url":"https://x.com/drmarlonperalta/status/2062565899714925044","title":"X — @drmarlonperalta, 4 June 2026 — anecdotal, positive, ten years of low back pain from a herniated disc","quote":"BPC-157. I've suffered for 10+ years with lower back pain from a herniated disc. I would constantly reposition myself for relief while working. The nagging pain in the background limited how deeply I could focus. A 6-week cycle removed this distraction permanently.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"f8138bc8ea5615c18e0b269c7f29a485045c482416d9881f23c03e816a1fb68a"},{"id":"s16","type":"source","url":"https://x.com/AJA_Cortes/status/1794522474702336108","title":"X — @AJA_Cortes, 26 May 2024 — anecdotal, positive, L5-S1 flare, writer flags placebo himself","quote":"Decided to try to taking oral BPC157 at 2000mcg daily. Also got two deep tissue massages, and a chiro adjustment. 7 days later, pain free. Did the BPC157 help? Maybe, maybe not. Im always open to possibility of placebo.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"bbaf58fdfc3e66cf20b25ce1efb179e69db597eb55b5f588d5b053b40339eded"},{"id":"s17","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/steroids/comments/7zy7yi/compound_experience_saturday_bpc157/duz790a/","title":"Reddit r/steroids — u/MjolnirCurls, 28 February 2018 — anecdotal, no effect","quote":"I did a total of 10mg at a dosage of 500 mcg each day, and noticed no difference. I am left to wonder if the source was just bunk because everybody else seems to love the stuff.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"33884e064699776fcf7a552177ab27a9aecd87e9895a2f5a539cc76190d3f1f9"},{"id":"s18","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/backpain/comments/1mu96us/hlab27_sacroiliitis_on_mri_vs_disc_obliteration/","title":"Reddit r/backpain — u/ImNotSchema, 19 August 2025 — anecdotal, no effect, ran both compounds","quote":"I also experimented with TB500 and BPC-157 peptides, but saw no improvement. The one thing that actually helped was Prednisone.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"b34974f3e31d4bc6dba4fb9a759bf0ab984f4246c6624b9a21025a3f95bb5543"},{"id":"s19","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/PEDs/comments/173pdv4/compounds_to_help_articular_cartilage_fissure_in/","title":"Reddit r/PEDs — u/Itchy_Brain6340, 9 October 2023 — anecdotal, no effect, ran both compounds","quote":"I've taken tb500 and bpc157 before and found it did nothing.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"67f9ec056fe50e612f3f13f64855d3c86cf5967240f5f76ffe961f9b3329d7a2"},{"id":"s20","type":"source","url":"https://x.com/prax1s_mm/status/2082901582627184835","title":"X — @prax1s_mm, 30 July 2026 — anecdotal, no effect, third separate attempt, ran both compounds","quote":"Did 3mg of BCP & 5mg of TB500 daily for two weeks into my elbow. It didn't do jack shit. This is my 3rd time trying peptides for various joint/tendon stuff and my 3rd time not noticing any improvement at all.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"df8d6c07761768657220aaa08a222a47402052eaf69b4a5b48a1b2b4fc8b7a05"},{"id":"s21","type":"source","url":"https://x.com/LtCrandog/status/2082758463407473109","title":"X — @LtCrandog, 30 July 2026 — anecdotal, no effect over ten years of use","quote":"Been taking bpc157 off and on for over 10 years and really don't think it does much. Apart from not really healing anything I've had random tendinitis pop up even while being on bpc.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"ee7962bd75744cfa50c5cbef03545261e750cc50785f0c94c20caee1f498723d"},{"id":"s22","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Peptidesource/comments/1v6e4g2/need_help_deciding_between_kpv_low_dose/","title":"Reddit r/Peptidesource — u/TheAwkwardEmu, 25 July 2026 — anecdotal, no effect at six weeks","quote":"I am going to finish up a vial of BPC 157 that I've been injecting for about 6 weeks with no improvement.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"5be1dba643bf4e41af0dbfe49302e1e95e0800dca0aa073c92fab55f5ec2ce8b"},{"id":"s23","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/moreplatesmoredates/comments/1kfp3uf/does_bpc157_increase_recovery_between_workouts/mr860tt/","title":"Reddit r/moreplatesmoredates — u/Cr1ms0nSlayer, 8 May 2025 — anecdotal, no effect across two vendors","quote":"I ordered from 2 different websites and I doubt the shit was fake but it didnt do anything for me besides cost me a few hundred","claim_ids":[],"hash":"0112d151703ca821c83c0036440f9937ca4fcc91b377ca457d7cd5e7f58d6c16"},{"id":"s24","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/steroids/comments/1jcmlrc/compounds_healing_compounds_bpc157_tb500_etc/mi6t9l6/","title":"Reddit r/steroids — u/jlthreequarters, 17 March 2025 — anecdotal, no effect, injected near the knee","quote":"Been injecting 500mcg per day subq close to knee. Unfortunately have not seen any improvement in the knee/s.