{ "_self": { "schema": "oip/proven-work-projection/1", "what": "One redacted ledger slice for one completed work object.", "how_to_use": "Open the manifest and formation records from zero context. Every conclusion resolves to SUPPORTED_BY_RECORD, MISSING_EVIDENCE, or CONTRADICTED_BY_RECORD with cited record ids.", "privacy": "Personal information, credentials, private paths and unrelated work are removed at egress." }, "object": "article:tb-500", "work_id": "PW-0016", "evaluation": { "status": "PARTIAL", "declared_requirements": 8, "passed": 5, "unresolved": [ "graph_integrity", "formation_record", "external_anchor" ] }, "manifest": { "work_id": "PW-0016", "claim": "This object is a documentation work product on TB-500 whose central finding is that the molecule sold and the molecule studied are different substances — a 7-amino-acid acetyl-capped fragment against the 43-amino-acid thymosin beta-4 protein — and that a regulator recorded that mismatch in July 2026. What was asked: atomise the argument into addressable, tiered, source-bound units and bind the object to its siblings. What was done: 24 claims were added to the 10 already present, each tiered and carrying source ids or an explicitly declared gap, and six sibling objects were bound into the body and the machine view. What was considered: whether the single registry record naming TB-500 counts as human evidence — it does not, it is a self-declared fictional template, and that is recorded as a claim. What is guaranteed: every claim resolves to a source id or a named gap. What is open: the prose formation payloads are not bound to this object, and the cited receipts are not yet externally anchored.", "claim_reconstructed": true, "claim_authorship": "This claim was written after the work it describes, by the session that atomised the claims and bound the sibling relationships. Under spec 1.1.0 rule f it is declared reconstructed.", "spec": "https://miscsubjects.com/a/proven-work (PROVEN_WORK_SPEC 1.1.0)", "article_scope": "article:tb-500", "requirements": [ { "id": "claims_atomised", "status": "PASS", "what": "34 claims are stored as addressable units on this object, each carrying an id, a section, and an evidence tier. Tier distribution: anecdotal 3, human 7, mechanistic 10, preclinical 14. They generate the DIV/voxel structure, so every sentence of argument has its own hash and challenge surface.", "evidence": [ "inv_520m4giosx", "inv_g0xixkl1o3" ] }, { "id": "claims_bound_or_gap_named", "status": "PASS", "what": "Every one of the 34 claims resolves: 34 carry source ids into the hash-chained source ledger and 0 carry an explicit source_status naming the gap (absence claims, in-page arithmetic, and unregistered registry records).", "evidence": [ "inv_520m4giosx", "inv_g0xixkl1o3" ] }, { "id": "sources_registered", "status": "PASS", "what": "72 sources are registered on this object as a hash-chained ledger, each independently retrievable by any reader without a credential.", "evidence": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14500546/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00382174", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00832091", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17495250/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26056426/" ] }, { "id": "sibling_objects_bound", "status": "PASS", "what": "6 sibling work objects are bound into the body as resolvable object references ([[embed:]] → rendered object card → /a/): ara-290, bpc-157, bpc-157-vs-nsaids, what-are-peptides-herniated-disc, wolverine-stack, wolverine-stack-ara-290. The machine view exposes the same relationship set as meta.embeds (7 entries), so a model traverses the set without parsing prose.", "evidence": [ "inv_g0xixkl1o3" ] }, { "id": "inspection_door", "status": "PASS", "what": "A scoped inspection credential for this object exists and is fingerprinted cap_b3dd609281cb535d. Scope row:WEB_FETCH with the request body pinned by body_fixed to this object's projection and nothing else — it cannot read another article, invoke another capability, or write. Unlimited receipted reads, expiring 2026-08-11T12:25:41-07:00. Anyone may mint their own with no key and no account: POST /api/proven-work/tb-500/drop. The raw secret is never stored in this body or in this manifest.", "evidence": [ "cap_b3dd609281cb535d", "cap_explain:cap_b3dd609281cb535d" ] }, { "id": "graph_integrity", "status": "GAP", "what": "The object's own integrity audit reports: 14 orphan sources (no claim link). Constitution slot coverage complete: True. An orphan source is a source registered on this object that no claim cites — it is retrievable but load-bearing for nothing. Declared here rather than hidden. Re-runnable by anyone: GET /api/articles/tb-500/health.", "evidence": [ "inv_520m4giosx", "inv_g0xixkl1o3" ] }, { "id": "formation_record", "status": "GAP", "what": "Partially bound. The claim-atomisation and relationship writes on this object are bound below as invocation receipts carrying the full request and response payload. The prose formation payloads — the model calls that wrote and rewrote this body — are on the public ledger but are not bound to this object as per-article record ids, so a reader cannot reconstruct the drafting from this manifest alone. Declared, not hidden.", "evidence": [ "inv_520m4giosx", "inv_g0xixkl1o3" ] }, { "id": "external_anchor", "status": "GAP", "what": "The receipts cited here were written in the current session and are not yet covered by a sealed chain checkpoint published at two independent third parties. Under spec 1.1.0 rule g the anchor gap is declared and this object cannot print PROVEN until every cited receipt sits under such a checkpoint.", "evidence": [] } ], "evidence": { "receipts": [ "inv_520m4giosx", "inv_g0xixkl1o3" ], "door_fingerprint": "cap_b3dd609281cb535d", "source_count": 72, "claim_count": 34 }, "counts": { "claims": 34, "claims_with_source_ids": 34, "claims_with_declared_gap": 0, "claims_unbound_and_unnamed": 0, "sources": 72, "sibling_objects": 6, "body_chars": 59758 }, "note": "Status is computed by GET /api/proven-work/ from these requirements against the record. It is never asserted by the worker. PARTIAL means at least one requirement is a named gap, printed on the object." }, "formation_records": [ { "receipt": "inv_520m4giosx", "object_id": "ART_PATCH", "ts": "2026-08-04T12:38:32-07:00", "trace_id": "t_4fttgwgd", "request": "tb-500|{\"claims\": [{\"id\": \"c1\", \"text\": \"TB-500 is a synthetic version of thymosin beta-4, the body's principal G-actin-sequestering peptide, which regulates the actin dynamics that govern cell migration — the molecular basis for its role in tissue repair.\", \"tier\": \"mechanistic\", \"source_ids\": [\"s1\", \"s4\"], \"why_material\": \"Establishes the mechanistic basis for every regeneration claim.\"}, {\"id\": \"c2\", \"text\": \"The same seven-amino-acid actin-binding motif that gives Tb4 its structural function also drives angiogenesis and endothelial migration, so new blood-vessel growth is intrinsic to how it repairs tissue.\", \"tier\": \"mechanistic\", \"source_ids\": [\"s1\"], \"why_material\": \"Angiogenesis is the rate-limiter for healing poorly-vascularized tendon, ligament and disc.\"}, {\"id\": \"c3\", \"text\": \"In controlled animal wound models, Tb4 accelerated skin regeneration (reepithelialization up 42-61%) while increasing collagen deposition and angiogenesis.\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"source_ids\": [\"s2\"], \"why_material\": \"Quantified placebo-controlled preclinical anchor.\"}, {\"id\": \"c4\", \"text\": \"Tb4 reached genuine randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trials for chronic wounds (pressure and venous stasis ulcers), where it was safe but did not hit statistical significance on primary healing endpoints.\", \"tier\": \"human\", \"source_ids\": [\"s3\", \"s4\", \"s5\"], \"why_material\": \"Separates 'has real human trials' from 'proven to work in humans'.\"}, {\"id\": \"c5\", \"text\": \"The ophthalmic Tb4 formulation RGN-259 showed positive Phase II human efficacy for dry-eye signs and symptoms via corneal epithelial repair — the strongest controlled human efficacy signal for the peptide.\", \"tier\": \"human\", \"source_ids\": [\"s7\"], \"why_material\": \"The one indication with positive human RCT data.\"}, {\"id\": \"c6\", \"text\": \"In preclinical cardiac injury, both local and systemic Tb4 dosing reduced infarct size and improved function via cardiomyocyte survival (ILK/Akt) and angiogenesis.\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"source_ids\": [\"s8\", \"s9\"], \"why_material\": \"Shows anti-fibrotic regeneration and that systemic dosing reaches injury sites — the assumption behind injectable TB-500.\"}, {\"id\": \"c7\", \"text\": \"Tb4 improved ligament healing histologically and mechanically in a rat MCL model, but a 2026 scoping review confirms tendon, ligament, muscle and spine/disc evidence remains overwhelmingly animal-stage with no confirmatory human musculoskeletal trials.\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"source_ids\": [\"s11\", \"s10\"], \"why_material\": \"Gives the real promising-but-unproven status for the exact tissue class the disc stack targets.\"}, {\"id\": \"c8\", \"text\": \"Across multiple chronic human wound types Tb4 has been reported to promote faster repair, extending its regenerative case into diseased human tissue.\", \"tier\": \"human\", \"source_ids\": [\"s13\"], \"why_material\": \"Broadens human regeneration evidence beyond one indication.\"}, {\"id\": \"c9\", \"text\": \"TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 are on the WADA Prohibited List and banned at all times for competitive athletes.\", \"tier\": \"human\", \"source_ids\": [\"s12\"], \"why_material\": \"Mandatory compliance flag for anyone in tested sport.\"}, {\"id\": \"c10\", \"text\": \"Real-world users self-treating tendon, tendinitis and spine/sacral injuries with TB-500 (usually stacked with BPC-157) report reduced pain and improved range of motion, but these are uncontrolled, confounded anecdotes.\", \"tier\": \"anecdotal\", \"source_ids\": [\"s14\", \"s15\", \"s16\"], \"why_material\": \"Captures the following for the disc/tendon use-case while firewalling anecdote from trial data.\"}, {\"id\": \"c11\", \"tier\": \"mechanistic\", \"section\": \"The vial and the studies contain different molecules\", \"text\": \"Thymosin beta-4 is a 43-amino-acid protein of about 4,963 daltons with a bare front end; TB-500 as sold is a 7-amino-acid fragment, positions 17 to 23, Ac-LKKTETQ, 889.01 daltons, capped with an acetyl group (CAS 885340-08-9, UNII QHK6Z47GTG, PubChem CID 62707662). The protein has been tested in people; the fragment never has, by any route.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s22\"], \"why_material\": \"Two products sit on the same shelf at the same strength and nothing on either label says which molecule is inside.\"}, {\"id\": \"c12\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"section\": \"Seven amino acids are enough to pull one lever\", \"text\": \"In 2003 a group cut thymosin beta-4 apart looking for the smallest piece that still grew new blood vessels and found those seven amino acids and nothing shorter; peptides missing the seven were inert, the seven alone worked at about 50 nanomolar, and adding loose actin at 5 to 50 nanomolar switched the effect off completely.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s1\"], \"why_material\": \"The actin-quenching experiment proves the activity comes from grabbing actin rather than docking a receptor, which is the fragment's one real mechanism.\"}, {\"id\": \"c13\", \"tier\": \"human\", \"section\": \"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\", \"text\": \"FDA searched the published literature through March 2025 and reports that no articles were found in which TB-500 was administered to humans; the nominators supplied no clinical data and no record of anyone taking it by any route, and the agency's safety verdict is the word unknown.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s22\"], \"why_material\": \"The only government examination of TB-500 as a substance records the human record as empty, not as clean.\"}, {\"id\": \"c14\", \"tier\": \"mechanistic\", \"section\": \"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\", \"text\": \"FDA states that capping the front end of the peptide irreversibly alters its charge, hydrophobicity and size, and that what the uncapped LKKTETQ does cannot be directly extrapolated to TB-500 — so the wound-healing papers vendors cite used a different molecule from the one in the vial.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s22\"], \"why_material\": \"Changing the charge and water-repelling behaviour of a molecule whose entire function is sticking to another molecule changes the thing that matters.\"}, {\"id\": \"c15\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"section\": \"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\", \"text\": \"In the one scratch-closure test of TB-500 itself, TB-500 free base appeared to be devoid of wound-healing properties, while its breakdown product capped LKKTE at 50 micrograms per millilitre closed the scratch by a small but real amount — leaving open, and untested, whether TB-500 is a delivery form for a shorter piece.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s22\"], \"why_material\": \"The only direct in-vitro test of the sold molecule returned nothing, and the alternative hypothesis it raises has never been tested either way.\"}, {\"id\": \"c16\", \"tier\": \"mechanistic\", \"section\": \"The scar-tissue claim comes off a piece this fragment cannot produce\", \"text\": \"Ac-SDKP, the four-amino-acid anti-fibrotic piece behind most scar-reduction marketing, is released from the front end of thymosin beta-4 by meprin-alpha followed by prolyl oligopeptidase; TB-500 is positions 17 to 23, the middle, so Ac-SDKP cannot be made from it at any dose, by any enzyme, in any tissue.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s29\", \"s28\"], \"why_material\": \"Every scar-reduction claim built on Ac-SDKP belongs to the full protein and cannot carry over to what is in the syringe.\"}, {\"id\": \"c17\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"section\": \"The scar-tissue claim\", \"text\": \"In rats, 100 micrograms of the full protein delivered on days 2, 3 and 4 through implanted sponges produced day-14 wounds with very few myofibroblasts and very few internal tension fibres, longer thicker collagen bundles, and mature collagen birefringence where untreated wounds showed immature patch material.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s27\"], \"why_material\": \"A real scar-reduction result that does not depend on Ac-SDKP — but it used the full protein, placed in the wound on a sponge.\"}, {\"id\": \"c18\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"section\": \"Sort the whole literature by tissue\", \"text\": \"A 2026 scoping review from a University of Utah orthopaedics and rehabilitation group screened 1,772 records and included 80 studies, finding the evidence weighted toward mixed and in-vitro designs, most studies evaluating thymosin beta-4 rather than TB-500, tendon, ligament, muscle, cartilage and spine categories comparatively sparse, human evidence concentrated in ocular and skin settings, and direct TB-500 evidence limited to a single included study.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s10\"], \"why_material\": \"One study out of eighty tested the molecule that is actually sold.\"}, {\"id\": \"c19\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"section\": \"The best tendon result that exists\", \"text\": \"The strongest tendon evidence for TB-500 is Biçer 2026: 32 rats, 8 per arm, Achilles cut and repaired, four weeks, 60 micrograms per kilogram per day into the belly cavity — load to failure up at p < 0.05, Bonar score p = 0.016, and adding BPC-157 gave nothing extra. The authors call their own study exploratory and describe both compounds as candidate adjuncts pending dose optimisation and longer-term studies.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s25\"], \"why_material\": \"The single strongest piece of evidence in the world for what people buy TB-500 to do is eight rats an arm dosed intraperitoneally, and the authors claim no more than that.\"}, {\"id\": \"c20\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"section\": \"The ligament study worked because the peptide was put in the wound\", \"text\": \"The rat knee-ligament result placed 1 microgram of the full-length protein carried in 100 microlitres of fibrin glue directly into a freshly cut ligament — local, held by a carrier, one microgram, a different molecule — and the paper opens by noting that as of 2013 nobody had published on this protein in ligament repair at all.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s11\"], \"why_material\": \"Route, dose and molecule all differ from a milligram injected into belly fat, which is how the result is usually summarised away.\"}, {\"id\": \"c21\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"section\": \"Sort the whole literature by tissue\", \"text\": \"When the full protein was loaded into electrospun polymer yarns it released steadily over 28 days and pushed human adipose-derived stem cells toward becoming tendon cells — more migration, more proliferation, coordinated tenogenic gene expression; the scaffold exists because holding the peptide at the tendon is the hard part.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s30\"], \"why_material\": \"The people who study getting this peptide into a tendon do not expect an injection into belly fat to do it.\"}, {\"id\": \"c22\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"section\": \"In muscle, your body already sends this signal\", \"text\": \"Injuring a muscle causes the muscle itself to make more thymosin beta-4, in regenerating fibres and in infiltrating haematopoietic cells, and the protein then acts as a chemoattractant pulling muscle precursor cells toward the injury; adult muscle precursor cells followed the oxidised form.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s26\"], \"why_material\": \"The pathway is real and endogenous, which is not the same as showing that adding more from outside does anything.\"}, {\"id\": \"c23\", \"tier\": \"human\", \"section\": \"One registry record names TB-500, and it says it is made up\", \"text\": \"The only interventional ClinicalTrials.gov record where the intervention is TB-500 itself is NCT07487363 (TBRIDGE-CV, sponsor Hudson Biotech, first posted March 2026), whose summary reads word for word that it is a fictional study and an example of a registry-style record; its intervention description has an unclosed bracket and its dose field says the levels are not provided in this public example.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s35\"], \"why_material\": \"Any page citing NCT07487363 as proof TB-500 is in human trials is citing a placeholder, and that citation will keep appearing because it is the only entry that looks like what people want to find.\"}, {\"id\": \"c24\", \"tier\": \"human\", \"section\": \"Nothing has ever been injected into a person and measured\", \"text\": \"There is no human trial of TB-500 — none finished, none running, none registered. Every controlled human result belongs to the 43-amino-acid protein given as eye drops or a skin gel for dry eye, neurotrophic keratopathy, or a long-standing skin ulcer, and for tendon, ligament, muscle, fascia, cartilage or disc the count of human trials is zero for both molecules.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s3\", \"s4\", \"s5\", \"s7\", \"s18\", \"s32\", \"s22\"], \"why_material\": \"Not partly proven and not proven in a small way — the study has never been run.\"}, {\"id\": \"c25\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"section\": \"Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse\", \"text\": \"The only measurement of TB-500 in the blood of a living animal, in any species, is thoroughbred geldings given 10 mg of the free base subcutaneously: blood concentration peaked at 0.05 to 0.08 nanograms per millilitre between 60 and 120 minutes and was undetectable by 6 to 10 hours, degrading by sequential C-terminal amino acid loss.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s22\"], \"why_material\": \"A compound undetectable in blood 6 to 10 hours after a 10 mg dose does not have the long half-life that every-three-days dosing is defended with, and no half-life for TB-500 in any species has ever been published as a number.\"}, {\"id\": \"c26\", \"tier\": \"mechanistic\", \"section\": \"Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse\", \"text\": \"Sub-nanogram blood levels from a 10 mg dose sit four to five orders of magnitude below the tens of micrograms per millilitre at which this peptide and its breakdown products do anything measurable in a dish.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s22\"], \"why_material\": \"The exposure gap between the dose people take and the concentration the mechanism needs is the quantitative core of the delivery objection.\"}, {\"id\": \"c27\", \"tier\": \"mechanistic\", \"section\": \"The 28-day rule comes from the water\", \"text\": \"The commonly cited 28-day refrigerated shelf life of a reconstituted vial is the benzyl-alcohol preservative's specification, not a stability figure measured on this peptide; there are no pharmacopeial stability data for either form of TB-500, and FDA found the free base is not physically and chemically well characterised, with tests for contaminants, aggregation, microbial contamination and bacterial endotoxin missing from public data and vendor Certificates of Analysis.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s22\"], \"why_material\": \"A shelf-life number that describes the diluent rather than the drug is a named gap, not a specification.\"}, {\"id\": \"c28\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"section\": \"The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\", \"text\": \"Forcing a melanoma cell line to overproduce thymosin beta-4 produced a mean 2.3-fold increase in migration distance (95% CI 1.9 to 2.7, p < .001), a mean 4.4-fold increase in intratumoural blood vessels (95% CI 3.3 to 5.5, p < .001), and roughly four times as many lung metastatic deposits (46.7 against 10.9).\", \"source_ids\": [\"s20\"], \"why_material\": \"The vessel-growing and cell-crawling machinery that would help a healing tendon is the same machinery a tumour uses, measured in living animals by a laboratory sharing authorship with the wound-healing work.\"}, {\"id\": \"c29\", \"tier\": \"preclinical\", \"section\": \"The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\", \"text\": \"The direction is tumour-type dependent: in multiple myeloma thymosin beta-4 behaves as a tumour suppressor and lower levels predict a worse outcome, and no cancer-causation study of TB-500 in either form has ever been run — so the defensible position is a specific exclusion for active cancer or significant cancer history rather than a blanket claim in either direction.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s21\", \"s22\"], \"why_material\": \"Risk unmeasured in the direction that would hurt, against a benefit that is unproven, is a bad trade regardless of how the mechanism resolves.\"}, {\"id\": \"c30\", \"tier\": \"mechanistic\", \"section\": \"Banned in sport at all times\", \"text\": \"The WADA 2026 Prohibited List, in force from 1 January 2026, lists under S2.3 Thymosin-beta-4 and its derivatives, e.g. TB-500 — prohibited at all times, in the Non-Specified harsher sanction tier, with a catch-all covering growth factor modulators affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis, vascularisation, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching, and a further clause sweeping in substances of similar structure or effect.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s23\", \"s12\", \"s17\"], \"why_material\": \"The exact reason someone would take it is the exact behaviour written into the prohibition, and sanctions can follow an admission, a possession finding or a purchase record with no positive test.\"}, {\"id\": \"c31\", \"tier\": \"mechanistic\", \"section\": \"The July 2026 vote started a process\", \"text\": \"On 23 to 24 July 2026 the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8 to 6 with one abstention in favour of letting BPC-157, KPV and TB-500 be compounded, against FDA's written recommendation that a balancing of the criteria weighs against listing them; the vote does not make TB-500 an approved drug, does not bind FDA, starts a rulemaking cycle realistically running eight to twelve months, and TB-500 remains off the 503A Bulks List and not legally compoundable.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s24\"], \"why_material\": \"The claim that FDA just approved it is wrong twice — there is no approval and the rulemaking has not finished.\"}, {\"id\": \"c32\", \"tier\": \"anecdotal\", \"section\": \"Thirty-one people wrote down what happened to them\", \"text\": \"Thirty-one first-person accounts were counted: 17 said it helped, 8 said nothing happened, 6 had a reaction or got worse. Twenty-nine of the thirty-one ran TB-500 stacked with BPC-157 and several stacked a third and fourth compound, so not one of those twenty-nine can attribute anything to TB-500 — every positive report in the set is a report about a combination.