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"d58c35d471e3897d77fe79252d5be05ae2e5c213faeb373476d111a266df9269"},{"id":"s25","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Biohackers/comments/1u7ddu1/i_know_some_will_disagreebut_new_batch_of_bpc_157/","title":"Reddit r/Biohackers — u/Trofas27, 16 June 2026 — anecdotal, effect then loss of effect","quote":"6/12-seems to have stopped working. Upped to 6.5-7 units. No change. Will continue.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"ba50f6f8824e0c411f31e745d7a8a41f00c4b0b8382178aa111cc6956f5a255e"},{"id":"s26","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/backpain/comments/1fi50ar/bpc_157_and_tb_500_for_herniated_disc/","title":"Reddit r/backpain — u/Miserable_Fan1984, 16 September 2024 — anecdotal, got worse, herniated disc, ran both compounds","quote":"I started taking bpc 157 and tb 500 and 500mcg a day to help with healing but I have started to feel worse and have pain going down my leg again.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"e89045f40762b0598ee6127eccd1cbe01579d558db0406c5e4604319099aec4f"},{"id":"s27","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/PEDs/comments/1qftcul/bpc157_gone_wrong/","title":"Reddit r/PEDs — u/Illustrious_Buy_6545, 18 January 2026 — anecdotal, got worse in an untreated joint","quote":"While the shoulder is seemingly better (just a bit sore the first day), my knees got way worse and got inflamed pretty bad. Going to stop to see it gets better","claim_ids":[],"hash":"1a35a2c61e32bf07e737bd2f7e264bb9d57acd2acba9f1407cfd036dc3b370c1"},{"id":"s28","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Biohackers/comments/1ra2m3p/1_month_of_bpc157_tb500_blend_reviewblurry_vision/","title":"Reddit r/Biohackers — u/cityhunterspeee, 20 February 2026 — anecdotal, got worse, vision, ran a blend of both","quote":"After weeks of bpc tb blend. I noticed my vision was getting worse and worse.. blurry..some days worse than others. Even just trying to focus at distance.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"98aeb95bf767f8d6e565d1c587c4fce8a6d9abcfa58a1cf19d4300a57282840b"},{"id":"s29","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/climbharder/comments/1axf2aa/my_experience_case_study_recovering_from_an_a2/","title":"Reddit r/climbharder — u/WeenieLoft, 22 February 2024 — anecdotal, got worse, swelling at the treated finger","quote":"My finger started to stay very swollen all day and felt like it was retaining fluid. It became somewhat difficult to do finger rolls because it felt like my digits were too swollen in the skin to close properly.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"749c30295c41592bbf6ee9a2d4167347627724d8a8f829d605264e982c621753"},{"id":"s30","type":"source","url":"https://www.nationwidepeptides.com/products/bpc-157-peptide/","title":"Nationwide Peptides — BPC-157 and TB-500 research-chemical listings, prices read 4 August 2026","quote":"BPC-157 Peptide price range: $42.00 through $63.00, sizes 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg. TB-500 Peptide (TB4) price range: $38.00 through $61.00, sizes 5 mg, 10 mg. For Research Use Only. Not for human use.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"c0663513ccbc81089bd73578fbce8412b888d527656635e6730ffe23f483d2d0"},{"id":"s31","type":"source","url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks","title":"FDA — Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks, current as of 22 April 2026","quote":"Bulk drug substances nominated but withdrawn. This list of bulk drug substances previously in category 2 of the interim policies were withdrawn by the nominators. BPC-157: Compounded drugs containing BPC-157 may pose risk for immunogenicity for certain routes of administration and may have complexities with regard to peptide-related impurities and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) characterization.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"0657871c837b320d080e50b926dc1d1f4faf12cbd079599f8b5bc4221d19b6ba"},{"id":"s32","type":"source","url":"https://www.statnews.com/2026/07/23/fda-panel-okays-peptides-compound-pharmacies-bpc-157-kpv/","title":"STAT News, 23 July 2026 — FDA advisory panel narrowly votes to allow compounding of unapproved peptides","quote":"The Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8-6 with one abstention in favour of allowing BPC-157, KPV and TB-500 to be compounded, against FDA's own written recommendation.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"3fa2530076828a5e144967182bc44ab49a5f2026fe8f1c41e419372c4a46f463"},{"id":"s33","type":"source","url":"https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/2026list_en_final_clean_september_2025.pdf","title":"World Anti-Doping Code International Standard — Prohibited List 2026, effective 1 January 2026","quote":"S2.3 Growth Factors and Growth Factor Modulators: Thymosin-ß4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500. S0 Non-Approved Substances: any pharmacological substance which is not addressed by any of the subsequent sections of the List and with no current approval by any governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use. Prohibited at all times.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"3afeca26186385bc1f5f4d0f404338e1484c42c6224f66bdf7084a2a084d799a"},{"id":"s34","type":"source","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/","title":"Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med, 12 April 2026. PMID 41966639","quote":"Independent 2026 review of the peptide musculoskeletal literature, covering BPC-157 and thymosin beta-4 products.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"2ec2e702bc4736cc1cd28aa2f40bf231eda4570e5f4b92a381aef676a60b3254"},{"id":"s35","type":"source","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41476424/","title":"Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians. Am J Sports Med, January 2026. PMID 41476424","quote":"Independent 2026 primer on injectable peptide products used for musculoskeletal injury, written for orthopaedic and sports medicine physicians.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"ea1a5ad4aa922f727c7b65587435da64edb5a88c22dfe1b3005adc59e99e8838"},{"id":"s4","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/steroids/comments/1jcmlrc/compounds_healing_compounds_bpc157_tb500_etc/mi4uao6/","title":"Reddit r/steroids — u/RGJJBrwn2022, 16 March 2025 — anecdotal, positive, ran both compounds","quote":"Did 12 weeks of BPC and TB-500. After 10 weeks I went back to the ortho and he said the tear was gone.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"87f8ff2fe7935d493048d8fa558275604f12808aa96edf79926dea9d87991e39"},{"id":"s5","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Biohackers/comments/1sgf3q0/bpc157_and_tb500_weekly_update/","title":"Reddit r/Biohackers — u/hraww, 9 April 2026 — anecdotal, positive, ran both compounds","quote":"500mcg of BCP EOD and 500mcg of TB EOD. This is day 5 not even a full week and I could fucking cry because my shoulder feels 75% better that fast.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"450bffb1529010469f4aa89ed94f2da1c4539f49413e8a35261b71ad0f04cad1"},{"id":"s6","type":"source","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/steroids/comments/1jcmlrc/compounds_healing_compounds_bpc157_tb500_etc/mi4iwuk/","title":"Reddit r/steroids — u/Blahblahblurred, 16 March 2025 — anecdotal, positive, ran both compounds","quote":"After some unsuccessful months, I stacked up BPC/TB 250mcg ED for 4 weeks. Pain completely gone after 3rd week.","claim_ids":[],"hash":"fd839b318a35d21d4d0e4f379d7aef59b43c303776b639e38ed8686c78054eac"}],"anecdotal_sources":[],"scientific_sources":[],"user_reports":[],"related_articles":[{"slug":"bpc-157","title":"BPC-157: Body Protection Compound","claims":[{"id":"c1","text":"BPC-157 is a made-in-a-lab chain of 15 amino acids, copied from a stretch of a protein found in stomach juice.","tier":"human"},{"id":"c2","text":"More than 100 studies in animals and in cells report faster healing — better-organised collagen, and blood vessels growing into the wound — across tendon, gut, muscle, bone and nerve.","tier":"preclinical"},{"id":"c3","text":"A 2025 pilot study dripped up to 20 mg of BPC-157 into the veins of two healthy adults. Nothing went wrong with their vital signs, their blood tests, or how they said they felt.","tier":"human"},{"id":"c4","text":"The proposed explanation is that BPC-157 encourages new blood vessel growth at the injury and works on the body’s nitric oxide system. That is a proposal drawn from animal work, not something measured in a person.","tier":"mechanistic"},{"id":"c6","text":"One person reported feeling sick within two weeks of starting BPC-157 and stopped taking it. That is one person. The same account was then ingested 25 more times from other copies of the same thread, and each copy is listed below so