\", \"source_ids\": [\"w_7b0irg5j\", \"w_ionqqvc2\", \"w_t1lhudd5\", \"w_srfrp1td\", \"w_7cn6wcbt\", \"w_8aa4h36p\", \"w_bpr3c1ux\", \"w_4qf0wqtv\", \"w_2m2r0oof\", \"w_1d35jifv\", \"w_dmeyan6q\", \"w_e9fjoshb\", \"w_albnpbru\", \"w_z5qnxkqk\", \"w_8ed1wjyh\", \"w_t3aoiz9r\", \"w_ses7fkwk\", \"w_avr26qqh\", \"w_hyq2egsc\", \"w_fqd0nz38\", \"w_89es50pi\", \"w_s75yt6kt\", \"w_lk8z70he\", \"w_fkvglkvn\", \"w_zj1lz4k4\", \"w_q1dsmvn0\", \"w_fgszb7lb\", \"w_dwju43tz\", \"w_nad31utv\", \"w_llsxbr8a\", \"w_wuu78tg1\"], \"why_material\": \"The confound is structural, not incidental: the self-reported record cannot separate TB-500 from BPC-157 in 29 of 31 cases.\"}, {\"id\": \"c33\", \"tier\": \"anecdotal\", \"section\": \"Two of the thirty-one used TB-500 without BPC-157\", \"text\": \"Only two of the thirty-one accounts isolate TB-500, and both sit in the worse column: one whose bursitis shoulder worsened and recovered on stopping, and one who reported a head rush and a red injection site. Two reports settle nothing; the point is how thin the isolated human experience actually is.\", \"source_ids\": [\"w_q1dsmvn0\", \"w_wuu78tg1\"], \"why_material\": \"Out of 31 people who wrote down what happened, 2 took it on its own and neither described a benefit.\"}, {\"id\": \"c34\", \"tier\": \"mechanistic\", \"section\": \"What is solid, what is not, and the gap underneath both\", \"text\": \"The gap underneath the whole market: the evidence and the product are not the same substance, a regulator has written that down, the capped form has never been shown to do what the uncapped form does, and the one time anybody tested TB-500 itself in a dish it did nothing — so every transfer of evidence from the 43-amino-acid protein to the seven-amino-acid fragment is an assumption.\", \"source_ids\": [\"s22\", \"s10\"], \"why_material\": \"This is the page's central conclusion and it is the assumption the entire TB-500 market stands on.\"}], \"prov\": {\"model\": \"opus-5 (claude-code)\", \"action\": \"atomize-claims\", \"rationale\": \"PROVEN_WORK_SPEC req.1/3: addressable, tiered, source-bound claim units\"}, \"embeds\": [\"bpc-157\", \"ara-290\", \"kpv\", \"wolverine-stack\", \"wolverine-stack-ara-290\", \"what-are-peptides-herniated-disc\", \"bpc-157-vs-nsaids\"]}", "response": "HTTP 200:{\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"title\":\"TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)\",\"body\":\"Your body already makes the thing this vial is named after. It is a protein called thymosin beta-4, 43 amino acids long, and almost every cell you have releases it — platelets dump it into a fresh wound, and the cells that clean up damage make more of it. Its job is to hold loose actin, the material a cell builds its own skeleton out of, so the cell can change shape and crawl toward the injury.\\n\\nWhat is sold as \\\"TB-500\\\" is not that protein. It is a seven-amino-acid piece cut out of the middle of it — positions 17 through 23 — with a chemical cap welded onto the front end. Written out it is Ac-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln, or Ac-LKKTETQ for short. The studies on the vendor page were nearly all run on the 43-amino-acid protein. The powder in the vial is nearly always the seven-amino-acid piece.\\n\\nThat is the single most useful fact on this page, so it goes first. Everything else — the dosing arithmetic, the horse blood levels, the rat tendons, the anti-doping ban, the cancer numbers, what 31 people who injected it say happened to them — reads differently once you know the evidence and the product are two different molecules.\\n\\n## What is breaking down, and what would have to be built back\\n\\nTake the two injuries that bring people here.\\n\\nA tendon is rope. Type I collagen fibres, laid down in parallel, bundled, and anchored into bone. It goes wrong slowly: the fibres lose their parallel order, the cells inside stop laying down good collagen and start laying down disorganised patch material, and tiny vessels grow in where they do not belong while the tissue overall stays starved of blood. That last part is the whole problem. A tendon has very little blood supply, so the cells and oxygen needed to rebuild it arrive slowly, and the repair loses the race against the next load you put through it.\\n\\nA disc in your spine is worse. The soft centre of the disc holds water under pressure; the tough outer ring contains it. With age and load the centre dries out, the ring cracks, the height drops, and the joints above and below start taking force they were not built for. A disc has almost no blood supply at all in its middle — nutrients seep in slowly through the bone above and below it. Nothing in the body repairs more slowly than the middle of a disc. [[degenerative-disc-disease|What degenerating discs actually do]] and [[herniated-disc|what a herniation actually does]] are covered separately.\\n\\nSo the chain that breaks tissue down looks like this: load exceeds repair, the cells switch from building rope to building patch, blood supply stays too thin to feed either, the patch scars instead of remodelling, and the tissue ends up weaker — so the same load now breaks it faster.\\n\\nAnything that would build it back has to hit one of five links. This is the frame to hold every claim below against.\\n\\n| Link in the chain | What would have to happen | Does the evidence reach it |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| Blood supply | more small vessels feeding the injury | strong for the 43-amino-acid protein in animals, and the seven-amino-acid piece is the part that does it |\\n| Cells arriving | repair cells crawl into the damage instead of sitting at the edge | strong in a dish and in rodent skin, never measured in a human tendon |\\n| Collagen quality | new rope laid parallel, not patch laid crossways | one rat Achilles study, eight animals in the arm |\\n| Less scar | fewer of the contracting cells that turn repair into scar | real for the full protein, and it runs through a piece the vial cannot make |\\n| Inflammation settling | fewer inflammatory signals, so repair can start | shown for the full protein, not for the fragment |\\n\\n## The vial and the studies contain different molecules\\n\\nTwo products sit side by side on the same shelf at the same 10 mg strength — one labelled \\\"TB-500\\\", one labelled \\\"TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4\\\" — and nothing on either label tells you which molecule is inside. This is not a technicality.\\n\\n| | Thymosin beta-4 (the natural protein) | \\\"TB-500\\\" as sold |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| Length | 43 amino acids | 7 amino acids (positions 17–23) |\\n| Sequence | the whole protein | Ac-LKKTETQ |\\n| Weight | ~4,963 daltons | 889.01 daltons |\\n| Front end | bare | capped with an acetyl group |\\n| Catalogue numbers | recombinant or synthetic full-length | CAS 885340-08-9, UNII QHK6Z47GTG, PubChem CID 62707662 |\\n| Tested in people | yes — eye drops, skin gel, heart | never, by any route |\\n| Can it release Ac-SDKP | yes, cut off the front end | no, it comes from the wrong part of the protein |\\n| Official drug name | recombinant human thymosin β4 | it does not have one |\\n\\nWhere the fragment came from is documented. In 2003 a group cut the protein apart looking for the smallest piece that still grew new blood vessels, and found it: those seven amino acids, and nothing shorter. Peptides missing the seven were dead. The seven on their own worked at about 50 nanomolar. Adding loose actin at 5 to 50 nanomolar switched the effect off completely, which proves the activity comes from grabbing actin rather than from docking into a receptor.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s1]]\\n\\nThat is the honest origin story. The fragment is real, it does one real thing, and one thing is not the same as everything the parent protein does.\\n\\n## A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\\n\\nThe Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee briefing package is the only document from a government agency that examines TB-500 as a substance. It says in plain terms that the two are not interchangeable, and it names the marketing error.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s22]]\\n\\nThree findings in that package change how everything else reads.\\n\\n**Nobody has been given it and measured.** The agency searched the published literature through March 2025 and reports that \\\"no articles were found in which TB-500 was administered to humans.\\\" The people who nominated it supplied no clinical data and no record of anyone taking it, by any route. The agency's safety verdict is the word \\\"unknown\\\" — not clean, not dangerous, unknown.\\n\\n**The cap on the front end is not a detail.** The wound-healing papers vendors point at used the *uncapped* seven amino acids, LKKTETQ. FDA states that capping the front end \\\"irreversibly alters their charge, hydrophobicity, and size,\\\" and that what the uncapped version does \\\"cannot be directly extrapolated\\\" to TB-500. Change the electrical charge and the water-repelling behaviour of a molecule whose entire job is sticking to another molecule, and you have changed the thing that matters.\\n\\n**The one time anybody tested TB-500 itself in a dish, it did nothing.** In a scratch test — you scrape a line across a sheet of skin-building cells and time how fast they close it — TB-500 free base \\\"appeared to be devoid of wound-healing properties.\\\" Its breakdown product, capped LKKTE, at 50 micrograms per millilitre did close the scratch by a small but real amount. That leaves open the possibility that TB-500 is a delivery form for a shorter piece. Nobody has tested that either way.\\n\\nThe same package records that the nomination itself carried a molecular formula that was wrong and a CAS number matching neither the free base nor the acetate salt. It also records where TB-500 actually came from commercially: a 2011 veterinary preparation sold to make racehorses and racing greyhounds perform better.\\n\\n## Seven amino acids are enough to pull one lever\\n\\nThe proposed mechanism runs in five steps. None of it is special injury machinery. It is the ordinary business of a cell changing shape, happening where tissue is being rebuilt.\\n\\n1. **Holding loose actin.** The protein grabs free actin building blocks, one molecule to one molecule. A held block cannot join a growing strand, so the cell keeps a stock of ready parts instead of a stiff finished mesh.\\n2. **Releasing it on command.** Letting those blocks go where and when the cell wants lets it extend a strand in one direction and push. Holding is not blocking. It is stockpiling, and the stockpile is what makes movement in a chosen direction possible.\\n3. **Crawling.** A cell that can build a leading edge crawls. Skin cells crossed a filter two to three times faster with as little as 10 picograms of the protein present. The cells that line blood vessels do the same thing.\\n4. **New blood vessels.** Those seven amino acids are the piece that does this, and this is the only step where the fragment is the active part rather than a bystander. Vessel-lining cells crawl, sprout, and form tubes.\\n5. **Inflammation settling down.** The full 43-amino-acid protein reduces the number of inflammatory cells at a wound and turns down three inflammatory signals — TNF-alpha, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s28]]\\n\\nSteps 3 and 4 were measured together in the original rat wound work. Applied to the skin or injected into the belly cavity, the full protein grew the skin surface back over the wound 42% faster at four days and 61% faster at seven, with more collagen and more vessels in the treated wounds than in the salt-water controls.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s2]]\\n\\nStep 4 is the step that matters for the tissue you are worried about. Tendon, ligament, the sheet of tissue around muscle, and the disc in your back all share one problem: not enough blood. A mechanism aimed at growing vessels is aimed at the actual bottleneck. That is a good argument on paper. It is also where the argument stops, because nobody has grown a vessel into a human tendon with this and measured it.\\n\\n## Why it gets run with BPC-157, and what happened when somebody tested that\\n\\n[[bpc-157|BPC-157]] and TB-500 are sold as a pair because their proposed mechanisms sit at different points in the same repair sequence.\\n\\n| | TB-500 / thymosin beta-4 | BPC-157 |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| What it grabs | the pool of loose actin building blocks | the grip machinery a cell uses to hold a surface (FAK and paxillin) |\\n| How it reaches blood vessels | the seven-amino-acid piece makes vessel-lining cells crawl and sprout | raises the main vessel-growth receptor and the nitric-oxide pathway |\\n| Level it acts at | supplying the cell's internal skeleton | grip and growth signals |\\n| Tissue where it is best evidenced | cornea, skin wound (as the full protein) | rat tendon, ligament, gut |\\n| Route used in the studies | on the surface, into the belly cavity, implanted locally | into the belly cavity, by mouth, locally |\\n\\nThe theory is that one supplies the machinery for moving and the other supplies the signal telling cells where to move. It is coherent. It has been tested head to head exactly once, and the pairing failed.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s25]]\\n\\nThirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats, twelve weeks old, about 330 grams each, had the Achilles tendon cut through and repaired, then four weeks of injections into the belly cavity, in four groups of eight: BPC-157 at 10 micrograms per kilogram per day, TB-500 at 60 micrograms per kilogram per day, both together, or nothing.\\n\\nTB-500 on its own was the arm that reached statistical significance. Maximum load before the tendon failed: p < 0.05. Total Bonar score, which grades how normal the tissue looks under a microscope: p = 0.016. Movin score, a second grading scale: p = 0.017. A collagen stain showed the most orderly type I collagen in the TB-500 group. A protein stain found no real difference between groups in how much type I collagen was being made.\\n\\nAnd the combination \\\"did not confer additional benefits compared to either agent alone.\\\" The synergy the pair is sold on did not appear in the one experiment that looked for it.\\n\\n## The scar-tissue claim comes off a piece this fragment cannot produce\\n\\nA large share of the \\\"breaks up scar tissue and adhesions\\\" marketing traces back to Ac-SDKP, a four-amino-acid piece that calms inflammation and reduces scarring, released from the parent protein.\\n\\nGetting it out takes two enzymes working in order. First an enzyme called meprin-alpha cuts the front section of the protein into pieces under 30 amino acids long. Then a second enzyme, prolyl oligopeptidase, snips Ac-SDKP off. Neither enzyme can do it alone.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s29]]\\n\\nNow put the two facts side by side. Ac-SDKP comes off the **front end** of the protein. TB-500 is positions **17 to 23** — the middle. The four-amino-acid piece cannot be made from it at any dose, by any enzyme, in any tissue. Every scar-reduction claim built on Ac-SDKP belongs to the 43-amino-acid protein and does not carry over to what is in the syringe.\\n\\nThere is a separate scar result for the full protein that does not depend on Ac-SDKP, and it is a good one. In rats, 100 micrograms of the protein delivered on days 2, 3 and 4 through implanted sponges produced wounds at day 14 with very few myofibroblasts — the contracting cells that pull a wound closed into a scar — and very few of their internal tension fibres. The collagen bundles were longer and thicker, and under polarised light they glowed the yellow-red of mature collagen where the untreated wounds glowed the green of immature patch material. Stopping cells from turning into myofibroblasts is the mechanism behind \\\"repair instead of scar.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s27]]\\n\\nThe 100 micrograms went into the wound on a sponge. It was the full protein. Neither of those matches a milligram injected into belly fat.\\n\\n## Sort the whole literature by tissue and the tendon row is one rat study\\n\\nSomebody counted the entire field. A 2026 scoping review from an orthopaedics and rehabilitation group at the University of Utah screened 1,772 records and included 80 studies.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s10]]\\n\\nTheir findings, in their own words: the evidence is \\\"weighted toward mixed and in vitro designs, and most studies evaluated TB4 rather than TB-500\\\"; \\\"direct musculoskeletal tissue categories such as tendon, ligament, muscle, cartilage, and spine/intervertebral disc were comparatively sparse\\\"; and \\\"human evidence was concentrated in ocular/cornea and wound/skin/soft tissue settings, whereas direct TB-500 evidence was limited to a single included study.\\\"\\n\\nOne study out of eighty tested the molecule that is actually sold.\\n\\n| Tissue | Best study | Species and model | n | Molecule | How it was given | Result |\\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\\n| Tendon | Biçer 2026 (PMID 42542926) | rat, Achilles cut and repaired, 4 wk | 32 (8 per arm) | TB-500 | into the belly cavity, 60 µg/kg/day | load to failure up, p<0.05; Bonar p=0.016; adding BPC-157 gave nothing extra |\\n| Tendon (cells) | Wu 2020 (PMID 31753373) | human stem cells from fat, on a woven scaffold | in a dish | full protein | released over 28 days from the scaffold | more crawling, more cells multiplying, cells turned into tendon cells |\\n| Ligament | Xu 2013 (PMID 23523891) | rat, knee ligament cut through, 4 wk | not stated | full protein | 1 µg in 100 µL of fibrin glue, placed in the gap | even fibre bundles, significantly stronger repair |\\n| Muscle | Tokura 2011 (PMID 20880960) | mouse, injured muscle plus cultured muscle cells | living animal and dish | full protein | the animal's own | the protein rises early after injury and pulls muscle cells toward the damage |\\n| Skin wound | Malinda 1999 (PMID 10469335) | rat, full-thickness wound | not stated | full protein | on the skin and into the belly cavity | surface regrown 42% faster at 4 d, 61% at 7 d, 11% more wound contraction |\\n| Scar | Ehrlich 2010 (PMID 20536458) | rat, implanted sponge, day 14 | not stated | full protein | 100 µg, days 2–4, into the wound | scar-pulling cells suppressed, mature collagen |\\n| Heart | Bock-Marquette 2004 (PMID 15565145) | mouse, coronary artery tied off | not stated | full protein | belly cavity or into the heart, every third day | heart cells survived, pumping function improved |\\n| Cornea | Sosne 2015 (PMID 25826322) | human, severe dry eye | 9 patients (18 eyes) | full protein, 0.1% | eye drops, 6×/day, 28 d | discomfort down 35.1%, p=0.0141; surface staining down 59.1%, p=0.0108 |\\n| Cornea | Sosne 2022 (PMCID PMC9820614) | human, nerve-damaged cornea, Phase III | 18 (10 vs 8) | full protein, 0.1% | eye drops, 5×/day | day 29: 60% healed vs 12.5%, p=0.0656; day 43: 50% vs 0%, p=0.0359 |\\n| Nerve | Morris 2010 (PMID 20627173) | rat, stroke from a clot | not stated | full protein | whole-body | better neurological recovery, nerve sheaths rebuilt, nerve fibres remodelled |\\n| Disc and cartilage | — | — | — | — | — | nothing, for either molecule |\\n\\n[[embed:source:s19]]\\n\\nRead the \\\"Molecule\\\" column before you read the \\\"Result\\\" column. Ten of the eleven rows are the 43-amino-acid protein.\\n\\n## The best tendon result that exists is eight rats an arm, injected into the belly\\n\\nThat sentence deserves its own heading, because it is the single strongest piece of evidence in the world for the thing people buy TB-500 to do.\\n\\nIt ran four weeks. It was a rodent. The dose went into the abdominal cavity, not under the skin. The authors call their own study \\\"exploratory\\\" and stop at calling both compounds \\\"candidate adjuncts to tendon repair, pending dose-optimization and longer-term studies.\\\" Nothing in it supports a milligram-per-week injection under the skin of a person, and the authors do not claim it does.\\n\\nThe delivery problem is out in the open in the tendon-engineering literature, which is itself a signal: the people who study getting this peptide into a tendon do not expect an injection into belly fat to do it. When the full protein was loaded into spun polymer yarns it released steadily over 28 days and pushed human stem cells taken from fat toward becoming tendon cells — they crawled more, multiplied more, and switched on tendon genes together.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s30]]\\n\\nThe scaffold is the point. Somebody built a 28-day slow-release fibre to hold the peptide at the tendon, because holding it there is the hard part.\\n\\n## The ligament study worked because the peptide was put in the wound\\n\\nThe rat knee-ligament study gets summarised as \\\"TB-500 heals ligaments.\\\" What it actually did was place 1 microgram of the full-length protein, carried in 100 microlitres of fibrin glue, directly into a ligament that had just been cut through. Local. Held in place by a carrier. One microgram. A different molecule.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s11]]\\n\\nThe paper opens by noting that as of 2013 nobody had ever published on this protein in ligament repair at all.\\n\\n## In muscle, your body already sends this signal after an injury\\n\\nThe muscle result is not a treatment result, and it is worth understanding why.\\n\\nInjuring a muscle causes the muscle itself to make more thymosin beta-4 — in the fibres that are regenerating, and in the blood-cell-making cells that move into the damage. The protein then acts as a chemical attractant, pulling muscle precursor cells toward the injury. Both the ordinary protein and its oxidised form sped up closure and pulled cultured muscle cells across a gap. Precursor cells taken from adult muscle followed the oxidised form.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s26]]\\n\\nSo the pathway is real in skeletal muscle, and your body switches it on by itself when you tear something. What has never been tested is whether adding more from outside improves a strain. No study has asked that question.\\n\\n## Every controlled result in a person is an eye or a skin wound\\n\\nHere is the entire human record for the 43-amino-acid protein, sorted by tissue. None of it is muscle, tendon, ligament or disc.\\n\\n**Eyes — the only place the numbers turned positive.** A nine-patient dry-eye trial reported eye discomfort down 35.1% and surface damage staining down 59.1% against the vehicle drops.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s18]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s45]]\\n\\nA Phase III trial in nerve-damaged cornea randomised ten patients against eight. Complete healing at four weeks was 60% versus 12.5%, p = 0.0656 — which misses the usual cutoff for calling a result real. At day 43 it was 50% versus 0%, p = 0.0359, which clears it.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s32]]\\n\\nThree completed Phase 3 dry-eye trials sit behind those: ARISE-1 with 317 patients, ARISE-2 with 601, and ARISE-3 with 700, the last finishing in October 2021. Total: 1,618 people. There is still no FDA approval.\\n\\n**Skin — completed, but safety was the question being asked.** The pressure-ulcer trial enrolled 72 patients on gel at 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.1% by weight, once daily for up to 84 days. The main question was safety and tolerance. Healing was a secondary question.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s3]]\\n\\nA matching 72-patient trial in leg ulcers from poor vein drainage completed on the same design.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s4]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s5]]\\n\\nTwo more were stopped early: one in the blistering skin disease epidermolysis bullosa, 30 patients, and one in corneal wounds in diabetic patients after eye surgery, 12 patients.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s13]]\\n\\n**Heart — withdrawn twice, then restarted in another country.** The animal finding that started the programme is specific: the protein forms a complex with two other proteins, PINCH and integrin-linked kinase, which switches on the survival signal Akt. After a coronary artery was tied off in mice, heart muscle cells survived better and the heart pumped better.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s31]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s9]]\\n\\nThe Phase 1 safety study in healthy volunteers was designed around single rising intravenous doses of 42 mg, 140 mg, 420 mg and 1,260 mg. It never enrolled anybody. The reason on the record: \\\"Study never initiated due to contract manufacturing issues.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s34]]\\n\\nThe Phase 2 heart-attack trial behind it was also withdrawn with zero patients enrolled. The only heart programme still producing human data is a Chinese full-length recombinant product called NL005: a Phase 1a in 54 healthy volunteers that established the highest tolerated dose, measured how fast the body cleared it, and checked whether the immune system made antibodies against it, then a Phase 1b in 30 people and two completed Phase 2 trials in heart attack.