the count is visible rather than hidden.","tier":"anecdotal"},{"id":"c8","text":"The second copy of that same single nausea report, ingested again from another copy of the same thread. It is the same one person, not 2 people.","tier":"anecdotal"},{"id":"c10","text":"The third copy of that same single nausea report, ingested again from another copy of the same thread. It is the same one person, not 3 people.","tier":"anecdotal"},{"id":"c11","text":"Ten of the sources catalogued on this page are vendors and clinics selling BPC-157. That is marketing material, and it is listed here as marketing material rather than as evidence.","tier":"human"}]},{"slug":"tb-500","title":"TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)","claims":[{"id":"c1","text":"TB-500 is sold as a made-in-a-lab version of thymosin beta-4, a small protein your own cells already make.","tier":"mechanistic"},{"id":"c300","text":"Thymosin beta-4 is the body's main handler of loose actin, the building material a cell uses to change shape and crawl.","tier":"mechanistic"},{"id":"c301","text":"Holding that building material is how thymosin beta-4 sets the pace at which cells move into an injury, and cells moving into an injury is what repair is.","tier":"mechanistic"},{"id":"c2","text":"The same seven amino acids that let thymosin beta-4 grip actin also make new blood vessels grow.","tier":"mechanistic"},{"id":"c302","text":"Those seven amino acids also make the cells that line blood vessels crawl, so new blood vessel growth is not a side effect of the repair. It is part of it.","tier":"mechanistic"},{"id":"c3","text":"In controlled animal wound experiments, thymosin beta-4 made skin grow back across the wound 42 to 61% faster than in untreated animals.","tier":"preclinical"},{"id":"c303","text":"Those same animal wounds laid down more collagen and grew more new blood vessels.","tier":"preclinical"},{"id":"c4","text":"Thymosin beta-4, the full protein rather than the fragment in the vial, was tested in people with pressure sores and long-standing leg ulcers in proper randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.","tier":"human"}]},{"slug":"ara-290","title":"ARA-290 (cibinetide): a fragment of erythropoietin that acts on nerves, not on blood","claims":[{"id":"c1","text":"ARA-290 (cibinetide) is an 11-amino-acid peptide from EPO's helix-B surface that activates the innate repair receptor (EPOR/beta-common heterocomplex) to drive tissue repair, distinct from EPO's erythropoietic receptor.","tier":"mechanistic"},{"id":"c2","text":"Because it engages the innate repair receptor rather than the homodimeric EPO receptor, ARA-290 does not stimulate erythropoiesis or raise hematocrit, avoiding EPO's thrombotic risk.","tier":"mechanistic"},{"id":"c3","text":"The mechanism was defined by Michael Brines and Anthony Cerami, who showed EPO's tissue protection runs through an EPOR/beta-common-receptor heterocomplex.","tier":"mechanistic"},{"id":"c4","text":"In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot in sarcoidosis patients with small-fiber neuropathy, ARA 290 significantly improved neuropathy symptom scores versus placebo.","tier":"human"},{"id":"c5","text":"In a Phase 2b RCT (n=64), 4 mg/day cibinetide significantly increased corneal nerve fiber area and raised GAP-43+ regenerating intraepidermal nerve fibers, an objective structural sign of nerve regeneration.","tier":"human"},{"id":"c6","text":"In type 2 diabetics, ARA 290 improved neuropathic symptoms alongside HbA1c and lipids over 56 days without safety issues.","tier":"human"},{"id":"c7","text":"In nerve-injury models, ARA 290 produced long-lasting, dose-dependent reductions in allodynia coupled to suppression of the spinal microglial neuroinflammatory response.","tier":"preclinical"},{"id":"c8","text":"ARA 290 inhibits macrophage activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine release (IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha) and protects cells from cytokine-induced apoptosis.","tier":"preclinical"}]},{"slug":"wolverine-stack-ara-290","title":"The Wolverine stack plus ARA-290 for a degenerating disc and sciatica: the evidence at every link","claims":[{"id":"c1","text":"The stack is built on four separable links — no blood supply reaching damaged tissue (BPC-157), repair cells not arriving or not organising (TB-500), nerve fibres damaged and dying back (ARA-290), and the nerve root chemically irritated by TNF-alpha (BPC-157 and TB-500, weakly) — and no compound in the stack is claimed to move displaced tissue off a nerve.","tier":"mechanistic"},{"id":"c2","text":"ARA-290 (cibinetide) is