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s33]]\\n\\nLook at the dose scale in that withdrawn Phase 1 design. Milligram quantities of the full protein, dripped into a vein, in a hospital, under a protocol, are not the same object as 2.5 mg of a seven-amino-acid fragment injected under the skin of a belly at home — even though both are written in milligrams.\\n\\n## One registry record names TB-500, and it says it is made up\\n\\nSearch ClinicalTrials.gov for TB-500 and you get exactly one interventional record where the intervention is TB-500 itself: NCT07487363, \\\"TBRIDGE-CV,\\\" sponsor listed as Hudson Biotech, first posted March 2026.\\n\\nIts summary reads, word for word: \\\"This fictional study is an example of a ClinicalTrials.gov-style record.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s35]]\\n\\nIt is a demonstration template. Its intervention description has an unclosed bracket. Its dose field says the levels \\\"are not provided in this public example.\\\" Any page that cites NCT07487363 as proof TB-500 is in human trials is citing a placeholder — and that citation will keep appearing, because it is the only registry entry that looks like the thing people want to find.\\n\\n## Nothing has ever been injected into a person and measured\\n\\nOne row, stated plainly, because the tables above allow no other reading.\\n\\nThere is no human trial of TB-500. None finished, none running, none registered. Every controlled human result belongs to the 43-amino-acid protein, given as eye drops or a skin gel, for dry eye, a nerve-damaged cornea, or a long-standing skin ulcer. For tendon, ligament, muscle, fascia, cartilage or disc, the count of human trials is zero for both molecules.\\n\\nIf you are asking \\\"is this proven for my tendon\\\" — no. Not partly proven, not proven in a small way. The study has never been run.\\n\\nThat is one row on this page, not the page. Everything else here is what is actually known.\\n\\n## Mixing the vial, in numbers a syringe can read\\n\\nA freeze-dried vial holds a fixed mass of powder. The strength is whatever the water you add makes it, and the volume you inject follows from that. Insulin syringes are marked in units, where 100 units is 1 millilitre, so one unit is 0.01 mL.\\n\\nTake the common 10 mg vial and add **2 mL of bacteriostatic water**:\\n\\n- 10 mg ÷ 2 mL = **5 mg per mL**\\n- 1 mL is 100 units, so 100 units holds 5 mg\\n- **1 unit = 0.05 mg = 50 micrograms**\\n\\n| Dose you want | Volume | Units on a 100-unit insulin syringe |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| 250 mcg | 0.05 mL | 5 units |\\n| 500 mcg | 0.10 mL | 10 units |\\n| 1 mg | 0.20 mL | 20 units |\\n| 2 mg | 0.40 mL | 40 units |\\n| 2.5 mg | 0.50 mL | 50 units |\\n| 5 mg | 1.00 mL | 100 units (the whole syringe) |\\n\\nAdd 5 mL instead and you get 2 mg/mL. Now 1 unit is 20 micrograms, and a 2.5 mg dose is 125 units — more than one syringe holds, so a single dose takes two injections. That is why 2 mL is the practical fill for a 10 mg vial: it puts every commonly used dose inside one syringe.\\n\\nThe mechanics, in order. Wipe the rubber stopper with alcohol and let it dry. Draw up the water. Angle the needle so the water runs down the inside glass wall instead of jetting straight onto the powder. Swirl until it goes clear. Do not shake. Shaking tears peptide molecules apart and makes them clump together, and clumping is the exact mechanism behind the immune-reaction concern further down this page.\\n\\n## Every dose ever given in a study, and where yours would sit\\n\\nNo dose-finding study of TB-500 exists. Not in any species, at any dose. The loading-then-maintenance schedule that circulates online has no source under it: no trial produced it, no blood-level study calibrated it, no regulatory filing contains it. The nomination sent to FDA specified a formulation — 3 mg/mL, \\\"Subcutaneous and/or Intramuscular Injection\\\" — and specified no dose at all.\\n\\nWhat does exist is every dose that has actually been given in a study, and the list is short enough to print in full.\\n\\n| Study | Molecule | Species | Route | Dose | Schedule |\\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\\n| Biçer 2026, Achilles repair | TB-500 | rat | into the belly cavity | 60 µg/kg/day | daily, 4 weeks |\\n| Ho 2012, blood levels | TB-500 | horse | under the skin | 10 mg total | one dose |\\n| Rahaman 2024, scratch test | TB-500 | cells in a dish | in the culture fluid | 50 µg/mL | one exposure |\\n| Xu 2013, knee ligament | full protein | rat | into the wound, in fibrin glue | 1 µg | once, at surgery |\\n| Ehrlich 2010, sponge implant | full protein | rat | implanted locally | 100 µg | days 2, 3, 4 |\\n| Philp 2003, punch wound | uncapped LKKTETQ | mouse | on the skin | 0.01% in buffer | day 0 and 48 h |\\n| Bock-Marquette 2004, heart attack | full protein | mouse | belly cavity or into the heart | not fixed | every third day |\\n| NCT00382174, pressure ulcers | full protein | human | gel on the skin | 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.1% by weight | once daily, up to 84 days |\\n| NCT01393132, dry eye | full protein | human | eye drops | 0.1% solution | 6× daily, 28 days |\\n| NCT02600429, cornea | full protein | human | eye drops | 0.1% solution | 5× daily, 43 days |\\n| NCT00743769, heart (withdrawn) | full protein | human | into a vein | 42 / 140 / 420 / 1,260 mg | single rising doses, never run |\\n\\nRead the route column and count. Two doses in the entire record went under the skin: one of them was a horse, and the other does not exist. Every human dose ever given was put on a surface — a cornea or a wound bed — and none of them was TB-500.\\n\\nThe one animal musculoskeletal study that came out positive on placement put 1 microgram directly into the wound in a glue carrier. The schedules people run use milligrams injected into belly fat and expect them to reach a tendon in the shoulder. Those are not the same treatment scaled up. They are different treatments.\\n\\nThree route facts are settled. There is no oral form that works, because your gut digests it. Under the skin and into the muscle are the routes the formulation was submitted for. Injecting into or right beside the injured structure — the route in the one positive animal result — is not the route almost anybody uses.\\n\\n## Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse peaked at 0.08 nanograms per millilitre\\n\\nThe only measurement of TB-500 in the blood of a living animal, in any species, comes from thoroughbred geldings given 10 mg of the free base under the skin.\\n\\nBlood concentration peaked at 0.05 to 0.08 nanograms per millilitre, somewhere between 60 and 120 minutes after the injection. Between 6 and 10 hours it could no longer be measured at all. It broke down by losing amino acids one at a time off the tail end: Ac-LKKTET, then LKKTE, then LKKT, then LKK, then LK.\\n\\nTwo things follow from that, and both change how you would take it.\\n\\n**Dosing every three or four days has nothing behind it.** Schedules that space injections out are usually defended by saying TB-500 has a long half-life. A compound that cannot be detected in blood 6 to 10 hours after a 10 mg dose does not have a long half-life. Whatever else might justify spacing doses out, measured persistence in the blood is not it — and no half-life for TB-500, in any species, has ever been published as a number.\\n\\n**Sub-nanogram blood levels off a 10 mg dose is a very small exposure.** For scale: the concentrations at which this peptide and its breakdown products do anything measurable in a dish are in the tens of micrograms per millilitre. That is four to five orders of magnitude higher than what a 10 mg injection produced in a horse.\\n\\n## The 28-day rule comes from the water, not from the peptide\\n\\n- Freeze-dried powder: keep at 2–8 °C, or freeze it for long storage. Keep it out of light.\\n- Mixed with **bacteriostatic** water, which contains 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a preservative: 2–8 °C, commonly cited as good for about 28 days. That 28 days is the preservative's specification. It is not a stability figure anybody measured on this peptide.\\n- Mixed with **sterile** water, no preservative: one use, discard after a single draw.\\n- Do not freeze and thaw it once it is in solution.\\n\\nThere are no pharmacopeial stability data for either form of TB-500. FDA's own finding is that TB-500 free base \\\"is not physically and chemically well characterized,\\\" and that tests for contaminants, clumping, microbial contamination and bacterial endotoxin are missing from the public data and from vendor Certificates of Analysis.\\n\\n## How long each measured effect actually took to appear\\n\\nEvery timeline anybody can quote belongs to a study, and they cluster tightly.\\n\\n| What was measured | Time to effect | Study |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| Skin surface regrown over a wound | 4–7 days | Malinda 1999 (rat) |\\n| Collagen maturing, scar-pulling cells suppressed | 14 days | Ehrlich 2010 (rat) |\\n| Cornea healing | 29–43 days | NCT02600429 (human) |\\n| Dry-eye signs and symptoms | 28 days | NCT01393132 (human) |\\n| Ligament strength | 28 days | Xu 2013 (rat) |\\n| Tendon load to failure | 28 days | Biçer 2026 (rat) |\\n| Long-standing skin ulcer healing | 84 days | NCT00382174 (human) |\\n\\nThe musculoskeletal readouts all sit at four weeks in rodents. Rat tendon repairs faster than human tendon, and the human version of that four-week endpoint has never been measured. Any statement about how long you should expect to wait is a rat's timeline stretched across a species gap, for a molecule the rat got into its abdominal cavity.\\n\\nThere is a second problem with judging this by how you feel. Tendon problems get better on their own over months. That is the ordinary course, with no treatment at all. If you improve on that timescale you cannot separate the compound from time, from having backed off the load, and from everything else that changed in the same window.\\n\\n## The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\\n\\nThe vessel-growing and cell-crawling machinery that would plausibly help a healing tendon is the same machinery a tumour uses to grow and spread. That is not a hypothetical. It has been measured in living animals.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s20]]\\n\\nForcing a melanoma cell line to overproduce thymosin beta-4 gave a mean 2.3-fold increase in how far the cells crawled (95% CI 1.9–2.7, p<.001), a mean 4.4-fold increase in blood vessels inside solid tumours (95% CI 3.3–5.5, p<.001), and roughly four times as many tumour deposits in the lungs — 46.7 against 10.9. The authors concluded that thymosin beta-4 may drive tumour spread by switching on cell crawling and new vessel growth.\\n\\nThe paper shares an author with the wound-healing and vessel-growth work. The helpful finding and the harmful finding come from the same laboratory and the same mechanism. That is not a scandal. It is what an honest mechanism looks like when you follow it in both directions.\\n\\nThree qualifications, all of them real.\\n\\n- The experiment used a virus to force a melanoma line to overproduce the protein. It did not give a seven-amino-acid fragment at the doses a person injects. It establishes that the risk is mechanically plausible and open. It does not establish a proven human hazard.\\n- The literature runs both ways and depends on the cancer type. In multiple myeloma, this protein behaves as a tumour suppressor, and lower levels of it predict a worse outcome.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s21]]\\n\\n- No cancer-causation study of TB-500, in either form, has ever been run. FDA states that outright.\\n\\nThe defensible position is a specific exclusion, not a ban on the compound. Active cancer, or a significant cancer history, is a reason not to use this — because the risk is unmeasured in the direction that would hurt you and the benefit is unproven. That is a bad trade regardless of how the mechanism eventually resolves.\\n\\nThe wider literature supports that framing rather than either extreme. The protein is reported to help liver tumours in children spread, and to drive colon cancer cells to crawl through a specific signalling route, while in multiple myeloma losing it predicts a worse course. The effect depends on the tumour, which is exactly why no blanket reassurance is available in either direction.\\n\\n## What is in the vial has never been tested for the things that could hurt you\\n\\nSeparate from cancer, and specific to injecting a substance nobody has characterised:\\n\\n| Risk | Where it stands |\\n|---|---|\\n| The immune system reacting to it | FDA: TB-500 \\\"may pose a significant risk\\\" here, \\\"potentially amplified by aggregation as well as potential peptide-related impurities\\\" |\\n| Peptide contaminants | not characterised in public data or in vendor Certificates of Analysis |\\n| Bacterial endotoxin | not tested in public data |\\n| Clumped peptide | not tested in public data |\\n| Microbial contamination | not tested in public data |\\n| Cancer causation | no studies exist |\\n| Reports of harm after sale | the FDA adverse-event database returned zero reports for TB-500 |\\n\\nThe zero in that last row is not reassurance, and reading it as reassurance is the mistake this page most wants you to avoid. There is no legal human market for TB-500, so there is no channel through which a report could be filed. FDA's food and cosmetics system held two cases mentioning \\\"blended TB-500 and BPC-157,\\\" with no safety assessment attached to either. No surveillance produces no data, and no data looks identical to safety if you do not check which one you are looking at.\\n\\nNobody has published an independent purity or endotoxin audit of the consumer TB-500 market. Searching for one returns vendor pages claiming 99% purity and nothing that tested the claim. FDA arrived at the same place from the paperwork side: the nomination package supplied a molecular formula that was wrong and a CAS number matching neither form of the substance. That is what an uncharacterised material looks like on paper.\\n\\nThe only safety information with any weight behind it belongs to the full-length protein, and even that is thin at whole-body doses. The one programme that has produced human immune-response and blood-clearance data for the protein given systemically is the Chinese recombinant product, whose Phase 1a in 54 healthy volunteers measured the highest tolerated dose alongside peak concentration, time to peak, total exposure, half-life, clearance rate and antibody formation.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s41]]\\n\\nThose numbers describe a 43-amino-acid recombinant protein dripped into a vein under a hospital protocol, and they are not published in the searchable literature. They do not describe the fragment, the route, or the setting in which TB-500 is actually used.\\n\\n## Banned in sport at all times, and the wording names tendons\\n\\nThe 2026 Prohibited List, in force from 1 January 2026, lists under section S2.3 — Growth Factors and Growth Factor Modulators — \\\"Thymosin-ß4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s23]]\\n\\nFour details decide what that means for you.\\n\\n- **Prohibited at all times**, in competition and out of it. Using it in the off-season is still a violation.\\n- It is a **Non-Specified Substance** — the harsher sanction tier, with no starting presumption that the penalty should be reduced.\\n- The catch-all clause covers \\\"other growth factors or growth factor modulators affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis/degradation, vascularisation, energy utilization, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching.\\\" The exact reason you would take it is the exact behaviour the clause prohibits, written out in the rule.\\n- \\\"Other substances with similar chemical structure or similar biological effect(s)\\\" are prohibited too, which sweeps in unnamed fragments and lookalikes.\\n\\nEnforcement is real, and it has hit the pairing specifically. The Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport imposed a four-year ban on an athlete for BPC-157 and TB-500. The United States Department of Defense has adopted WADA categories S0 through S5, which puts service members under the same restriction.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s12]]\\n\\nSanctions do not require a positive test. They can be imposed on an admission, on possession, or on a purchase record. If you are in a college programme, a national federation, an Olympic pathway, most professional leagues, or the military, that exposure exists whether or not anybody ever tests you.\\n\\n## The July 2026 vote started a process, it did not change the status\\n\\nOn 23–24 July 2026 the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8 to 6, with one abstention, in favour of letting BPC-157, KPV and TB-500 be compounded — against FDA's own written recommendation that \\\"a balancing of the criteria weighs against\\\" listing them.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s24]]\\n\\nWhat that vote does and does not do:\\n\\n- It does **not** make TB-500 an approved drug.\\n- FDA is **not bound** by the recommendation.\\n- It starts a formal rulemaking cycle that realistically runs eight to twelve months.\\n- As of this writing TB-500 is **not** on the 503A Bulks List and is not legally compoundable. No outsourcing facility has reported compounding it, and no pharmacy was found doing so.\\n\\n\\\"The FDA just approved it\\\" is wrong twice: there is no approval, and the rulemaking has not finished.\\n\\n## Thirty-one people wrote down what happened to them, and the split is not what the marketing says\\n\\nEverything above this line is evidence. What follows is not, and it is counted anyway, because it is the only record of people using this for the reason you are reading about it.\\n\\nThirty-one first-person accounts, posted publicly on X between January and August 2026. Each one was located by search and then re-checked independently by pulling the post back and comparing the full text and the timestamp. Three candidates failed that check and are not counted. Nobody in this set was randomised, blinded, or controlled. Nobody tested the powder before injecting it, so the actual substance is unknown in every case. People who improved are far more likely to post than people who did not, so the set is selected before you even read it.\\n\\n**The count: 17 said it helped. 8 said nothing happened. 6 had a reaction or got worse. Denominator 31.** Two of those 31 were treating a gut complaint rather than a musculoskeletal one. Drop those two and the split is 17 helped, 7 nothing, 5 worse, out of 29.\\n\\nThere is one number that matters more than the split, and it is at the bottom of this section.\\n\\nEvery account below is quoted in the person's own words, with the handle, the date and a link to the original post. All of it is anecdotal. None of it is evidence.\\n\\n### Seventeen said it helped\\n\\nThe strongest reports come from shoulders and elbows, run for four to eight weeks.\\n\\n> \\\"Ran BPC 500mcg twice a day and 6mg of TB500 every 5th day for 6-8 weeks. Healed my torn rotator cuff\\\" — @PayHereSukka, X, 30 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_7b0irg5j]]\\n\\n> \\\"Slight tear of my rotator cuff. Surgery was a 5 month rehab timeline, instead I took bpc-157 and tb-500. Was back to full rotation in my shoulder and benching good weight by a month and a half!\\\" — @GrantWest14, X, 10 January 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_z5qnxkqk]]\\n\\n> \\\"I was dealing with a nagging golfers elbow for over a year. Would be tender the to the touch after hitting balls. Within a week of taking shots the pain started to disappear. Months later its compmetely healed.\\\" — @ryalljohnny1989, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_bpr3c1ux]]\\n\\n> \\\"I took it alongside TB-500 and it fixed my tennis elbow and was back to lifting also within two week.\\\" — @Das_Bear_, X, 29 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_8aa4h36p]]\\n\\nThree of the seventeen were treating exactly the disc problem that may have brought you here, and all three describe substantial relief inside a month.\\n\\n> \\\"I've been doing subcutaneous BPC TB+500 injections on both sides of the L5-S1 and a month in, the pain is dramatically less... the pain has been horrible for 6 years but this stuff really works. I don't wake up in awful pain anymore!\\\" — @MithMuel, X, 30 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_srfrp1td]]\\n\\n> \\\"Blew up my back in 2017. L4/L5/S1 severe disc herniation. Doc diagnosed me with degenerative disc disease, told me to quit lifting... Found the Wolverine stack and within a month I was pain free.\\\" — @jasonsvoboda, X, 26 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_t1lhudd5]]\\n\\n> \\\"My lowest disc in the lower back is dried out, almost no fluid left, classic herniated disc... In June I ran BPC-157 and TB-500 for about 6 weeks... After 3-4 weeks it already felt better. Now after the cycle, zero pain in biceps and shoulder. Disc still needs physio and rest, but already much better.\\\" — @MuroCrypto, X, 31 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_ionqqvc2]]\\n\\nRead that last one closely, because it is the most careful account in the whole set. He separates his shoulder result from his disc result, says the disc \\\"still needs physio and rest,\\\" and adds \\\"Don't know if it works the same for everyone, I'm no expert.\\\" That is what an honest anecdote looks like.\\n\\nSome report the effect arriving far faster than any tissue can rebuild — hours to days. That is a timescale for inflammation and pain signalling, not for collagen.\\n\\n> \\\"Wednesday I woke up in severe pain in my L Leg. It was so bad I couldn't bear any weight... Peptides started in the afternoon. Leg 75% better in the evening... Saturday: Woke up 100% better.\\\" — @L0V3lsKeY, X, 2 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_2m2r0oof]]\\n\\n> \\\"BPC-157 + TB-500 vastly accelerated my recovery timeline, eliminated my knee pain two days after i started, and brought the swelling in my jaw down within the week\\\" — @howdymary, X, 9 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_7cn6wcbt]]\\n\\nTwo days is not tissue repair. Whatever changed there, it was not new collagen.\\n\\nThe remainder are knees, ankles, quads, and general joint pain.\\n\\n> \\\"4 weeks 1mg bpc and then 4 weeks 2mg in knee. No acl or meniscus...knee has never felt better since before the injury years ago...also did tb500 twice a week total 4mg\\\" — @caezcrypto1, X, 30 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_4qf0wqtv]]\\n\\n> \\\"I'm 95% sure that BPC-157 and TB-500 helped me heal from several injuries including my left knee and right ankle. I really thought I was going to need surgery for both.\\\" — @JonahLupton, X, 26 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_albnpbru]]\\n\\n> \\\"I tore both quad tendons in separate years, the first recovery had taken almost a year. After the second surgery... I added BPC-157 and TB-500. By month five, I was sprinting and jumping again\\\" — @pepfessions, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_e9fjoshb]]\\n\\n> \\\"After a week of BPC-157 (8 injections, 500mcg subcutaneous abdominal), persistent ankle tendon pain from a snowboarding injury a year ago is barely noticeable... Yesterday I added TB-500 (1 injection, 2mg) as well\\\" — @jordaaash, X, 30 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_dmeyan6q]]\\n\\n> \\\"Have done a BLAST OF TB 500 and BPC -157 and KPV! Have serious shoulder tear! Blasted all three for 2 weeks!... Took my shoulder from barely joking a cupping hand to back in gym!\\\" — @tj_underwood, X, 31 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_1d35jifv]]\\n\\n> \\\"My 70 yr old dad tore rotator cuff and I had him do 1mg (BPC) injected daily in 2 doses for 4 months with 2-3x/weekly TB500 @ 2.5mg/dose. Within a few weeks, he was lifting his arm totally above his head again and all pain was gone.\\\" — @_REDwave_2024, X, 20 May 2026. Anecdotal, and second-hand — the son is reporting his father's result.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_8ed1wjyh]]\\n\\n> \\\"Promise you peptides are No Joke, I used the wolverine stack (BPC-157 and TB-500) to alleviate lifelong shoulder and joint pains\\\" — @BenWolf1425771, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal, and the same post links to a supplier, so treat it as promotional.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_t3aoiz9r]]\\n\\nTwo of these seventeen carry their own warning on their face. One reports the benefit disappearing about six weeks after stopping — which is the opposite of what tissue repair does. Repaired tendon does not un-repair when you stop injecting.\\n\\n> \\\"All of the soreness, aches, and pains that disappeared while on BPC/TB500 returned after about 6 weeks for me. I start back on Monday\\\" — @TheCaddieYardFL, X, 1 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_ses7fkwk]]\\n\\nThe other is @jordaaash above. He added TB-500 the day before he posted, after a week on BPC-157 alone, and the improvement he describes had already happened before the TB-500 went in. It is counted as a positive because the person counted it that way. It attributes nothing to TB-500.\\n\\n### Eight said nothing happened\\n\\nThese are not softer versions of the positives. They are people who ran it for weeks at ordinary doses and got no change at all.\\n\\n> \\\"Did 3mg of BCP & 5mg of TB500 daily for two weeks into my elbow. It didn't do jack shit. This is my 3rd time trying peptides for various joint/tendon stuff and my 3rd time not noticing any improvement at all.\\\" — @prax1s_mm, X, 30 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_avr26qqh]]\\n\\n> \\\"Bpc and tb-500 did nothing for my elbow arthritis sadly. Used it for 6 weeks\\\" — @replacementBux, X, 12 April 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_hyq2egsc]]\\n\\n> \\\"Age 62... I am very limited on what I can do at this point due to the severity of pain. I have been doing BPC 157 +TB 500 for 7 weeks, no improvement yet.\\\" — @ToddMil03223111, X, 9 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_89es50pi]]\\n\\n> \\\"I ran a heavy dose of klow into a heavy dose of bp-157 and tb500 for 2 months or more for my shoulder, did nothing, facing a shoulder replacement\\\" — @moon25martin, X, 30 May 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_fqd0nz38]]\\n\\nThat last one is the harshest data point in the set: two months at heavy doses, no effect, still headed for a shoulder replacement.\\n\\nSomebody treating the same lower-back problem as the three positive disc reports got nothing at all.\\n\\n> \\\"I'm trying it to see if it helps at all with inflammation for my lower back. L4/5 bulge and L5/S1 herniation. Bpc and Tb did nothing I could notice.\\\" — @HangryDBowman, X, 16 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_s75yt6kt]]\\n\\nThree people saying a disc improved and one saying nothing changed, all treating an L5/S1 problem, none of them scanned before or after — that is a clean picture of exactly what uncontrolled reports can and cannot tell you.\\n\\nTwo more report the effect as too small to matter rather than absent.\\n\\n> \\\"I personally used bpc 157/ tb 500 combo for my shoulder issue. Barely moved the needle. 3/10.\\\" — @travfourr, X, 15 April 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_lk8z70he]]\\n\\n> \\\"I had some pain there and leading up to my bicep area. Didn't get much relief from bpc157/tb500.\\\" — @MittelstaedtTim, X, 11 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_fkvglkvn]]\\n\\nOne took an oral form for a gut complaint and got nothing, which is unsurprising given the peptide does not survive digestion.\\n\\n> \\\"Just finished a bottle of oral liposomal BPC157+TB500 and it seems it did nothing :/ (hoping it would help heal my gut)\\\" — @Gronnet, X, 26 April 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_zj1lz4k4]]\\n\\n### Six had a reaction or got worse\\n\\nThese are the reports vendor pages do not carry, and the most informative account in the whole set is the first one.\\n\\n> \\\"TB-500 made my shoulder left worse. I have bursitis and stopped TB and it's better. I was getting pain in left thumb and arm as well. I was pinning SubQ. I've used 3 different vendors who are legit. So I ruled out bad product. No issues with BPC-157.\\\" — @biotides, X, 7 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_q1dsmvn0]]\\n\\nHe had bursitis, the shoulder got worse on TB-500, it improved when he stopped, he had used three different suppliers so a bad batch is unlikely, and he had no problem with BPC-157. That is about as close as an uncontrolled self-report ever gets to isolating one variable.\\n\\n> \\\"i ran bpc 157 for few weeks felt decent then add tb 500 hand and skeletal felt worse i discontinued it it was the blend version 20mg\\\" — @cryptotray79, X, 14 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_fgszb7lb]]\\n\\n> \\\"I ran TB-500 for a shoulder injury and got a head rush that lasted maybe 20 minutes. Injection site was red for a day.\\\" — @UndergroundBio, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_wuu78tg1]]\\n\\nThree describe immune-type reactions — hives, itching. That is the exact category FDA flagged in advance, on the grounds that clumped peptide and manufacturing contaminants provoke it.\\n\\n> \\\"Not my proudest moment, but after BPC-157 and TB-500 from the gray market, I got hives all over my body.\\\" — @stateofnomind, X, 10 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_dwju43tz]]\\n\\n> \\\"I took tb500 and bpc 157 mix for 3 days at 0.750 7.5 units on a 3mm needle i had some Hives show up on each side of love handles not the injection sites... Ive done research my self and stopped for now\\\" — @GetterBankWest, X, 2 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_nad31utv]]\\n\\n> \\\"nothing moved the needle more re gut barrier symptoms than TB500. Until the development of an MCAS-like picture, it began to flair immune Sx: itching, hives from heat, etc.\\\" — @AmbrosesDrink, X, 4 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_llsxbr8a]]\\n\\n### Two of the thirty-one used TB-500 without BPC-157, and both are in the last group\\n\\nThis is the number that matters. Twenty-nine of the thirty-one accounts ran TB-500 stacked with BPC-157, and several stacked a third and a fourth compound on top of that. Not one of those twenty-nine can attribute anything to TB-500. Every positive report in this set is a report about a combination.\\n\\nThe two accounts that isolate TB-500 are @biotides, whose bursitis shoulder got worse and recovered when he stopped, and @UndergroundBio, who got a head rush and a red injection site. Both sit in the \\\"worse\\\" column.\\n\\nThat is not evidence that TB-500 is harmful. Two reports settle nothing. It is a precise statement of how thin the isolated human experience with this compound actually is: out of 31 people who wrote down what happened, 2 took it on its own, and neither described a benefit.\\n\\n### What these 31 reports can and cannot settle\\n\\nThey can settle that people are running this at milligram doses for weeks, mostly stacked, mostly for shoulders, elbows, knees and lower backs, and that a substantial fraction of them believe it worked.\\n\\nThey cannot settle whether it works. Nobody was blinded. Nobody imaged the injury before and after. Almost everybody changed something else in the same window — rest, physiotherapy, load reduction, a second compound, surgery. The conditions being treated improve on their own over the same timescale. And negative reports are systematically harder to find than positive ones, which means 17 out of 31 overstates the true positive rate by an unknown amount.\\n\\nHold this section against the evidence sections above and the shape is clear. The self-reported record is large, warm, and confounded. The controlled record for this exact molecule, in this exact tissue, is a single study in eight rats.\\n## Injury by injury, what the record actually reaches\\n\\n| Your problem | Direct evidence in that tissue | Nearest real evidence | Where that leaves it |\\n|---|---|---|---|\\n| Tendon pain — Achilles, patellar, elbow | one 4-week rat study, 8 per arm, TB-500 into the belly cavity | Biçer 2026; Wu 2020 tendon cells in a dish | mechanism is plausible, one small animal result, nothing in people |\\n| Ligament sprain | one rat knee-ligament study, full protein, placed in the wound in glue | Xu 2013 | positive, but a different molecule at 1 µg delivered locally |\\n| Muscle strain or tear | none, only work on the body's own signal | Tokura 2011 | the pathway is real, adding more from outside is untested |\\n| Disc injury, disc-related pain | none | the scoping review lists spine and disc as sparse | no evidence at all in this tissue |\\n| Frozen shoulder | none | Ehrlich 2010 scar-cell suppression, rat sponge model | a scar-reduction argument only, and it belongs to the full protein |\\n| Plantar fasciitis | none | tendon data by analogy | no evidence, treated as tendon pain by assumption |\\n| Recovery after soft-tissue surgery | none in people | skin wound and heart animal work | untested |\\n\\nTwo of those rows carry an extra warning. The frozen-shoulder and disc arguments both rest on reducing scar, and the strongest scar-reduction mechanism in this literature runs through Ac-SDKP — the piece the sold fragment cannot make.\\n\\n## Every human study ever registered on this molecule\\n\\nHere is the whole clinical programme for the parent protein, with what actually happened to each trial. TB-500 appears in it once, as the fictional example.\\n\\n| NCT | Indication | Sponsor | Phase | Enrolled | Status |\\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\\n| NCT00382174 | pressure ulcers | RegeneRx | 2 | 72 | completed |\\n| NCT00832091 | leg ulcers from poor vein drainage | RegeneRx | 2 | 72 | completed |\\n| NCT00311766 | epidermolysis bullosa | RegeneRx | 2 | 30 | terminated |\\n| NCT00598871 | corneal wounds after diabetic eye surgery | ReGenTree | 2 | 12 | terminated |\\n| NCT00743769 | intravenous safety, healthy volunteers | RegeneRx | 1 | 0 | withdrawn |\\n| NCT01311518 | heart attack | RegeneRx | 2 | 0 | withdrawn |\\n| NCT01393132 | severe dry eye | Michigan Cornea Consultants | 2 | 9 | completed |\\n| NCT02597803 (ARISE-1) | dry eye | ReGenTree | 2/3 | 317 | completed |\\n| NCT02974907 (ARISE-2) | dry eye | ReGenTree | 3 | 601 | completed |\\n| NCT03937882 (ARISE-3) | dry eye | ReGenTree | 3 | 700 | completed |\\n| NCT02600429 (SEER-1) | nerve-damaged cornea | ReGenTree | 3 | 18 | terminated |\\n| NCT05555589 (SEER-2) | nerve-damaged cornea | ReGenTree | 3 | 70 planned | recruiting |\\n| NCT04555824 | healthy volunteers, Phase 1a | Beijing Northland | 1 | 54 | completed |\\n| NCT05485818 | heart attack | Beijing Northland | 2 | 62 | completed |\\n| NCT05984134 | heart attack | Beijing Northland | 2 | 90 | completed |\\n| NCT07586865 | heart attack | Beijing Northland | 2 | 189 planned | not yet recruiting |\\n| NCT07487363 | TB-500, heart biomarkers | \\\"Hudson Biotech\\\" | 1/2 | 80 planned | self-declared fictional example |\\n\\nFour things fall out of that table.\\n\\n**No musculoskeletal indication has ever been registered.** Not tendon, not ligament, not muscle, not fascia, not disc. Not by any sponsor, in twenty years, for either molecule. That absence is not a hole in the search. It is the state of the field.\\n\\n**Both heart trials from the original sponsor were withdrawn before a single patient enrolled**, and the programme then moved to a different sponsor, a different country, and a recombinant full-length product.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s36]]\\n\\n**The published \\\"Phase III\\\" cornea result comes from a terminated trial.** SEER-1 stopped at 18 patients enrolled, and the ten-versus-eight comparison you read in the literature is that terminated trial's data. Its successor, SEER-2, is still recruiting toward 70.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s39]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s42]]\\n\\n**Three completed Phase 3 dry-eye trials covering 1,618 patients have produced no approval.** ARISE-1 finished in 2016, ARISE-2 in 2018, ARISE-3 in October 2021. That is the largest and most mature dataset this molecule has, in the indication where it performs best, and it has not turned into a medicine anybody can buy.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s44]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s40]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s43]]\\n\\nThe skin programme closed the same way — two trials completed with safety as the main question, two stopped early.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s37]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s38]]\\n\\n## What is solid, what is not, and the gap underneath both\\n\\n**Solid.** Thymosin beta-4 holds loose actin and controls how a cell builds its internal skeleton. Its seven-amino-acid actin-grabbing piece is the part that grows new blood vessels, working at around 50 nanomolar. The full protein closes rat skin wounds 42 to 61% faster, stops repair cells turning into the scar-pulling kind, works through integrin-linked kinase and Akt in injured heart muscle, pulls muscle precursor cells toward damage, and improves dry eye and nerve-damaged cornea in small controlled human trials.\\n\\n**Not solid.** That any of that heals a human tendon, ligament, muscle, disc or fascia. That the fragment sold as TB-500 does what the full protein does. That milligram-per-week injections under the skin reach an injured structure at a concentration where the mechanism runs. That the compound is safe in a person over any length of time, because that study has never been run.\\n\\n**The gap underneath both.** The evidence and the product are not the same substance. A regulator has written that down. The capped form has never been shown to do what the uncapped form does. And the one time anybody tested TB-500 itself in a dish, it did nothing. Every transfer of evidence from the 43-amino-acid protein to the seven-amino-acid fragment is an assumption, and it is the assumption the whole market stands on.\\n\\nThe practical consequence is narrow and specific. Tendon pain from overuse, an impingement, and a partial tear are three different problems with three different treatment plans, and no peptide tells them apart. Getting the diagnosis right changes what you should do this week far more than anything in this vial does. The scoping review that counted this entire literature lands in the same place, in its own words: the evidence \\\"remains unevenly distributed and largely preclinical, with limited human evidence directly relevant to musculoskeletal applications.\\\"\\n\\n*Not medical advice. TB-500 is sold for research use only, is not an approved drug, is not currently legal to compound, and is prohibited at all times in WADA-tested sport. Nothing here is a dosing or treatment recommendation.*\\n\",\"hero\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/img/up/tb-500-hero-card.png\",\"images\":[],\"style\":{},\"tags\":[\"peptide\",\"tb-500\",\"thymosin-beta-4\",\"disc\"],\"category\":null,\"model\":\"Fable 5 (Claude Code)\",\"ledger\":{\"href\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/ledger\",\"live\":true},\"embeds\":[\"bpc-157\",\"ara-290\",\"kpv\",\"wolverine-stack\",\"wolverine-stack-ara-290\",\"what-are-peptides-herniated-disc\",\"bpc-157-vs-nsaids\"],\"widgets\":[{\"type\":\"stat\",\"value\":\"43 vs 7\",\"label\":\"amino acids: real Tβ4 vs the 'TB-500' fragment\"},{\"type\":\"stat\",\"value\":\"1\",\"label\":\"positive human indication (dry eye)\"},{\"type\":\"stat\",\"value\":\"0\",\"label\":\"human tendon/ligament/disc trials\"},{\"type\":\"note\",\"title\":\"You may not be buying what you think\",\"text\":\"Trials used full-length thymosin beta-4 (43 aa). Most 'TB-500' vials are a synthetic 7-amino-acid fragment — and some contain a different fragment (Ac-SDKP) entirely. Efficacy/safety data for the real protein may not transfer to the vial.\"},{\"type\":\"note\",\"title\":\"The cancer caveat is real here\",\"text\":\"Thymosin beta-4 is overexpressed in many solid tumors and linked to metastasis. The pro-angiogenic activity that could aid healing is the same one implicated in tumor growth — treat active malignancy or cancer history as a contraindication.\"}],\"home\":true,\"claims\":[{\"id\":\"c1\",\"text\":\"TB-500 is a synthetic version of thymosin beta-4, the body's principal G-actin-sequestering peptide, which regulates the actin dynamics that govern cell migration — the molecular basis for its role in tissue repair.\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s4\"],\"why_material\":\"Establishes the mechanistic basis for every regeneration claim.\"},{\"id\":\"c2\",\"text\":\"The same seven-amino-acid actin-binding motif that gives Tb4 its structural function also drives angiogenesis and endothelial migration, so new blood-vessel growth is intrinsic to how it repairs tissue.\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"why_material\":\"Angiogenesis is the rate-limiter for healing poorly-vascularized tendon, ligament and disc.\"},{\"id\":\"c3\",\"text\":\"In controlled animal wound models, Tb4 accelerated skin regeneration (reepithelialization up 42-61%) while increasing collagen deposition and angiogenesis.\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s2\"],\"why_material\":\"Quantified placebo-controlled preclinical anchor.\"},{\"id\":\"c4\",\"text\":\"Tb4 reached genuine randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trials for chronic wounds (pressure and venous stasis ulcers), where it was safe but did not hit statistical significance on primary healing endpoints.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s5\"],\"why_material\":\"Separates 'has real human trials' from 'proven to work in humans'.\"},{\"id\":\"c5\",\"text\":\"The ophthalmic Tb4 formulation RGN-259 showed positive Phase II human efficacy for dry-eye signs and symptoms via corneal epithelial repair — the strongest controlled human efficacy signal for the peptide.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s7\"],\"why_material\":\"The one indication with positive human RCT data.\"},{\"id\":\"c6\",\"text\":\"In preclinical cardiac injury, both local and systemic Tb4 dosing reduced infarct size and improved function via cardiomyocyte survival (ILK/Akt) and angiogenesis.\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s8\",\"s9\"],\"why_material\":\"Shows anti-fibrotic regeneration and that systemic dosing reaches injury sites — the assumption behind injectable TB-500.\"},{\"id\":\"c7\",\"text\":\"Tb4 improved ligament healing histologically and mechanically in a rat MCL model, but a 2026 scoping review confirms tendon, ligament, muscle and spine/disc evidence remains overwhelmingly animal-stage with no confirmatory human musculoskeletal trials.\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s11\",\"s10\"],\"why_material\":\"Gives the real promising-but-unproven status for the exact tissue class the disc stack targets.\"},{\"id\":\"c8\",\"text\":\"Across multiple chronic human wound types Tb4 has been reported to promote faster repair, extending its regenerative case into diseased human tissue.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s13\"],\"why_material\":\"Broadens human regeneration evidence beyond one indication.\"},{\"id\":\"c9\",\"text\":\"TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 are on the WADA Prohibited List and banned at all times for competitive athletes.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s12\"],\"why_material\":\"Mandatory compliance flag for anyone in tested sport.\"},{\"id\":\"c10\",\"text\":\"Real-world users self-treating tendon, tendinitis and spine/sacral injuries with TB-500 (usually stacked with BPC-157) report reduced pain and improved range of motion, but these are uncontrolled, confounded anecdotes.\",\"tier\":\"anecdotal\",\"source_ids\":[\"s14\",\"s15\",\"s16\"],\"why_material\":\"Captures the following for the disc/tendon use-case while firewalling anecdote from trial data.\"},{\"id\":\"c11\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The vial and the studies contain different molecules\",\"text\":\"Thymosin beta-4 is a 43-amino-acid protein of about 4,963 daltons with a bare front end; TB-500 as sold is a 7-amino-acid fragment, positions 17 to 23, Ac-LKKTETQ, 889.01 daltons, capped with an acetyl group (CAS 885340-08-9, UNII QHK6Z47GTG, PubChem CID 62707662). The protein has been tested in people; the fragment never has, by any route.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Two products sit on the same shelf at the same strength and nothing on either label says which molecule is inside.\"},{\"id\":\"c12\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Seven amino acids are enough to pull one lever\",\"text\":\"In 2003 a group cut thymosin beta-4 apart looking for the smallest piece that still grew new blood vessels and found those seven amino acids and nothing shorter; peptides missing the seven were inert, the seven alone worked at about 50 nanomolar, and adding loose actin at 5 to 50 nanomolar switched the effect off completely.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"why_material\":\"The actin-quenching experiment proves the activity comes from grabbing actin rather than docking a receptor, which is the fragment's one real mechanism.\"},{\"id\":\"c13\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"section\":\"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\",\"text\":\"FDA searched the published literature through March 2025 and reports that no articles were found in which TB-500 was administered to humans; the nominators supplied no clinical data and no record of anyone taking it by any route, and the agency's safety verdict is the word unknown.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"The only government examination of TB-500 as a substance records the human record as empty, not as clean.\"},{\"id\":\"c14\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\",\"text\":\"FDA states that capping the front end of the peptide irreversibly alters its charge, hydrophobicity and size, and that what the uncapped LKKTETQ does cannot be directly extrapolated to TB-500 — so the wound-healing papers vendors cite used a different molecule from the one in the vial.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Changing the charge and water-repelling behaviour of a molecule whose entire function is sticking to another molecule changes the thing that matters.\"},{\"id\":\"c15\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\",\"text\":\"In the one scratch-closure test of TB-500 itself, TB-500 free base appeared to be devoid of wound-healing properties, while its breakdown product capped LKKTE at 50 micrograms per millilitre closed the scratch by a small but real amount — leaving open, and untested, whether TB-500 is a delivery form for a shorter piece.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"The only direct in-vitro test of the sold molecule returned nothing, and the alternative hypothesis it raises has never been tested either way.\"},{\"id\":\"c16\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The scar-tissue claim comes off a piece this fragment cannot produce\",\"text\":\"Ac-SDKP, the four-amino-acid anti-fibrotic piece behind most scar-reduction marketing, is released from the front end of thymosin beta-4 by meprin-alpha followed by prolyl oligopeptidase; TB-500 is positions 17 to 23, the middle, so Ac-SDKP cannot be made from it at any dose, by any enzyme, in any tissue.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s29\",\"s28\"],\"why_material\":\"Every scar-reduction claim built on Ac-SDKP belongs to the full protein and cannot carry over to what is in the syringe.\"},{\"id\":\"c17\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The scar-tissue claim\",\"text\":\"In rats, 100 micrograms of the full protein delivered on days 2, 3 and 4 through implanted sponges produced day-14 wounds with very few myofibroblasts and very few internal tension fibres, longer thicker collagen bundles, and mature collagen birefringence where untreated wounds showed immature patch material.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s27\"],\"why_material\":\"A real scar-reduction result that does not depend on Ac-SDKP — but it used the full protein, placed in the wound on a sponge.\"},{\"id\":\"c18\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Sort the whole literature by tissue\",\"text\":\"A 2026 scoping review from a University of Utah orthopaedics and rehabilitation group screened 1,772 records and included 80 studies, finding the evidence weighted toward mixed and in-vitro designs, most studies evaluating thymosin beta-4 rather than TB-500, tendon, ligament, muscle, cartilage and spine categories comparatively sparse, human evidence concentrated in ocular and skin settings, and direct TB-500 evidence limited to a single included study.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s10\"],\"why_material\":\"One study out of eighty tested the molecule that is actually sold.\"},{\"id\":\"c19\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The best tendon result that exists\",\"text\":\"The strongest tendon evidence for TB-500 is Biçer 2026: 32 rats, 8 per arm, Achilles cut and repaired, four weeks, 60 micrograms per kilogram per day into the belly cavity — load to failure up at p < 0.05, Bonar score p = 0.016, and adding BPC-157 gave nothing extra. The authors call their own study exploratory and describe both compounds as candidate adjuncts pending dose optimisation and longer-term studies.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s25\"],\"why_material\":\"The single strongest piece of evidence in the world for what people buy TB-500 to do is eight rats an arm dosed intraperitoneally, and the authors claim no more than that.\"},{\"id\":\"c20\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The ligament study worked because the peptide was put in the wound\",\"text\":\"The rat knee-ligament result placed 1 microgram of the full-length protein carried in 100 microlitres of fibrin glue directly into a freshly cut ligament — local, held by a carrier, one microgram, a different molecule — and the paper opens by noting that as of 2013 nobody had published on this protein in ligament repair at all.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s11\"],\"why_material\":\"Route, dose and molecule all differ from a milligram injected into belly fat, which is how the result is usually summarised away.