an eleven-amino-acid fragment of erythropoietin retaining the tissue-repair activity and omitting the red-cell activity; the two functions run through different receptors, and the repair receptor pairing appears on tissue only after injury and is absent from healthy tissue.","tier":"human"},{"id":"c3","text":"A 4 mg subcutaneous dose of ARA-290 peaks at about 3 ng/mL and clears in roughly twenty minutes, yet is dosed once daily and produces effects lasting days, because receptor binding starts an intracellular repair programme that continues after the compound has cleared.","tier":"human"},{"id":"c4","text":"Culver 2017 (NCT02039687), a Phase 2b randomised placebo-controlled trial in 64 people with sarcoidosis-associated small fibre neuropathy, 16 per arm, 28 days: corneal nerve fibre area rose 697 square micrometres above placebo at 4 mg per day (p = 0.012), while 1 mg (109) and 8 mg (431) did not reach significance, and pain in the moderate-to-severe group did not separate (p = 0.157).","tier":"human"},{"id":"c5","text":"Brines 2015 (NTR3858), randomised double-blind placebo-controlled, 49 enrolled and 48 analysed, type 2 diabetes with painful neuropathy, 4 mg subcutaneous daily for 28 days: HbA1c fell 0.16% against 0.01% for placebo (p = 0.002), pain score improved significantly, and nerve fibre density rose 2.6 plus or minus 1.0 fibres per mm in the 18 people whose baseline was genuinely abnormal (p = 0.02).","tier":"human"},{"id":"c6","text":"Not one ARA-290 trial enrolled a person with a compressed lumbar nerve root; every positive result comes from small fibre neuropathy in sarcoidosis or diabetes, which is a different disease of the same tissue.","tier":"human"},{"id":"c7","text":"Etanercept, a direct TNF-alpha blocker, delivered at the nerve root against epidural steroid in subacute lumbar nerve pain, lost: steroid beat saline by 1.26 points on leg pain without reaching significance, and etanercept did worse than steroid on function by a margin that did reach significance.","tier":"human"},{"id":"c8","text":"A separate randomised trial of transforaminal epidural etanercept in 49 patients with symptomatic lumbar disc herniation found separation only at the lowest of three doses (0.5 mg), with the 2.5 mg and 12.5 mg arms not separating, at a loose significance threshold.","tier":"human"}]},{"slug":"what-are-peptides-herniated-disc","title":"Peptides for a herniated disc: BPC-157, TB-500 and ARA-290 measured against a 70% spontaneous resorption rate","claims":[{"id":"c1","text":"ARA-290 is the only one of the three that has been through randomised Phase II trials in people. In those trials, run in patients with sarcoidosis, it lowered nerve pain and grew nerve fibres back in the cornea, the clear front of the eye.","tier":"human"},{"id":"c2","text":"In rats whose spinal cords were crushed, the ones given BPC-157 got more movement back than the ones that were not.","tier":"preclinical"},{"id":"c3","text":"No study in people has shown BPC-157 repairing a herniated disc. Nearly everything known about it comes from animals and from cells in a dish.","tier":"human"},{"id":"c4","text":"In human disc cells kept alive in a dish, TB-500 cut the number of cells that killed themselves off.","tier":"preclinical"},{"id":"c5","text":"Only two published studies have put TB-500 anywhere near a spinal disc, and both were done in a dish rather than in a living body.","tier":"preclinical"},{"id":"c6","text":"A 2024 review pooled 31 studies and 2,233 people who were treated without surgery. In 70.39% of them the herniation shrank away on its own, most of it inside six months.","tier":"human"},{"id":"c29","text":"How far the disc material had travelled changed the odds sharply in that same pool. 87.77% of the pieces that had broken off completely disappeared, against 66.91% of the ones squeezed out through a tear, 37.53% of the discs merely pushing outwards, and 13.33% of plain bulges.","tier":"human"},{"id":"c7","text":"An earlier review of 11 studies put the same figure at 66.66%. That team and the 2024 team, working seven years apart, landed within four percentage points of each other.","tier":"human"}]}],"question_graph":{"slug":"wolverine-stack","questions":[],"evidence":[],"edges":[],"counts":{"questions":0,"evidence":0,"edges":0}},"honesty":{"active_claims":52,"retracted_claims":0,"cut_claims":0,"challenges":0,"scrub_events":0,"note":"Retracted/cut claims stay on ledger but are excluded from ask unless ?include_inactive=1"},"counts":{"claims":52,"claims_total":52,"sources":35,"anecdotal":0,"scientific":0,"user_reports":0,"questions":0,"evidence_ingests":0}}