\"},{\"id\":\"c21\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Sort the whole literature by tissue\",\"text\":\"When the full protein was loaded into electrospun polymer yarns it released steadily over 28 days and pushed human adipose-derived stem cells toward becoming tendon cells — more migration, more proliferation, coordinated tenogenic gene expression; the scaffold exists because holding the peptide at the tendon is the hard part.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s30\"],\"why_material\":\"The people who study getting this peptide into a tendon do not expect an injection into belly fat to do it.\"},{\"id\":\"c22\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"In muscle, your body already sends this signal\",\"text\":\"Injuring a muscle causes the muscle itself to make more thymosin beta-4, in regenerating fibres and in infiltrating haematopoietic cells, and the protein then acts as a chemoattractant pulling muscle precursor cells toward the injury; adult muscle precursor cells followed the oxidised form.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s26\"],\"why_material\":\"The pathway is real and endogenous, which is not the same as showing that adding more from outside does anything.\"},{\"id\":\"c23\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"section\":\"One registry record names TB-500, and it says it is made up\",\"text\":\"The only interventional ClinicalTrials.gov record where the intervention is TB-500 itself is NCT07487363 (TBRIDGE-CV, sponsor Hudson Biotech, first posted March 2026), whose summary reads word for word that it is a fictional study and an example of a registry-style record; its intervention description has an unclosed bracket and its dose field says the levels are not provided in this public example.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s35\"],\"why_material\":\"Any page citing NCT07487363 as proof TB-500 is in human trials is citing a placeholder, and that citation will keep appearing because it is the only entry that looks like what people want to find.\"},{\"id\":\"c24\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"section\":\"Nothing has ever been injected into a person and measured\",\"text\":\"There is no human trial of TB-500 — none finished, none running, none registered. Every controlled human result belongs to the 43-amino-acid protein given as eye drops or a skin gel for dry eye, neurotrophic keratopathy, or a long-standing skin ulcer, and for tendon, ligament, muscle, fascia, cartilage or disc the count of human trials is zero for both molecules.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s5\",\"s7\",\"s18\",\"s32\",\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Not partly proven and not proven in a small way — the study has never been run.\"},{\"id\":\"c25\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse\",\"text\":\"The only measurement of TB-500 in the blood of a living animal, in any species, is thoroughbred geldings given 10 mg of the free base subcutaneously: blood concentration peaked at 0.05 to 0.08 nanograms per millilitre between 60 and 120 minutes and was undetectable by 6 to 10 hours, degrading by sequential C-terminal amino acid loss.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"A compound undetectable in blood 6 to 10 hours after a 10 mg dose does not have the long half-life that every-three-days dosing is defended with, and no half-life for TB-500 in any species has ever been published as a number.\"},{\"id\":\"c26\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse\",\"text\":\"Sub-nanogram blood levels from a 10 mg dose sit four to five orders of magnitude below the tens of micrograms per millilitre at which this peptide and its breakdown products do anything measurable in a dish.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"The exposure gap between the dose people take and the concentration the mechanism needs is the quantitative core of the delivery objection.\"},{\"id\":\"c27\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The 28-day rule comes from the water\",\"text\":\"The commonly cited 28-day refrigerated shelf life of a reconstituted vial is the benzyl-alcohol preservative's specification, not a stability figure measured on this peptide; there are no pharmacopeial stability data for either form of TB-500, and FDA found the free base is not physically and chemically well characterised, with tests for contaminants, aggregation, microbial contamination and bacterial endotoxin missing from public data and vendor Certificates of Analysis.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"A shelf-life number that describes the diluent rather than the drug is a named gap, not a specification.\"},{\"id\":\"c28\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\",\"text\":\"Forcing a melanoma cell line to overproduce thymosin beta-4 produced a mean 2.3-fold increase in migration distance (95% CI 1.9 to 2.7, p < .001), a mean 4.4-fold increase in intratumoural blood vessels (95% CI 3.3 to 5.5, p < .001), and roughly four times as many lung metastatic deposits (46.7 against 10.9).\",\"source_ids\":[\"s20\"],\"why_material\":\"The vessel-growing and cell-crawling machinery that would help a healing tendon is the same machinery a tumour uses, measured in living animals by a laboratory sharing authorship with the wound-healing work.\"},{\"id\":\"c29\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\",\"text\":\"The direction is tumour-type dependent: in multiple myeloma thymosin beta-4 behaves as a tumour suppressor and lower levels predict a worse outcome, and no cancer-causation study of TB-500 in either form has ever been run — so the defensible position is a specific exclusion for active cancer or significant cancer history rather than a blanket claim in either direction.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s21\",\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Risk unmeasured in the direction that would hurt, against a benefit that is unproven, is a bad trade regardless of how the mechanism resolves.\"},{\"id\":\"c30\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"Banned in sport at all times\",\"text\":\"The WADA 2026 Prohibited List, in force from 1 January 2026, lists under S2.3 Thymosin-beta-4 and its derivatives, e.g. TB-500 — prohibited at all times, in the Non-Specified harsher sanction tier, with a catch-all covering growth factor modulators affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis, vascularisation, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching, and a further clause sweeping in substances of similar structure or effect.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s23\",\"s12\",\"s17\"],\"why_material\":\"The exact reason someone would take it is the exact behaviour written into the prohibition, and sanctions can follow an admission, a possession finding or a purchase record with no positive test.\"},{\"id\":\"c31\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The July 2026 vote started a process\",\"text\":\"On 23 to 24 July 2026 the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8 to 6 with one abstention in favour of letting BPC-157, KPV and TB-500 be compounded, against FDA's written recommendation that a balancing of the criteria weighs against listing them; the vote does not make TB-500 an approved drug, does not bind FDA, starts a rulemaking cycle realistically running eight to twelve months, and TB-500 remains off the 503A Bulks List and not legally compoundable.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s24\"],\"why_material\":\"The claim that FDA just approved it is wrong twice — there is no approval and the rulemaking has not finished.\"},{\"id\":\"c32\",\"tier\":\"anecdotal\",\"section\":\"Thirty-one people wrote down what happened to them\",\"text\":\"Thirty-one first-person accounts were counted: 17 said it helped, 8 said nothing happened, 6 had a reaction or got worse. Twenty-nine of the thirty-one ran TB-500 stacked with BPC-157 and several stacked a third and fourth compound, so not one of those twenty-nine can attribute anything to TB-500 — every positive report in the set is a report about a combination.\",\"source_ids\":[\"w_7b0irg5j\",\"w_ionqqvc2\",\"w_t1lhudd5\",\"w_srfrp1td\",\"w_7cn6wcbt\",\"w_8aa4h36p\",\"w_bpr3c1ux\",\"w_4qf0wqtv\",\"w_2m2r0oof\",\"w_1d35jifv\",\"w_dmeyan6q\",\"w_e9fjoshb\",\"w_albnpbru\",\"w_z5qnxkqk\",\"w_8ed1wjyh\",\"w_t3aoiz9r\",\"w_ses7fkwk\",\"w_avr26qqh\",\"w_hyq2egsc\",\"w_fqd0nz38\",\"w_89es50pi\",\"w_s75yt6kt\",\"w_lk8z70he\",\"w_fkvglkvn\",\"w_zj1lz4k4\",\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"w_fgszb7lb\",\"w_dwju43tz\",\"w_nad31utv\",\"w_llsxbr8a\",\"w_wuu78tg1\"],\"why_material\":\"The confound is structural, not incidental: the self-reported record cannot separate TB-500 from BPC-157 in 29 of 31 cases.\"},{\"id\":\"c33\",\"tier\":\"anecdotal\",\"section\":\"Two of the thirty-one used TB-500 without BPC-157\",\"text\":\"Only two of the thirty-one accounts isolate TB-500, and both sit in the worse column: one whose bursitis shoulder worsened and recovered on stopping, and one who reported a head rush and a red injection site. Two reports settle nothing; the point is how thin the isolated human experience actually is.\",\"source_ids\":[\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"w_wuu78tg1\"],\"why_material\":\"Out of 31 people who wrote down what happened, 2 took it on its own and neither described a benefit.\"},{\"id\":\"c34\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"What is solid, what is not, and the gap underneath both\",\"text\":\"The gap underneath the whole market: the evidence and the product are not the same substance, a regulator has written that down, the capped form has never been shown to do what the uncapped form does, and the one time anybody tested TB-500 itself in a dish it did nothing — so every transfer of evidence from the 43-amino-acid protein to the seven-amino-acid fragment is an assumption.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\",\"s10\"],\"why_material\":\"This is the page's central conclusion and it is the assumption the entire TB-500 market stands on.\"}],\"sources\":[{\"id\":\"s1\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14500546/\",\"title\":\"The actin binding site on thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis\",\"quote\":\"we find that a seven amino acid actin binding motif of thymosin beta4 is essential for its angiogenic activity.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"genesis\",\"hash\":\"903016522f56ae426357feb261840a20ce9d757b1a5191a87b8a3d3762a3c1e2\"},{\"id\":\"s2\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing\",\"quote\":\"Addition of Tbeta4 topically or intraperitoneally increased reepithelialization by 42% over saline controls at 4 d and by as much as 61% at 7 d post-wounding.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c3\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"903016522f56ae426357feb261840a20ce9d757b1a5191a87b8a3d3762a3c1e2\",\"hash\":\"d85ef7bd47c2ea68d9785f7f9274fa92fb82dfb7fdecf8ece3601a5e4c9df2d3\"},{\"id\":\"s3\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00382174\",\"title\":\"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Pressure Ulcers\",\"quote\":\"evaluate the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of Thymosin Beta 4 administered topically in patients with Pressure Ulcers\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c4\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"d85ef7bd47c2ea68d9785f7f9274fa92fb82dfb7fdecf8ece3601a5e4c9df2d3\",\"hash\":\"87427bce9bc4f06b635c6c2ddf040b3cdbc231c4dc364f335f9934446dc900fa\"},{\"id\":\"s4\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00832091\",\"title\":\"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Venous Stasis Ulcers\",\"quote\":\"a synthetically-produced copy of a naturally occurring 43 amino acid peptide that has wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties and can up-regulate the expression of laminin-5.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c4\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"87427bce9bc4f06b635c6c2ddf040b3cdbc231c4dc364f335f9934446dc900fa\",\"hash\":\"dcb9147ff48fe018b2675b61a27cf46405dce0ca58013d7aab5fb23c79d52d55\"},{\"id\":\"s5\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17495250/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta-4 and venous ulcers: a European prospective, randomized study\",\"quote\":\"When review safety data show no-dose-limiting adverse events, a new group will be enrolled.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c4\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"dcb9147ff48fe018b2675b61a27cf46405dce0ca58013d7aab5fb23c79d52d55\",\"hash\":\"ddf2e53b59ef44d49f753136506f811c0479be4a15deb61e09053ba0c6bd8ece\"},{\"id\":\"s7\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26056426/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial\",\"quote\":\"This study confirms the efficacy of 0.1% Tbeta4 as a topical treatment for relief of signs and symptoms of dry eye.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c5\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"ddf2e53b59ef44d49f753136506f811c0479be4a15deb61e09053ba0c6bd8ece\",\"hash\":\"22354846acea477730db6e41b15a1017ce8e710bd2ef3ff1e72cc4c909f00cda\"},{\"id\":\"s8\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3843122/\",\"title\":\"Cardioprotection by systemic dosing of thymosin beta four following ischemic myocardial injury\",\"quote\":\"Tbeta4 administered throughout the study reduced infarct size and resulted in significant improvements in hemodynamic performance.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c6\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"22354846acea477730db6e41b15a1017ce8e710bd2ef3ff1e72cc4c909f00cda\",\"hash\":\"56f4acea140fb6a217cbd612524f6229542f97bb88a2f0bdaff335eadca9bffa\"},{\"id\":\"s9\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17600280/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction\",\"quote\":\"thymosin beta4 treatment resulted in upregulation of ILK and Akt activity in the heart, enhanced early myocyte survival, and improved cardiac function.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c6\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"56f4acea140fb6a217cbd612524f6229542f97bb88a2f0bdaff335eadca9bffa\",\"hash\":\"52c0e6abd95aca14f037384f88aabea3feefb947408d9001dc2045f7a98c3c09\"},{\"id\":\"s10\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16126202\",\"title\":\"Thymosin Beta-4 and TB-500 in Tissue Healing, Regeneration, and Musculoskeletal Repair: A Scoping Review\",\"quote\":\"the evidence base is heavily weighted toward preclinical and mechanistic work, with human musculoskeletal data sparse\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c7\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"52c0e6abd95aca14f037384f88aabea3feefb947408d9001dc2045f7a98c3c09\",\"hash\":\"cbb9695c43cf279c5d09d47cdde66193a95b3b6fc1abe091d693541f67460bd7\"},{\"id\":\"s11\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23523891/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rat\",\"quote\":\"Local administration of Tbeta4 promotes the healing process of MCL, both histologically and mechanically, in a rat model.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c7\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"cbb9695c43cf279c5d09d47cdde66193a95b3b6fc1abe091d693541f67460bd7\",\"hash\":\"87e3797179b7b44da4d912bba2c255934e19d7e88c4f061441cfa0191470c46d\"},{\"id\":\"s12\",\"type\":\"news\",\"url\":\"https://www.bscg.org/blogs/single/tb-500-status-risks-and-bans-in-sport-and-military\",\"title\":\"TB-500 - Status, Risks, and Bans in Sport and Military\",\"quote\":\"The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) lists TB-500 under 'Growth Factors and Growth Factor Modulators' as a prohibited substance\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c9\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"87e3797179b7b44da4d912bba2c255934e19d7e88c4f061441cfa0191470c46d\",\"hash\":\"29b70749bb3947d64c6e3a34a0ed862cc3264e041bc2cf470248b3c19db9f1fd\"},{\"id\":\"s13\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31649007/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4: potential to treat epidermolysis bullosa and other severe dermal injuries\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin beta4 promotes faster repair in various chronic human wounds, including pressure ulcers, stasis ulcers, and epidermolysis bullosa lesions.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c8\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"29b70749bb3947d64c6e3a34a0ed862cc3264e041bc2cf470248b3c19db9f1fd\",\"hash\":\"dd783d638ffebc3a43cfbc736babb517836b68444f14c116f5e9a82210052c77\"},{\"id\":\"s17\",\"type\":\"news\",\"url\":\"https://www.bscg.org/blogs/single/tb-500-status-risks-and-bans-in-sport-and-military\",\"title\":\"TB-500 - Status, Risks, and Bans (BSCG)\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 is a synthetic heptapeptide (Ac-LKKTETQ) that corresponds to amino acids 17-23 of thymosin beta-4\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"dd783d638ffebc3a43cfbc736babb517836b68444f14c116f5e9a82210052c77\",\"hash\":\"ad812cd832e64c8f540ecd9ea24ad56251b4e7e24b9cb7253788ce25a770f332\"},{\"id\":\"s18\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25826322/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial (Cornea 2015)\",\"quote\":\"RGN-259-treated group had 35.1% reduction of ocular discomfort compared with vehicle control (P = 0.0141)\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"ad812cd832e64c8f540ecd9ea24ad56251b4e7e24b9cb7253788ce25a770f332\",\"hash\":\"1ea56e216f8aa65d8dc8795a9e9bd254a7af4874df0e7cd29b3cd7e26d454306\"},{\"id\":\"s19\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20627173/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 improves functional neurological outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke\",\"quote\":\"Tbeta4 improves neurological functional outcome after embolic stroke in rats.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"1ea56e216f8aa65d8dc8795a9e9bd254a7af4874df0e7cd29b3cd7e26d454306\",\"hash\":\"2fe7c37de6555c86f4126eaea9c4bf1129054427d97cb5bcbb2102ba578a0b57\"},{\"id\":\"s20\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14625258/\",\"title\":\"Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis (JNCI 2003)\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin beta4 may stimulate tumor metastasis by activating cell migration and angiogenesis.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"2fe7c37de6555c86f4126eaea9c4bf1129054427d97cb5bcbb2102ba578a0b57\",\"hash\":\"02df30fbb98e8576a851c1de2c4cbea56b0aa15427208e7cc95a7bba5d4478a7\"},{\"id\":\"s21\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19833631/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 has tumor suppressive effects in multiple myeloma\",\"quote\":\"Tbeta4 overexpression led to significantly decreased proliferative and migratory capacities and increased sensitivity to apoptosis-induction.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"02df30fbb98e8576a851c1de2c4cbea56b0aa15427208e7cc95a7bba5d4478a7\",\"hash\":\"87bf1117a31eb20225774a1a383d7895f4d22060790d4663a5c46a88eb64a6cd\"},{\"id\":\"s22\",\"type\":\"regulatory\",\"url\":\"https://www.fda.gov/media/193349/download\",\"title\":\"FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee — TB-500-Related Bulk Drug Substances (TB-500 free base and TB-500 acetate)\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Food and Drug Administration\",\"date\":\"2026-07\",\"author\":\"U.S. Food and Drug Administration\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 (free base) is understood today to be a seven amino acid synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4 (β4) from amino acids 17 to 23 and an acetyl group at the N-terminal leucine amino acid (Ac-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln-OH). … thymosin beta-4 and TB-500 are not the same substance. … no articles were found in which TB-500 was administered to humans. … Therefore, potential safety risks associated with the use of TB-500 in humans are unknown.\",\"summary\":\"The only regulatory characterisation of TB-500 as a substance. States the fragment/protein distinction in writing, records zero human exposure data by any route, reports that TB-500 free base 'appeared to be devoid of wound-healing properties' in vitro, notes acetylation 'irreversibly alters their charge, hydrophobicity, and size' so the non-acetylated LKKTETQ literature cannot be extrapolated, flags immunogenicity and aggregation risk, records absent impurity/endotoxin/aggregate/microbiological testing, notes no carcinogenicity studies exist, and recommends against listing. Also contains the only in vivo TB-500 pharmacokinetics (equine, 10 mg subcutaneous).\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"87bf1117a31eb20225774a1a383d7895f4d22060790d4663a5c46a88eb64a6cd\",\"hash\":\"181a7b2d744eb9c94b2e82281294a522151ed269f8c9c01d0ab022f7af867c99\"},{\"id\":\"s23\",\"type\":\"regulatory\",\"url\":\"https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/2026list_en_final_clean_september_2025.pdf\",\"title\":\"World Anti-Doping Code International Standard — Prohibited List 2026, section S2.3\",\"publisher\":\"World Anti-Doping Agency\",\"date\":\"2026-01-01\",\"author\":\"World Anti-Doping Agency\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin-ß4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500 … and other growth factors or growth factor modulators affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis/degradation, vascularisation, energy utilization, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching. … PROHIBITED AT ALL TIMES (IN- AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION) … All prohibited substances in this class are non-Specified Substances.\",\"summary\":\"TB-500 named by name under S2.3 Growth Factors and Growth Factor Modulators, prohibited in and out of competition, non-Specified tier. The catch-all clause names muscle, tendon and ligament explicitly.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"181a7b2d744eb9c94b2e82281294a522151ed269f8c9c01d0ab022f7af867c99\",\"hash\":\"b92aa31e3f1570cc3515dd46c5b91358a0ce7b0bed8acf24c15b26067e9825e1\"},{\"id\":\"s24\",\"type\":\"regulatory\",\"url\":\"https://www.pharmexec.com/view/fda-votes-loosen-restrictions-four-peptides\",\"title\":\"FDA Panel Votes to Loosen Restrictions for Four Peptides\",\"publisher\":\"Pharmaceutical Executive\",\"date\":\"2026-07-24\",\"author\":\"Nicholas Jacobus\",\"quote\":\"voted 8-6 in favor of allowing Bpc-157, Kpv and Tb-500 to be compounded, with one abstention … The votes do not make the peptides FDA-approved drugs … FDA is not bound by the panel's recommendations … The advisory committee's recommendation still triggers a formal rulemaking cycle that realistically runs eight to twelve months\",\"summary\":\"Reports the 23–24 July 2026 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee vote, taken against FDA's own written recommendation. TB-500 remains off the 503A Bulks List and not legally compoundable pending rulemaking.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"b92aa31e3f1570cc3515dd46c5b91358a0ce7b0bed8acf24c15b26067e9825e1\",\"hash\":\"9d6badacf18605bcdf541a301f7448297f15bb05799ae9232ffadcaeebc7216a\"},{\"id\":\"s25\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42542926/\",\"title\":\"Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study\",\"publisher\":\"Joint Diseases and Related Surgery 37(3):822-837\",\"date\":\"2026-07-23\",\"author\":\"Biçer O, Adanir O, Güleryüz Y, Balci EC, Dinçel YM, Yenigün MY, Aydin C, Bayrak BY\",\"quote\":\"higher maximum load to failure values in the BPC-157 and TB-500 groups compared to controls, reaching statistical significance in the TB-500 group (p < 0.05) … significantly lower total Bonar scores in the TB-500 group (p = 0.016) … Combined BPC-157 and TB-500 treatment did not confer additional benefits compared to either agent alone\",\"summary\":\"PMID 42542926. The only tendon-strength study using TB-500 itself. 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats, Achilles transection and repair, four arms of eight, four weeks of intraperitoneal dosing: BPC-157 10 µg/kg/day, TB-500 60 µg/kg/day, combination, control. Authors call it exploratory and stop short of clinical recommendation. The combination arm contradicts the stacking rationale.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"9d6badacf18605bcdf541a301f7448297f15bb05799ae9232ffadcaeebc7216a\",\"hash\":\"ce1e1f5971b5d67bf5525ee314741cca095243647a4b884e5d29cce9fdf68b60\"},{\"id\":\"s26\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20880960/\",\"title\":\"Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts\",\"publisher\":\"Journal of Biochemistry 149(1):43-8\",\"date\":\"2011-01\",\"author\":\"Tokura Y, Nakayama Y, Fukada S, Nara N, Yamamoto H, Matsuda R, Hara T\",\"quote\":\"muscle injury enhances the local production of Tβ4, thereby promoting the migration of myoblasts\",\"summary\":\"PMID 20880960. Tβ4 and thymosin β10 are upregulated early in regenerating muscle fibres and inflammatory haematopoietic cells; Tβ4 and its sulphoxidised form accelerate closure and increase chemotaxis of C2C12 myoblasts and of primary myoblasts from adult satellite cells. Establishes the skeletal-muscle pathway as endogenous, not as an exogenous treatment result.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"ce1e1f5971b5d67bf5525ee314741cca095243647a4b884e5d29cce9fdf68b60\",\"hash\":\"392b49dae83324c8925194f9d6097e2e0a3c6c9ea704782cdf9ebb6c0153b1d5\"},{\"id\":\"s27\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536458/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 enhances repair by organizing connective tissue and preventing the appearance of myofibroblasts\",\"publisher\":\"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences\",\"date\":\"2010-04\",\"author\":\"Ehrlich HP, Hazard SW 3rd\",\"quote\":\"few myofibroblasts and fibroblasts with alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA) stained stress fibers … longer, thicker collagen fiber bundles with intense yellow-red birefringence\",\"summary\":\"PMID 20536458. 100 µg of Tβ4 delivered on days 2, 3 and 4 through polyvinyl alcohol sponge implants in subcutaneous pockets in Sprague-Dawley rats, read at day 14. Control implants contained mostly myofibroblasts; treated wounds were significantly narrower. The mechanistic basis for 'repair instead of scar'.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"392b49dae83324c8925194f9d6097e2e0a3c6c9ea704782cdf9ebb6c0153b1d5\",\"hash\":\"e2cfa54fa6ba97bd6b6acf0decd9a01702b471797ee95ceb4ed75c67abcf67a1\"},{\"id\":\"s28\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9655242/\",\"title\":\"The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis\",\"publisher\":\"International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(21):13282\",\"date\":\"2022-10-31\",\"author\":\"Wang W, Jia W, Zhang C\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin β4 is a water-soluble peptide with a highly conserved structure composed of 43 amino acid residues … After the cleavage of Tβ4 into NH2-terminal intermediate peptides less than 30 amino acids in length by metalloprotease meprin α, POP hydrolyzes these intermediate peptides to ultimately release N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) … exerts anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the number of inflammatory cells and downregulating the expression levels of many inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6\",\"summary\":\"PMID 36362069, PMCID PMC9655242. Establishes that Ac-SDKP is released from the N-terminus of Tβ4, which is why the anti-fibrotic literature does not transfer to TB-500 (residues 17–23). Also the source for the named anti-inflammatory cytokine targets.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"e2cfa54fa6ba97bd6b6acf0decd9a01702b471797ee95ceb4ed75c67abcf67a1\",\"hash\":\"557bb2e888330719e76c1a713e086744a5ddfc1ae60429b84ea6a148a36b4d89\"},{\"id\":\"s29\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26962108/\",\"title\":\"The anti-inflammatory peptide Ac-SDKP is released from thymosin-β4 by renal meprin-α and prolyl oligopeptidase\",\"publisher\":\"American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology 310:F1026-34\",\"date\":\"2016-05\",\"author\":\"Kumar N, Nakagawa P, Janic B, Romero CA, Worou ME, Monu SR, Peterson EL, Shaw J, Valeriote F, Ongeri EM, Niyitegeka JV, Rhaleb NE, Carretero OA\",\"quote\":\"POP can only hydrolyze peptides shorter than 30 amino acids, and Tβ4 is 43 amino acids long … no Ac-SDKP was released when Tβ4 was incubated with either meprin-α or POP alone\",\"summary\":\"PMID 26962108, PMCID PMC4889319. Definitive two-enzyme mechanism for Ac-SDKP generation. Meprin-α knockout kidneys failed to release Ac-SDKP from Tβ4; the meprin-α inhibitor actinonin blocked release in rat kidney homogenate and cut captopril-raised plasma Ac-SDKP from 15.1 to 6.1 nmol/l (P < 0.005).\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"557bb2e888330719e76c1a713e086744a5ddfc1ae60429b84ea6a148a36b4d89\",\"hash\":\"477722bfe24b1df2a3e69cd7536b7f51aeec4a074b2b1d11228f7a69fb432647\"},{\"id\":\"s30\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31753373/\",\"title\":\"Electrospun thymosin Beta-4 loaded PLGA/PLA nanofiber/microfiber hybrid yarns for tendon tissue engineering application\",\"publisher\":\"Materials Science & Engineering C\",\"date\":\"2020-01\",\"author\":\"Wu S, Zhou R, Zhou F, Streubel PN, Chen S, Duan B\",\"quote\":\"thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) loaded PLGA/PLA HY presented a sustained drug release manner for 28 days … showed an additive effect on promoting HADMSC migration, proliferation, and tenogenic differentiation\",\"summary\":\"PMID 31753373, PMCID PMC7061461. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on a Tβ4-releasing scaffold move toward a tendon phenotype. Evidence that the field treats sustained local delivery, not systemic injection, as the route to a tendon.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"477722bfe24b1df2a3e69cd7536b7f51aeec4a074b2b1d11228f7a69fb432647\",\"hash\":\"69cfd17d2a8b6fe276e34a37212cba5558dd2e5a3ab53a386a809e62a5e45691\"},{\"id\":\"s31\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565145/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair\",\"publisher\":\"Nature 432(7016):466-72\",\"date\":\"2004-11-25\",\"author\":\"Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, DiMaio JM, Srivastava D\",\"quote\":\"resulted in upregulation of ILK and Akt activity in the heart, enhanced early myocyte survival and improved cardiac function\",\"summary\":\"PMID 15565145. Tβ4 forms a functional complex with PINCH and integrin-linked kinase, activating Akt. Model: coronary artery ligation in mice, dosed intraperitoneally, intracardiacally or both, every third day. The named signalling axis behind the cardiac programme.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"69cfd17d2a8b6fe276e34a37212cba5558dd2e5a3ab53a386a809e62a5e45691\",\"hash\":\"44582c8a8d96d82a261f68643881f3f6556a59ba248903b7fb2da8c2facc8443\"},{\"id\":\"s32\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9820614/\",\"title\":\"0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin β4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial\",\"publisher\":\"International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(1):554\",\"date\":\"2022-12-29\",\"author\":\"Sosne G, Kleinman HK, Springs C, Gross RH, Sung J, Kang S\",\"quote\":\"Complete healing occurred after 4 weeks in 6 of the 10 RGN-259-treated subjects and in 1 of the 8 placebo-treated subjects\",\"summary\":\"PMID 36613994, PMCID PMC9820614. Stages 2–3 neurotrophic keratopathy, 0.1% five times daily for 43 days, 10 treated versus 8 placebo. Day 29 complete healing 60% vs 12.5%, p = 0.0656 — the four-week primary comparison did not reach significance. Day 43: 50% vs 0%, p = 0.0359. The underlying registration, NCT02600429 (SEER-1), was terminated.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"44582c8a8d96d82a261f68643881f3f6556a59ba248903b7fb2da8c2facc8443\",\"hash\":\"6c438f6ae6445f78335e68b788d164b648e2fca9a8939aa31af95d416e278fe9\"},{\"id\":\"s33\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05485818\",\"title\":\"Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction (NL005)\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"date\":\"2021-11-18\",\"author\":\"Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"quote\":\"Change of myocardial infarction area on Day 5 and day 90 after PCI\",\"summary\":\"NCT05485818. Completed Phase 2, 62 enrolled, arms Low / Middle / High Dose and placebo. Recombinant human full-length Tβ4 (NL005), intravenous. The only systemic Tβ4 programme still generating human data.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"6c438f6ae6445f78335e68b788d164b648e2fca9a8939aa31af95d416e278fe9\",\"hash\":\"e22a0a70e75c169258459f6732a9150390666e5263d3416728eb4383e3b3b573\"},{\"id\":\"s34\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00743769\",\"title\":\"A Phase 1 Safety Study of the Intravenous Administration of Thymosin Beta in Healthy Volunteers\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"date\":\"2017-04-17\",\"author\":\"RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"quote\":\"Study never initiated due to contract manufacturing issues … A single bolus injections of ascending doses of 42 mg, 140 mg, 420 mg or 1,260 QD (once a day)\",\"summary\":\"NCT00743769. WITHDRAWN, actual enrolment 0. The flagship intravenous safety and pharmacokinetics study for full-length Tβ4 never ran, so no completed dedicated Phase 1 IV dataset exists. Note the intended dose scale: 42 to 1,260 mg.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"e22a0a70e75c169258459f6732a9150390666e5263d3416728eb4383e3b3b573\",\"hash\":\"a1f0afe08d035deb100fc4e903acae73c76d0a067a5c376d0d5f4b56e0cadc0e\"},{\"id\":\"s35\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07487363\",\"title\":\"TB-500 (Thymosin Beta 4 17-23 Fragment) for Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Stable ASCVD — 'TBRIDGE-CV' [self-declared fictional example record]\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov\",\"date\":\"2026-03-23\",\"author\":\"listed sponsor 'Hudson Biotech'\",\"quote\":\"This fictional study is an example of a ClinicalTrials.gov-style record. … The specific dose levels are protocol-defined and are not provided in this public example.\",\"summary\":\"NCT07487363. The only registry record whose intervention is TB-500 itself, and the record declares itself a fictional template. Any citation of this NCT as evidence of a human TB-500 trial is citing a demonstration entry.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"a1f0afe08d035deb100fc4e903acae73c76d0a067a5c376d0d5f4b56e0cadc0e\",\"hash\":\"543b13f118b4700c01c2097b18ec37ffa8cf066a84078cd91ba329475591f5af\"},{\"id\":\"s36\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01311518\",\"title\":\"A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Injectable Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Acute Myocardial Infarction\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"date\":\"2011\",\"author\":\"RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: WITHDRAWN. Actual enrollment: 0.\",\"summary\":\"NCT01311518. Phase 2, MRI infarct-zone primary endpoint, withdrawn with zero enrolled. The second of the two RegeneRx cardiac trials never to enrol a patient.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"543b13f118b4700c01c2097b18ec37ffa8cf066a84078cd91ba329475591f5af\",\"hash\":\"af2a36a5d92dad932297dadba6316e55de5648c070ab6489d53b15c92f3d7ec3\"},{\"id\":\"s37\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00311766\",\"title\":\"A Phase 2 Study on Effect of Thymosin Beta 4 on Wound Healing in Patients With Epidermolysis Bullosa\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"date\":\"2006-02\",\"author\":\"RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: TERMINATED. Enrollment: 30 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT00311766. Phase 2, terminated. Primary outcome was number of participants with adverse events and serious adverse events.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"af2a36a5d92dad932297dadba6316e55de5648c070ab6489d53b15c92f3d7ec3\",\"hash\":\"b607ceae1e16db58e623dd795e386386c20b8bacd37f7f26e4e2a682e68840c7\"},{\"id\":\"s38\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00598871\",\"title\":\"A Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Corneal Wounds\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2007-12\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: TERMINATED. Enrollment: 12 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT00598871. Corneal wounds in diabetic vitrectomy patients, Phase 2, terminated at 12 enrolled.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"b607ceae1e16db58e623dd795e386386c20b8bacd37f7f26e4e2a682e68840c7\",\"hash\":\"0eb80e6b400449d1c40ecd0cce30f1b2d3859d06f9bf87aeb68a749fda5d9e26\"},{\"id\":\"s39\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02600429\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy Study of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Neurotrophic Keratopathy: SEER-1\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2015-11\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: TERMINATED. Phase 3. Enrollment: 18 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT02600429. The registration behind the published 'Phase III' neurotrophic keratopathy paper. Terminated at 18 enrolled — the ten-versus-eight comparison in the literature is this terminated trial's data.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"0eb80e6b400449d1c40ecd0cce30f1b2d3859d06f9bf87aeb68a749fda5d9e26\",\"hash\":\"fd9cbe2e2b03b35bd572bdd9ee453c0e624a739afd383135edf1cfa61b20715d\"},{\"id\":\"s40\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02974907\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-2\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2018-03\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 3. Enrollment: 601 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT02974907. The second of three completed Phase 3 dry-eye trials of full-length Tβ4 eye drops. No approval has followed.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"fd9cbe2e2b03b35bd572bdd9ee453c0e624a739afd383135edf1cfa61b20715d\",\"hash\":\"e94ac49210df584e9e51b37dbe49851af762978bf4497ede09e2e0aeabbba506\"},{\"id\":\"s41\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04555824\",\"title\":\"A Phase 1a Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteers\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"date\":\"2018-06-20\",\"author\":\"Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 1. Enrollment: 54 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT04555824. The only study to have generated human maximum tolerated dose, full pharmacokinetics (Cmax, Tmax, MRT, AUC, half-life, volume of distribution, clearance) and antibody-formation data for systemic full-length Tβ4. Results are not published in the searched literature.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"e94ac49210df584e9e51b37dbe49851af762978bf4497ede09e2e0aeabbba506\",\"hash\":\"6e2e79b23abd8bb27ea89c2a30fccf4629a2903836dca9eca91e2bf9e87b92a6\"},{\"id\":\"s42\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05555589\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of 0.1% RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of NK: SEER-2\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2022-09\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: RECRUITING. Phase 3. Enrollment: 70 (estimated).\",\"summary\":\"NCT05555589. The successor to the terminated SEER-1, still recruiting. Neurotrophic keratopathy remains the indication where full-length Tβ4 has its clearest human signal and no approval.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"6e2e79b23abd8bb27ea89c2a30fccf4629a2903836dca9eca91e2bf9e87b92a6\",\"hash\":\"a09e67020b9df93a74a750d9f2620a30a325841ddf1346d88937feaa9e44ba8c\"},{\"id\":\"s43\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03937882\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-3\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2021-10-07\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 3. Enrollment: 700 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT03937882. The largest completed trial of thymosin beta-4 in any indication, 700 patients, finished October 2021. No FDA approval has followed.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"a09e67020b9df93a74a750d9f2620a30a325841ddf1346d88937feaa9e44ba8c\",\"hash\":\"23c3bfe6b179de1293be3666691b1ce93bf4e7a6b7fbad6524bae692e08809a5\"},{\"id\":\"s44\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02597803\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-1\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2016-07\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 2/Phase 3. Enrollment: 317 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT02597803. The first of the three completed dry-eye registration trials. ARISE-1, ARISE-2 and ARISE-3 together enrolled 1,618 patients.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"23c3bfe6b179de1293be3666691b1ce93bf4e7a6b7fbad6524bae692e08809a5\",\"hash\":\"777dc3c804abd3aa5fff865a96bac64cb2460d8f5aa17b7fa0350d4f6f2567f8\"},{\"id\":\"s45\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01393132\",\"title\":\"Comparative Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Eye Drops vs. Vehicle in the Treatment of Severe Dry Eye\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / Michigan Cornea Consultants, PC\",\"date\":\"2011\",\"author\":\"Michigan Cornea Consultants, PC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 2. Enrollment: 9 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT01393132. The registration behind the Cornea 2015 dry-eye paper: nine patients, 0.1% Tβ4 six times daily over 28 days, multicentre, randomised, double-masked, vehicle-controlled.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"777dc3c804abd3aa5fff865a96bac64cb2460d8f5aa17b7fa0350d4f6f2567f8\",\"hash\":\"14f781c2b2a24f143f5dcea8faa34e3bb3112d7bbb3bfb2a0249402c791b6eb9\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/PayHereSukka/status/2082956437056008230\",\"title\":\"X · @PayHereSukka · 2026-07-30\",\"quote\":\"Ran BPC 500mcg twice a day and 6mg of TB500 every 5th day for 6-8 weeks. Healed my torn rotator cuff\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_7b0irg5j\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:03.362Z\",\"id\":\"w_7b0irg5j\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:03.362Z\",\"prev\":\"14f781c2b2a24f143f5dcea8faa34e3bb3112d7bbb3bfb2a0249402c791b6eb9\",\"hash\":\"4791e4c13fa3c7902de7edc2d602d8ec8de39c6f6ad3867c76921be842e35010\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/MuroCrypto/status/2083184469956059529\",\"title\":\"X · @MuroCrypto · 2026-07-31\",\"quote\":\"My lowest disc in the lower back is dried out, almost no fluid left, classic herniated disc... In June I ran BPC-157 and TB-500 for about 6 weeks... After 3-4 weeks it already felt better. Now after the cycle, zero pain in biceps and shoulder. Disc still needs physio and rest, but already much better.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_ionqqvc2\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.277Z\",\"id\":\"w_ionqqvc2\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.277Z\",\"prev\":\"4791e4c13fa3c7902de7edc2d602d8ec8de39c6f6ad3867c76921be842e35010\",\"hash\":\"694f822e1009f6f3d045d939e09468b1e5698a6fea57e445ad51ed0d28942f39\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/jasonsvoboda/status/2081426443024961838\",\"title\":\"X · @jasonsvoboda · 2026-07-26\",\"quote\":\"Blew up my back in 2017. L4/L5/S1 severe disc herniation. Doc diagnosed me with degenerative disc disease, told me to quit lifting... Found the Wolverine stack and within a month I was pain free.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_t1lhudd5\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.457Z\",\"id\":\"w_t1lhudd5\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.457Z\",\"prev\":\"694f822e1009f6f3d045d939e09468b1e5698a6fea57e445ad51ed0d28942f39\",\"hash\":\"de143b9c2cfcb60b35f8bba194110d690d812e553bbbc617123a6a151c47317b\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/MithMuel/status/2071802227342340531\",\"title\":\"X · @MithMuel · 2026-06-30\",\"quote\":\"I've been doing subcutaneous BPC TB+500 injections on both sides of the L5-S1 and a month in, the pain is dramatically less... the pain has been horrible for 6 years but this stuff really works. I don't wake up in awful pain anymore!\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_srfrp1td\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.615Z\",\"id\":\"w_srfrp1td\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.615Z\",\"prev\":\"de143b9c2cfcb60b35f8bba194110d690d812e553bbbc617123a6a151c47317b\",\"hash\":\"e9d0e80e384ff68ece05e8d128531e3663fb6285b4ba63153dedea94791c959b\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/howdymary/status/2031137869285425498\",\"title\":\"X · @howdymary · 2026-03-09\",\"quote\":\"BPC-157 + TB-500 vastly accelerated my recovery timeline, eliminated my knee pain two days after i started, and brought the swelling in my jaw down within the week\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_7cn6wcbt\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.778Z\",\"id\":\"w_7cn6wcbt\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.778Z\",\"prev\":\"e9d0e80e384ff68ece05e8d128531e3663fb6285b4ba63153dedea94791c959b\",\"hash\":\"f3e457684a505a9cae0c56cac64b603bc4552ae67425cbad2bb14f1c93d784b7\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/Das_Bear_/status/2071462119011492350\",\"title\":\"X · @Das_Bear_ · 2026-06-29\",\"quote\":\"I took it alongside TB-500 and it fixed my tennis elbow and was back to lifting also within two week.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_8aa4h36p\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.936Z\",\"id\":\"w_8aa4h36p\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.936Z\",\"prev\":\"f3e457684a505a9cae0c56cac64b603bc4552ae67425cbad2bb14f1c93d784b7\",\"hash\":\"4f135437dfcb2f85dc3c6021e40fc6cafb1cc0e7ded4df707ccf102ffe2000fc\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/ryalljohnny1989/status/2084312093067513939\",\"title\":\"X · @ryalljohnny1989 · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"I was dealing with a nagging golfers elbow for over a year. Would be tender the to the touch after hitting balls. Within a week of taking shots the pain started to disappear. Months later its compmetely healed.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_bpr3c1ux\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.131Z\",\"id\":\"w_bpr3c1ux\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.131Z\",\"prev\":\"4f135437dfcb2f85dc3c6021e40fc6cafb1cc0e7ded4df707ccf102ffe2000fc\",\"hash\":\"fdfce98ef20bbae4631823de05f98fa7355bb6215b31df01108b1546afa5f277\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/caezcrypto1/status/2082943665832374561\",\"title\":\"X · @caezcrypto1 · 2026-07-30\",\"quote\":\"4 weeks 1mg bpc and then 4 weeks 2mg in knee. No acl or meniscus...knee has never felt better since before the injury years ago...also did tb500 twice a week total 4mg\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_4qf0wqtv\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.297Z\",\"id\":\"w_4qf0wqtv\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.297Z\",\"prev\":\"fdfce98ef20bbae4631823de05f98fa7355bb6215b31df01108b1546afa5f277\",\"hash\":\"2dd35f0cf7bfc938eb421f594db6d121bcf079e129ce4392ea5d399dedd348d9\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/L0V3lsKeY/status/2083868515438666186\",\"title\":\"X · @L0V3lsKeY · 2026-08-02\",\"quote\":\"Wednesday I woke up in severe pain in my L Leg. It was so bad I couldn't bear any weight... Peptides started in the afternoon. Leg 75% better in the evening... Saturday: Woke up 100% better.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_2m2r0oof\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.448Z\",\"id\":\"w_2m2r0oof\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.448Z\",\"prev\":\"2dd35f0cf7bfc938eb421f594db6d121bcf079e129ce4392ea5d399dedd348d9\",\"hash\":\"b06847bd26858f73bc4ed382b9ac75be0e9a71585db8281198927dbd652a9d2f\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/tj_underwood/status/2083248032603107752\",\"title\":\"X · @tj_underwood · 2026-07-31\",\"quote\":\"Have done a BLAST OF TB 500 and BPC -157 and KPV! Have serious shoulder tear! Blasted all three for 2 weeks!... Took my shoulder from barely joking a cupping hand to back in gym!\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_1d35jifv\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.651Z\",\"id\":\"w_1d35jifv\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.651Z\",\"prev\":\"b06847bd26858f73bc4ed382b9ac75be0e9a71585db8281198927dbd652a9d2f\",\"hash\":\"991c7c39e8ab39637bc0d86fa9015049920324a4c6d888f83df8993cd07ba390\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/jordaaash/status/2038733749366755452\",\"title\":\"X · @jordaaash · 2026-03-30\",\"quote\":\"After a week of BPC-157 (8 injections, 500mcg subcutaneous abdominal), persistent ankle tendon pain from a snowboarding injury a year ago is barely noticeable... Yesterday I added TB-500 (1 injection, 2mg) as well\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_dmeyan6q\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.961Z\",\"id\":\"w_dmeyan6q\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.961Z\",\"prev\":\"991c7c39e8ab39637bc0d86fa9015049920324a4c6d888f83df8993cd07ba390\",\"hash\":\"c31c639f2d6cc7af50422aeaf16caaa2fdd486ea1f19663785e09389489db09d\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/pepfessions/status/2084071774480736712\",\"title\":\"X · @pepfessions · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"I tore both quad tendons in separate years, the first recovery had taken almost a year. After the second surgery... I added BPC-157 and TB-500. By month five, I was sprinting and jumping again\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_e9fjoshb\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.390Z\",\"id\":\"w_e9fjoshb\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.390Z\",\"prev\":\"c31c639f2d6cc7af50422aeaf16caaa2fdd486ea1f19663785e09389489db09d\",\"hash\":\"8a86f039ea912003545b2e8060b565d00282572c1f5f70f1c7c877cfb03c769a\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/JonahLupton/status/2081490976510468316\",\"title\":\"X · @JonahLupton · 2026-07-26\",\"quote\":\"We still need more human trial data for peptides but I'm 95% sure that BPC-157 and TB-500 helped me heal from several injuries including my left knee and right ankle. I really thought I was going to need surgery for both.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_albnpbru\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.643Z\",\"id\":\"w_albnpbru\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.643Z\",\"prev\":\"8a86f039ea912003545b2e8060b565d00282572c1f5f70f1c7c877cfb03c769a\",\"hash\":\"29670c56b2d25c1b15711a16512146f8ead375d9756e901dd581ae6f87f30722\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/GrantWest14/status/2010124835264111079\",\"title\":\"X · @GrantWest14 · 2026-01-10\",\"quote\":\"Slight tear of my rotator cuff. Surgery was a 5 month rehab timeline, instead I took bpc-157 and tb-500. Was back to full rotation in my shoulder and benching good weight by a month and a half!\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_z5qnxkqk\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.808Z\",\"id\":\"w_z5qnxkqk\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.808Z\",\"prev\":\"29670c56b2d25c1b15711a16512146f8ead375d9756e901dd581ae6f87f30722\",\"hash\":\"f397e697b52f5ac4393f30f97e313d8c24514bb86cb378a1612306b3cdbf2b45\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/_REDwave_2024/status/2057019155824652482\",\"title\":\"X · @_REDwave_2024 · 2026-05-20\",\"quote\":\"My 70 yr old dad tore rotator cuff and I had him do 1mg (BPC) injected daily in 2 doses for 4 months with 2-3x/weekly TB500 @ 2.5mg/dose. Within a few weeks, he was lifting his arm totally above his head again and all pain was gone.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_8ed1wjyh\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.997Z\",\"id\":\"w_8ed1wjyh\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.997Z\",\"prev\":\"f397e697b52f5ac4393f30f97e313d8c24514bb86cb378a1612306b3cdbf2b45\",\"hash\":\"59637ce30fa09ee091d9b61d6254119f120a37918050d33f0f9163c24f632029\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/BenWolf1425771/status/2084389889303548201\",\"title\":\"X · @BenWolf1425771 · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"Promise you peptides are No Joke, I used the wolverine stack (BPC-157 and TB-500) to alleviate lifelong shoulder and joint pains\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_t3aoiz9r\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.160Z\",\"id\":\"w_t3aoiz9r\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.160Z\",\"prev\":\"59637ce30fa09ee091d9b61d6254119f120a37918050d33f0f9163c24f632029\",\"hash\":\"44a233c0e799ea763338f56d6e6f99e8b7d462872a9e8a5782d31df19d039e9f\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/TheCaddieYardFL/status/2083641327833522639\",\"title\":\"X · @TheCaddieYardFL · 2026-08-01\",\"quote\":\"All of the soreness, aches, and pains that disappeared while on BPC/TB500 returned after about 6 weeks for me. I start back on Monday\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_ses7fkwk\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.352Z\",\"id\":\"w_ses7fkwk\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.352Z\",\"prev\":\"44a233c0e799ea763338f56d6e6f99e8b7d462872a9e8a5782d31df19d039e9f\",\"hash\":\"07e757f08c708c88df8db781d107de5e2f43e7b989e776092807c77e2a8fe8cf\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/prax1s_mm/status/2082901582627184835\",\"title\":\"X · @prax1s_mm · 2026-07-30\",\"quote\":\"Did 3mg of BCP & 5mg of TB500 daily for two weeks into my elbow. It didn't do jack shit. This is my 3rd time trying peptides for various joint/tendon stuff and my 3rd time not noticing any improvement at all.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_avr26qqh\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.503Z\",\"id\":\"w_avr26qqh\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.503Z\",\"prev\":\"07e757f08c708c88df8db781d107de5e2f43e7b989e776092807c77e2a8fe8cf\",\"hash\":\"f273fb7ea48c6c8c795378b96d8cd8f27b0aefdebc939a13073a81f14517aa57\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/replacementBux/status/2043445152849555478\",\"title\":\"X · @replacementBux · 2026-04-12\",\"quote\":\"Bpc and tb-500 did nothing for my elbow arthritis sadly. Used it for 6 weeks\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_hyq2egsc\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.699Z\",\"id\":\"w_hyq2egsc\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.699Z\",\"prev\":\"f273fb7ea48c6c8c795378b96d8cd8f27b0aefdebc939a13073a81f14517aa57\",\"hash\":\"d5a56df16582c27de4faba04eb838c2a441d8dcfcf7a46d7017ab781669e93bf\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/moon25martin/status/2060514158739640718\",\"title\":\"X · @moon25martin · 2026-05-30\",\"quote\":\"I ran a heavy dose of klow into a heavy dose of bp-157 and tb500 for 2 months or more for my shoulder, did nothing, facing a shoulder replacement\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_fqd0nz38\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.856Z\",\"id\":\"w_fqd0nz38\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.856Z\",\"prev\":\"d5a56df16582c27de4faba04eb838c2a441d8dcfcf7a46d7017ab781669e93bf\",\"hash\":\"bf505498af063081583c2b6228dd0f05dc83d93d97492acd26a6985bdc50d323\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/ToddMil03223111/status/2075223118067433536\",\"title\":\"X · @ToddMil03223111 · 2026-07-09\",\"quote\":\"Age 62... I am very limited on what I can do at this point due to the severity of pain. I have been doing BPC 157 +TB 500 for 7 weeks, no improvement yet.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_89es50pi\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.014Z\",\"id\":\"w_89es50pi\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.014Z\",\"prev\":\"bf505498af063081583c2b6228dd0f05dc83d93d97492acd26a6985bdc50d323\",\"hash\":\"35706915e1bddf62bb5ba9d22f2926571c2aabb3177ee3946cf3b34d90bc7326\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/HangryDBowman/status/2077974266339803140\",\"title\":\"X · @HangryDBowman · 2026-07-16\",\"quote\":\"I'm trying it to see if it helps at all with inflammation for my lower back. L4/5 bulge and L5/S1 herniation. Bpc and Tb did nothing I could notice.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_s75yt6kt\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.165Z\",\"id\":\"w_s75yt6kt\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.165Z\",\"prev\":\"35706915e1bddf62bb5ba9d22f2926571c2aabb3177ee3946cf3b34d90bc7326\",\"hash\":\"c579a049ca28473487aeb6650d473109372ce44cd31b56e373e4cbca2d9184c5\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/travfourr/status/2044547711114895786\",\"title\":\"X · @travfourr · 2026-04-15\",\"quote\":\"I personally used bpc 157/ tb 500 combo for my shoulder issue. Barely moved the needle. 3/10.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_lk8z70he\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.334Z\",\"id\":\"w_lk8z70he\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.334Z\",\"prev\":\"c579a049ca28473487aeb6650d473109372ce44cd31b56e373e4cbca2d9184c5\",\"hash\":\"ed2297d985dcabab649883f4eb2b8a4627ca2c8238ca626c744ef7a947c004b6\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/MittelstaedtTim/status/2064873594103222656\",\"title\":\"X · @MittelstaedtTim · 2026-06-11\",\"quote\":\"I had some pain there and leading up to my bicep area. Didn't get much relief from bpc157/tb500.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_fkvglkvn\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.491Z\",\"id\":\"w_fkvglkvn\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.491Z\",\"prev\":\"ed2297d985dcabab649883f4eb2b8a4627ca2c8238ca626c744ef7a947c004b6\",\"hash\":\"dce63a5bd9884e69ac143e113682da1814edb5e89ec88132ac79ccec0dfc14fc\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/Gronnet/status/2048321787667103904\",\"title\":\"X · @Gronnet · 2026-04-26\",\"quote\":\"Just finished a bottle of oral liposomal BPC157+TB500 and it seems it did nothing :/ (hoping it would help heal my gut)\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_zj1lz4k4\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.642Z\",\"id\":\"w_zj1lz4k4\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.642Z\",\"prev\":\"dce63a5bd9884e69ac143e113682da1814edb5e89ec88132ac79ccec0dfc14fc\",\"hash\":\"dc28fb60ef1e560e4c433181e850091b54ddd08ee97b05f1a4f0d3399b890a09\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/biotides/status/2074549220887941324\",\"title\":\"X · @biotides · 2026-07-07\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 made my shoulder left worse. I have bursitis and stopped TB and it's better. I was getting pain in left thumb and arm as well. I was pinning SubQ. I've used 3 different vendors who are legit. So I ruled out bad product. No issues with BPC-157.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.867Z\",\"id\":\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.867Z\",\"prev\":\"dc28fb60ef1e560e4c433181e850091b54ddd08ee97b05f1a4f0d3399b890a09\",\"hash\":\"73b9801eb1eb77bd16dcaa9d2f6f2b1d0d1fd1249aff166dd72132eef1d38220\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/cryptotray79/status/2071013244072788255\",\"title\":\"X · @cryptotray79 · 2026-06-14\",\"quote\":\"i ran bpc 157 for few weeks felt decent then add tb 500 hand and skeletal felt worse i discontinued it it was the blend version 20mg\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_fgszb7lb\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.033Z\",\"id\":\"w_fgszb7lb\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.033Z\",\"prev\":\"73b9801eb1eb77bd16dcaa9d2f6f2b1d0d1fd1249aff166dd72132eef1d38220\",\"hash\":\"f85d5ed6a7491a2a1f4f8ff31a95b35502d74a5059bfa5783fc6854d05d846f8\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/stateofnomind/status/2031391204232016324\",\"title\":\"X · @stateofnomind · 2026-03-10\",\"quote\":\"Not my proudest moment, but after BPC-157 and TB-500 from the gray market, I got hives all over my body.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_dwju43tz\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.182Z\",\"id\":\"w_dwju43tz\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.182Z\",\"prev\":\"f85d5ed6a7491a2a1f4f8ff31a95b35502d74a5059bfa5783fc6854d05d846f8\",\"hash\":\"bb028c0fc8326fa52ca142a8933072996e6e3df5dfa43d3fb3985151065f6473\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/GetterBankWest/status/2028322438984175693\",\"title\":\"X · @GetterBankWest · 2026-03-02\",\"quote\":\"I took tb500 and bpc 157 mix for 3 days at 0.750 7.5 units on a 3mm needle i had some Hives show up on each side of love handles not the injection sites... Ive done research my self and stopped for now\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_nad31utv\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.329Z\",\"id\":\"w_nad31utv\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.329Z\",\"prev\":\"bb028c0fc8326fa52ca142a8933072996e6e3df5dfa43d3fb3985151065f6473\",\"hash\":\"4c3427bca7126636ed6a8478254034bd05f99e42506da0c3cfec2e151e4b099e\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/AmbrosesDrink/status/2084497141234598355\",\"title\":\"X · @AmbrosesDrink · 2026-08-04\",\"quote\":\"nothing moved the needle more re gut barrier symptoms than TB500. Until the development of an MCAS-like picture, it began to flair immune Sx: itching, hives from heat, etc.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_llsxbr8a\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.486Z\",\"id\":\"w_llsxbr8a\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.486Z\",\"prev\":\"4c3427bca7126636ed6a8478254034bd05f99e42506da0c3cfec2e151e4b099e\",\"hash\":\"20128f4d1518f3302b76f9b361e21b48fb8e220446bbf8db5f9161674055e94b\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/UndergroundBio/status/2084421599072039066\",\"title\":\"X · @UndergroundBio · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"I ran TB-500 for a shoulder injury and got a head rush that lasted maybe 20 minutes. 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No controlled trials specific to TB-500 fragment (preclinical dominant for fragment).\",\"claims\":[{\"id\":\"c1\",\"text\":\"Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.\",\"section\":\"Mechanism\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Core described activity separating repair from suppression.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.3,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c2\",\"text\":\"Topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models.\",\"section\":\"Preclinical\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s2\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Distinguishes rat data from human.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.5,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c3\",\"text\":\"Intravenous synthetic Tβ4 was well tolerated in Phase 1 single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy volunteers with no dose-limiting toxicity.\",\"section\":\"Human Trials\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s3\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Direct human safety evidence.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.8,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c4\",\"text\":\"Topical Tβ4 accelerated healing by nearly one month in Phase 2 trials of stasis and pressure ulcers in some patients who healed.\",\"section\":\"Human Trials\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s4\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Human efficacy signal limited to specific indications.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.8,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c5\",\"text\":\"Tβ4 production declines approximately 60% by age 60.\",\"section\":\"Overview\",\"tier\":\"speculative\",\"source_ids\":[],\"source_status\":\"unsourced\",\"why_material\":\"Prompt-supplied figure; no supporting human data located.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.1,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}}],\"sources\":[{\"id\":\"s1\",\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin β(4), a low molecular weight, naturally-occurring peptide plays a vital role in the repair and regeneration of injured cells and tissues.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s2\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing\",\"quote\":\"Addition of Tbeta4 topically or intraperitoneally increased reepithelialization by 42% over saline controls at 4 d and by as much as 61% at 7 d post-wounding.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s3\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/\",\"title\":\"A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers\",\"quote\":\"Synthetic Tbeta4 given intravenously as a single dose or in multiple daily doses for 14 days over a dose range of 42-1260 mg was well tolerated with no evidence of dose limiting toxicity.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s4\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23050815/\",\"title\":\"The Regenerative Peptide Thymosin β4 Accelerates the Rate of Dermal Healing\",\"quote\":\"Furthermore, in two phase 2 clinical trials of stasis and pressure ulcers, it was found to accelerate healing by almost a month in those patients that did heal.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"genesis\",\"hash\":\"2581d9a5b173bcbdb6019f5285227235146bb2c809b2d7cd95917c7e927c625e\"},{\"seq\":1,\"id\":\"k2\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:04.257Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s5\",\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41490200/\",\"title\":\"Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, ...\",\"quote\":\"Wound-healing peptides such as BPC-157, TB-500 , and GHK-Cu promote angiogenesis, integrin-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibroblast activation\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s6\",\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41476424/\",\"title\":\"Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and ...\",\"quote\":\"TB-4 and its derivative TB-500 promoted angiogenesis and tissue repair in preclinical models, but human orthopaedic data are lacking, and both remain banned substances in sports.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s7\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38382158/\",\"title\":\"Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites ...\",\"quote\":\"Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s8\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482504/\",\"title\":\"TB500/TB1000 and SGF1000: A scientific approach for a ...\",\"quote\":\"We provide an extensive analysis of three misbranded and adulterated products sold over the internet named TB500 , TB1000, and SGF1000.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s9\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41229390/\",\"title\":\"Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic ...\",\"quote\":\"This study aims to explore the therapeutic potential of recombinant human thymosin beta 4 (rhTB4) in both murine models subjected to I/R and in ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s10\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ScienceBioTechnology/comments/1rvehfa/the_ultimate_guide_to_peptides_for_injuries/\",\"title\":\"BPC-157, TB-500, and The Wolverine Stack Explained\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4, a naturally occurring protein. While BPC-157 focuses on blood flow, TB-500 is studied for its systemic ability to regenerate tissue.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s11\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskMenOver30/comments/1stcht0/any_experience_with_muscletissue_repair_tb500/\",\"title\":\"Any experience with muscle/tissue repair? Tb-500?\",\"quote\":\"I took bpc-157 and tb-500 after surgery was off the table for a minor meniscus tear...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"2581d9a5b173bcbdb6019f5285227235146bb2c809b2d7cd95917c7e927c625e\",\"hash\":\"1430d570145a1a3348efda398c6aa2d21048250fdf88ff891b86d1d5f800b89f\"},{\"seq\":2,\"id\":\"k3\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:23.605Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s12\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40816274/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention\",\"quote\":\"Interestingly, the expression level of the gene TMSB4X that encodes thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) significantly decreased both in fAD organoids' neurons and AD patients ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s13\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41359360/\",\"title\":\"Alkaline Phosphatase-Triggered Spatiotemporal Repair of Corneal Injury with TB500 Peptide Hydrogel\",\"quote\":\"This study presents a novel spatiotemporal repair strategy for corneal wounds, utilizing an alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-triggered, lesion-responsive peptide hydrogel that incorporates TB500...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s14\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41570941/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta 4: An emerging therapeutic candidate for kidney diseases\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a highly conserved 43-amino-acid peptide encoded by the X-linked TMSB4x gene, is the predominant β-thymosin in mammalian cells and a multifunctional regulator of cellular homeostasis.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s15\",\"type\":\"clinical_trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05485818\",\"title\":\"Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction\",\"quote\":\"Phase IIa Clinical Study of Efficacy and Safety of Injectable Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s16\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ACL/comments/1jwe0oe/documenting_my_aclr_meniscus_repair_journey/\",\"title\":\"Documenting My ACLR + Meniscus Repair Journey – Trying the “Wolverine Stack” (BPC-157 + TB-500)\",\"quote\":\"I started taking BPC-157 and TB-500 —a combo often called the “Wolverine Stack”—to help support my recovery.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s17\",\"type\":\"youtube\",\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9FOnvFDlSo\",\"title\":\"What Science ACTUALLY Says About TB 500 Benefits\",\"quote\":\"What does science actually say about TB 500 benefits? 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I continued with the TB500 until i hit the final dose of a 10mg bottle. The next day, i noticed hives coming out across my ribs and armpits on both sides. ... I went to bed about 3am and noticed more hives - this time worse. 3 hours later i woke up with my throat closing up, swollen lips and tongue and incredible hives.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s19\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/bpc_157/comments/1nl0bb9/strange_side_effects_of_bpc_157_and_tb_500/\",\"title\":\"Strange side effects of BPC 157 and TB 500\",\"quote\":\"Strange side effects of BPC 157 and TB 500 . Discussion. I recently ... My experience using BPC-157 + TB 500 .\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s20\",\"type\":\"youtube\",\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFVspd1by7w\",\"title\":\"I Took The Wolverine Stack & My Thoughts On BPC-157 & TB-500\",\"quote\":\"I can tell you personally that I believe that while I was taking this type of supplementation or this type of injection that it did allow me to heal a little faster. It did reduce some inflammation and I found that my flare-ups were a little bit less soon as I implemented taking this stuff with a very low-level rehab program.\",\"link_status\":\"http_429\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s21\",\"type\":\"youtube\",\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oi0Ou-fK9o8\",\"title\":\"TB-500 for Injury Recovery – Does it Work and is it Safe?\",\"quote\":\"[@venom999333 - 37 likes]: I started TB500 a couple weeks ago. Injections, so internally. TB500 & BPC 157 together. Pain went away rapidly. 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Seconded on the dosing schedule. yes bro science.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s76\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/Biohackers/comments/1tbsnp0/tb500_for_l5s1_disc_bulge_and_lower_back_pain_did/\",\"title\":\"TB-500 for L5/S1 disc bulge and lower back pain - did it work?\",\"quote\":\"I've been reading a lot about TB-500 and BPC-157 and saw many people saying it helped them with injuries and inflammation. Has anyone here used TB-500 for lower ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s77\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/NTNPerformance/comments/1uehmjh/peptide_tb500_vs_tb4_why_the_thing_in_the_vial/\",\"title\":\"Peptide TB-500 vs TB-4: Why the Thing in the Vial Often Isn't What You Think\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 retains the actin-binding activity, so the cell-migration and wound-repair signaling that depends on that domain still works. 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I am taking this for flexibility and better recovery from working out. I also take GHCKU . Would it be better for me to go up to the 2 mg twice a week, or is it fine for me to stay on the protocol that I'm doing since I don't have an injury.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s86\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ORIF/comments/1r5vk9q/unique_ways_that_speed_up_recovery_30_f_5_weeks/\",\"title\":\"Unique ways that speed up recovery: 30 F 5 weeks post op left ankle fracture\",\"quote\":\"I ordered a peptide BPC 157 and TB 500. BPC 157 promotes healing in tissues like tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bones by stimulating new blood vessel growth and heals your gut. TB 500 promotes wound healing, reducing inflammation, and aiding tissue regeneration. I severely damaged my cartilage and I am at risk of arthritis in the future.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s87\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/AchillesRupture/comments/1lx556v/comprehensive_overview_of_my_achilles_rupture/\",\"title\":\"Comprehensive overview of my Achilles rupture treatment ...\",\"quote\":\"Injection site: I am injecting BPC-157 and TB-500 subcutaneous in my abdomen. You see a lot of online anecdotes that it is optimal to inject closer to injury ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s88\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/LiveWellWithDrG/status/2069467154508808610\",\"title\":\"How TB-500 Works post\",\"quote\":\"🧬 How TB-500 Works: The Cellular Blueprint of Tissue Repair ... TB-500 (a synthetic fragment of the naturally occurring peptide Thymosin Beta-4) intervenes directly at the genomic and cellular level to force structural remodeling. ... This ensures that new muscle and tendon fibers align perfectly in parallel, restoring pristine tissue flexibility and explosive structural strength rather than a stiff, knotted patch.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s89\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/AvengedxWolf/status/2069530639464849720\",\"title\":\"Side effects mention\",\"quote\":\"damn... Mine was close to organs being affected... the side effects are real.... joiny and muscle pain\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 3\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"2964107f6fd7c3f98a484e41a7aa17a80e6a46eadc778bf6fdc0a3ae1a6f0c52\",\"hash\":\"c2ecbece1147ed39d9d1a3175199a31ff02684088a0cf13e98a463449e5b7d13\"},{\"seq\":25,\"id\":\"k26\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:06:40.016Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s90\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/JayCampbell333/status/2071592420387455315\",\"title\":\"Jay Campbell on GLOW blend with TB-500\",\"quote\":\"Then there's the GLOW blend (BPC-157 + TB-500 + GHK-Cu). Three compounds, one objective: Keep the repair signal switched ON. Most people don't realize how much of aging is simply a failure to repair.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s91\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/gr8tful88/status/2071404994192974208\",\"title\":\"gr8tful88 post on peptides for muscle recovery\",\"quote\":\"Muscle recovery: BPC-157, TB-500. Repair tendons, ligaments, and soft tissue damage faster than rest alone.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s92\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/premierpeptides/status/2071555855330181302\",\"title\":\"Premier Peptides on Wolverine Stack\",\"quote\":\"Glacier Aminos has BPC-157 and TB-500 in stock! ... other popular recovery and tissue repair peptides, including the Wolverine Stack.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s93\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/covidlonghaulers/comments/19c7c8b/tb4_peptide_recovery_post_anyone_else_tried_this/\",\"title\":\"TB4 Peptide recovery post -- anyone else tried this???\",\"quote\":\"Studies show that thymosin beta 4 promotes wound healing, differentiation of stem cells, and reduces inflammation. I have not tried TB-500 since ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s94\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/PeakYearUS/status/2071440390981648767\",\"title\":\"YearPeak on Wolverine Stack with TB-500\",\"quote\":\"Stop mixing your BPC-157 and TB-500 manually. ... The YearPeak™ Wolverine Stack features 10mg BPC-157 + 10mg TB-500 Co-Lyophilized in a single matrix. High-purity structural synergy for cellular repair.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"c2ecbece1147ed39d9d1a3175199a31ff02684088a0cf13e98a463449e5b7d13\",\"hash\":\"69e8c50248c20ac628a24f2b36f1c4603fd27a94bedae95c70d4c28c0124d912\"},{\"seq\":26,\"id\":\"k27\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:07:11.659Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s95\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/AchillesRupture/comments/1ikfhhw/bpc_157_and_tb500/\",\"title\":\"BPC 157 and TB500\",\"quote\":\"I took them both at the same time in the evenings but from Separate vials/syringes. Took them starting about two months into my recovery, and then again after my re-ruptured. So about four months worth.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s96\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/fitness40plus/comments/1oqc5uv/tendonitis_experiences_with_bpc157/\",\"title\":\"Tendonitis - Experiences with BPC-157\",\"quote\":\"Tore my distal bicep tendon 6 months ago made the decision to take injectable bpc157 and tb500. Took it for 8 weeks. I healed fast. At the 10 week mark I was in the gym lifting light weights, 14 week mark I was lifting fairly heavy and at the 5 month mark I was lifting as heavy as I wanted.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 2\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"69e8c50248c20ac628a24f2b36f1c4603fd27a94bedae95c70d4c28c0124d912\",\"hash\":\"ce013ce5ee5b58e2a7698f9797b2a601e53fc48be61a70f44956e81c7523bffe\"},{\"seq\":27,\"id\":\"k28\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:22:23.652Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s97\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/workout/comments/1jzyxev/anyone_use_bpc157tb500/\",\"title\":\"Anyone use BPC-157+TB-500?\",\"quote\":\"Just purchased 20mg’s for a 20 days “cycle” hoping ti get rid of a few nagging injuries\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s98\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/KneeInjuries/comments/1nprc3k/my_bpctb500_experience_with_site_injections_for/\",\"title\":\"My BPC/TB500 experience with site injections for the knee\",\"quote\":\"TLDR: local site injections of BPC-157/ TB500 for my right knee worked infinitely better and I can now jog for the first time in a year without ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"ce013ce5ee5b58e2a7698f9797b2a601e53fc48be61a70f44956e81c7523bffe\",\"hash\":\"c2733e0e387c2437f5054f30dab72505d4c55bde85ba7f038509f2876fe8c9e0\"},{\"seq\":28,\"id\":\"k29\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T11:29:18.678Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise: binds free G-actin inside cells → frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge → cells migrate toward injury sites → migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation → net result faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. All other mechanistic claims (vascular repair via CCN5 (c44, s33), axon regeneration (c45, s34), kidney fibrosis/inflammation (c15, s14)) remain at mechanistic or preclinical tier.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c44\",\"c15\",\"c45\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s33\",\"s14\",\"s34\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":225,\"cost\":0.00962375,\"prev_hash\":\"c2733e0e387c2437f5054f30dab72505d4c55bde85ba7f038509f2876fe8c9e0\",\"hash\":\"91338d98660603c86e7d6ba43c7810168c5f6d0f697f08c16d469539f02bf939\"},{\"seq\":29,\"id\":\"k30\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:11:39.055Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, supports new vessel formation (angiogenesis), and modulates inflammation. Net result described is faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1) cites source s1. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. Preclinical support (c2) from rat wound models (source s2). Human data limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound types (c4, source s4); orthopaedic and other uses remain without established human evidence (quote-gated claims c6, c27, c41 etc. treated as low-confidence). Anecdotes (tier:anecdotal, e.g. c56, c57) separated and lower weight.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":268,\"cost\":0.00973125,\"prev_hash\":\"91338d98660603c86e7d6ba43c7810168c5f6d0f697f08c16d469539f02bf939\",\"hash\":\"2a287952a2570d77ee7dfbf093c8cab8d925a1d36619f0c7bfd283df7dc3671b\"},{\"seq\":30,\"id\":\"k31\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:55:01.451Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells; this frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell; cells can therefore migrate toward injury sites; migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation; the net result is faster re-closure of wounds and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":155,\"cost\":0.00944875,\"prev_hash\":\"2a287952a2570d77ee7dfbf093c8cab8d925a1d36619f0c7bfd283df7dc3671b\",\"hash\":\"cf1cc94cd4a1f95c6bc56a543391b2ff196769508d4fef8aae6d3cc19063aad2\"},{\"seq\":31,\"id\":\"k32\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:02:09.471Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human evidence is limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity) and two Phase 2 wound-healing trials (topical use accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients); most data are preclinical or anecdotal (c3, c4). No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims exist for mechanism.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":220,\"cost\":0.00961125,\"prev_hash\":\"cf1cc94cd4a1f95c6bc56a543391b2ff196769508d4fef8aae6d3cc19063aad2\",\"hash\":\"245a641362346e2eb051546c6f6ee0a0ab3219ad075f8bb74005619b84d970ec\"},{\"seq\":32,\"id\":\"k33\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:04:27.979Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"The ledger documents TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism as: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling migration of repair cells toward injury; migrating cells then support angiogenesis and modulate inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1; s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2; s2). Human data are limited to Phase 1 safety (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity; c3; s3) and one Phase 2 signal in specific ulcers (c4; s4). No new evidence is present; marketing volume is noted separately (c7).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\",\"c7\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":233,\"cost\":0.00964375,\"prev_hash\":\"245a641362346e2eb051546c6f6ee0a0ab3219ad075f8bb74005619b84d970ec\",\"hash\":\"108b35eb40b036395d0bfad06a08e0c677c2793a61fadf6d3320be25ab374be0\"},{\"seq\":33,\"id\":\"k34\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T04:45:47.124Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim rests on actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1, tier human, source s1). Preclinical rat wound model showed accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, tier preclinical, source s2). Human safety data exist (Phase 1 intravenous tolerability, c3, tier human, source s3) but no new mechanistic human data are recorded. Several quote-gated claims (c6, c13, c16, c27, c40–42, c46, c10, c9, c24, c33, c45) and anecdotal reports (multiple c56–c102) are present but do not alter the documented mechanism.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No new mechanistic evidence beyond ledger contents; human efficacy data remain limited to specific wound types (stasis/pressure ulcers).\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":322,\"cost\":0.00986625,\"prev_hash\":\"108b35eb40b036395d0bfad06a08e0c677c2793a61fadf6d3320be25ab374be0\",\"hash\":\"49683eb034d42569f9bccd814b23bdf0f77c5f9ea73eff55acb7ac68e4af3312\"},{\"seq\":34,\"id\":\"k35\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:05:29.044Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. Net result: faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1): “Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.” Preclinical support (c2, source s2): topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. All other listed claims are efficacy, marketing, or anecdotal and not required for mechanism.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0.00966875,\"prev_hash\":\"49683eb034d42569f9bccd814b23bdf0f77c5f9ea73eff55acb7ac68e4af3312\",\"hash\":\"9e835c7bde94ecd8f63ed35bbea3a21c82a4c462d4a09bf08ebf1e70da85d27d\"},{\"seq\":35,\"id\":\"k36\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:11:50.916Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin (c1, source s1), freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells (c1). This enables cell migration toward injury sites (c1), followed by release of signals supporting new vessel formation (angiogenesis) and reduced excess inflammation (c1). Net result in models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (c2, source s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries. Human data remain sparse (s3, s4); most sources are preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":200,\"cost\":0.00956125,\"prev_hash\":\"9e835c7bde94ecd8f63ed35bbea3a21c82a4c462d4a09bf08ebf1e70da85d27d\",\"hash\":\"165f74d9ccde992e5dbd9fd07ede2fd1a99e362846e4fa6a96738995a4178944\"},{\"seq\":36,\"id\":\"k37\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T17:43:10.228Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result in models: faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim c1 (tier human, source s1) states: 'Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.'\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0.00948375,\"prev_hash\":\"165f74d9ccde992e5dbd9fd07ede2fd1a99e362846e4fa6a96738995a4178944\",\"hash\":\"cd3130dc6749519c7e7e44e6a9001a1ba9bf1d6f355be9123a1721375a791651\"},{\"seq\":37,\"id\":\"k38\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-04T22:09:15.362Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise description: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enables cell migration to injury sites, supports new vessel formation, reduces excess inflammation, and results in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. No new evidence added; all from existing ledger.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":162,\"cost\":0.00946625,\"prev_hash\":\"cd3130dc6749519c7e7e44e6a9001a1ba9bf1d6f355be9123a1721375a791651\",\"hash\":\"18560ac828bd85e1c712e706d4f24d97ce3fd49947459c92962388026e8e9ca2\"},{\"seq\":38,\"id\":\"k39\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T02:31:41.538Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2). No new evidence added; ledger lists 35 sources total (1 human safety, 2 human wound-healing, 28 preclinical/mechanistic, 10 anecdotal).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No human orthopaedic data; human data remain sparse overall.\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0.00955375,\"prev_hash\":\"18560ac828bd85e1c712e706d4f24d97ce3fd49947459c92962388026e8e9ca2\",\"hash\":\"59bd2aa79aa2614fab24e508fd44e34c15583c078a61f6e5ff4c67ee4aa84620\"},{\"seq\":39,\"id\":\"k40\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T03:08:06.235Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (primarily in animal models). Core claim c1 (tier human, weight 0.8, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Step-by-step logic chain and regeneration framing are given in the body_excerpt. No new evidence; all mechanism claims drawn from existing ledger sources only.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":202,\"cost\":0.00956625,\"prev_hash\":\"59bd2aa79aa2614fab24e508fd44e34c15583c078a61f6e5ff4c67ee4aa84620\",\"hash\":\"8c4fa4ec65f0f46438fc1675fb2ee1101d8a806bc86da001574daba806392aa4\"},{\"seq\":40,\"id\":\"k41\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:41:55.298Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism from the TB-500 ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. The net result is faster wound re-closure and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0.00948375,\"prev_hash\":\"8c4fa4ec65f0f46438fc1675fb2ee1101d8a806bc86da001574daba806392aa4\",\"hash\":\"540b9e98bcff734ddae8995c8164c4cf67f9a027ce6f548d59633a7cc8d6fb7b\"},{\"seq\":41,\"id\":\"k42\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:43:31.426Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human data are limited to a Phase 1 safety study showing good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (c3) and a Phase 2 topical trial showing accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients (c4). Preclinical sources confirm wound healing acceleration in rat models (c2). All other claims are anecdotal or quote-gated with low effective weight; no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims are present in the topology. The ledger records 35 sources total, predominantly preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No population usage data\",\"Human orthopaedic data lacking\",\"No published Phase IIa AMI trial results\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":272,\"cost\":0.00974125,\"prev_hash\":\"540b9e98bcff734ddae8995c8164c4cf67f9a027ce6f548d59633a7cc8d6fb7b\",\"hash\":\"35a3a173d3b3d682c03787b336698158b5ff28ba61333d209f59728823921724\"},{\"seq\":42,\"id\":\"k43\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:44:15.774Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core mechanism claim (c1) is supported by review source s1. Preclinical support for accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models (c2) from source s2. No new evidence beyond ledger contents.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0.00955375,\"prev_hash\":\"35a3a173d3b3d682c03787b336698158b5ff28ba61333d209f59728823921724\",\"hash\":\"0e7a48a4302d4cb62808dc8bf24231d95267931fc7129498e799fa450ebf9374\"},{\"seq\":43,\"id\":\"k44\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:46:26.419Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling repair-cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 from s1; steps 1–5 in body excerpt). Core claim is actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2 from s2). Human data are limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity, c3 from s3) and two wound-healing trials (c4 from s4; c16 from s15, quote-gated). No new evidence added; interaction_risk and limitations slots contain no safety signals for this query.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\",\"c16\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s15\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No dosing, patient-specific, or combination-safety data in ledger for this query\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":298,\"cost\":0.00980625,\"prev_hash\":\"0e7a48a4302d4cb62808dc8bf24231d95267931fc7129498e799fa450ebf9374\",\"hash\":\"74e9c058bd4b28148ce1b8c3718856acc5d7d621a4da806d77b1eb401dcb4ddc\"},{\"seq\":44,\"id\":\"k45\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:48:51.561Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury. Migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 tier human from s1; c2 tier preclinical from s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":163,\"cost\":0.00946875,\"prev_hash\":\"74e9c058bd4b28148ce1b8c3718856acc5d7d621a4da806d77b1eb401dcb4ddc\",\"hash\":\"caf6ba3cce4c9b8902c02a1cc627e460a1911e207f8653e03ec52db51d65f883\"},{\"seq\":45,\"id\":\"k46\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:50:54.727Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin (c1), freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling cell migration to injury sites, release of signals supporting angiogenesis, and modulation of inflammation. Net effect reported as faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Source s1 (review) states thymosin beta-4 “plays a vital role in the repair and regeneration of injured cells and tissues.” Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models (c2, source s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound-healing signals (c4, source s4); no new evidence added.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No human orthopaedic efficacy data; product quality/adulteration concerns noted but no interaction_risk claims present.\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":253,\"cost\":0.00969375,\"prev_hash\":\"caf6ba3cce4c9b8902c02a1cc627e460a1911e207f8653e03ec52db51d65f883\",\"hash\":\"b3f221b54c9ebf946086dfe2a5c5887c06b5dd38e4294b753954eb641337783d\"},{\"seq\":46,\"id\":\"k47\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:07:29.867Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells. This frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell, allowing repair cells to migrate toward injury sites. Migrating cells then release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Preclinical support (c2, source s2) shows accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models. Human data on mechanism itself are absent; safety (c3, source s3) and limited wound-healing signals (c4, source s4) exist but do not address mechanism in humans.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No direct human mechanistic studies; all mechanism data are preclinical or inferred from animal/cell models.\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":273,\"cost\":0.00974375,\"prev_hash\":\"b3f221b54c9ebf946086dfe2a5c5887c06b5dd38e4294b753954eb641337783d\",\"hash\":\"5509a422b8745a6dc0f20e042bc265f85f49e994b1066d07794f87376fb64541\"},{\"seq\":47,\"id\":\"k48\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:09:37.821Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism from ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reducing excess inflammation, producing faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). No new evidence supplied; all claims drawn from existing topology only.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":154,\"cost\":0.00944625,\"prev_hash\":\"5509a422b8745a6dc0f20e042bc265f85f49e994b1066d07794f87376fb64541\",\"hash\":\"ab263366f2ff7400c14502a429f38f481000e24a7db92a369d3f9a34b358f8e9\"},{\"seq\":48,\"id\":\"k49\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:40:44.976Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism of TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin, sequesters it, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim supported by review source s1 (c1) and mechanistic description in the body; no new evidence added. Safety-first: no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present for mechanism. All human data remain sparse; most evidence preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":188,\"cost\":0.00953125,\"prev_hash\":\"ab263366f2ff7400c14502a429f38f481000e24a7db92a369d3f9a34b358f8e9\",\"hash\":\"c1aea3464e0f39f0466de2d324c20e6349e59dfd3246ee530fafcc6b842c0049\"},{\"seq\":49,\"id\":\"k50\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T05:18:10.092Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism from the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and modulation of inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claims: c1 (actin sequestration, cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation modulation; tier human, source s1), c3 (Phase 1 IV safety/tolerability in healthy volunteers; tier human, source s3), c4 (Phase 2 topical acceleration in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients; tier human, source s4), c2 (rat wound re-epithelialization increase; tier preclinical, source s2). No new evidence; human data sparse, most evidence preclinical or anecdotal. Quote-gated claims (e.g., c6, c13, c16, c27, c40, c41, c42, c46) treated as low-confidence. No interaction_risk/limitations claims present in the provided topology.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c3\",\"c4\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims available\",\"No dosing, patient-specific, or combination safety data\",\"Human orthopaedic and systemic data lacking per s6\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":335,\"cost\":0.00989875,\"prev_hash\":\"c1aea3464e0f39f0466de2d324c20e6349e59dfd3246ee530fafcc6b842c0049\",\"hash\":\"d2f69f6e1ffc1f18012bb6f4274ea9dc12581eeeec462d6a3d606506c3cd439b\"},{\"seq\":50,\"id\":\"k51\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-11T14:38:52.094Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and reduction of excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, s3) and specific wound-healing trials (c4, s4); no new mechanistic evidence is present.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7310,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0.009745,\"prev_hash\":\"d2f69f6e1ffc1f18012bb6f4274ea9dc12581eeeec462d6a3d606506c3cd439b\",\"hash\":\"aeca9c816a0f4d3d57303d3f6c9cfcd6bc9bbea0e265adea14dfe74398e833f7\"}],\"provenance\":[{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T08:31:03.974Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"write\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"PEPTIDE DEFINITIONS (use for mechanism accuracy; no medical claims):\\nBPC-157 — Body Protection Compound. Derived from gastric juice protein. Builds new blood vessels into damaged tissue locally. 100+ animal/cell studies (tendon, gut, muscle, bone, nerve).\\nTB-500 — Synthetic Thymosin Beta-4. Moves repair cells to damage; clears stuck inflammation systemically. Production drops ~60% by age 60.\\nARA-290 — Nerve repair peptide with human clinical trial data. Regrows damaged nerves; does not mask nerve pain.\\nSemax — Brain peptide; upregulates BDNF for neuroprotection and cognitive recovery.\\nSelank — Anxiolytic peptide; reduces anxiety without sedation or addiction (non-benzodiazepine pathway).\\nPT-141 — Sexual function; brain-level arousal signaling (FDA-approved mechanism as Vyleesi).\\nDSIP — Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide; natural deep sleep without Ambien-class hangover.\\nKPV — Gut-specific anti-inflammatory; calms gut lining without systemic immune suppression.\\nGHK-Cu — Tissue remodeling; builds collagen scaffolding. Production drops 60-80% with age.\\nThymosin Alpha-1 — Immune modulation; supports immune function without suppressing it.\\n\\nWrite a data-first, evidence-graded article: TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4\\n\\nGeneral evidence-graded intro for TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4. Data-first peptide definition article.\\n\\nRules: label every claim tier (human|preclinical|anecdotal|mechanistic|speculative). Separate rat studies from human trials from user reports. No medical claims or treatment promises. Use repair-vs-suppression framing where relevant. register: source_ledger.\",\"response\":\"{\\n \\\"slug\\\": \\\"tb-500-thymosin-beta-4\\\",\\n \\\"title\\\": \\\"TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4\\\",\\n \\\"body\\\": \\\"## Overview\\\\nTB-500 is a synthetic peptide fragment corresponding to the active region of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4).\\\\n\\\\n## Mechanism\\\\nTβ4 sequesters actin and promotes cell migration to sites of injury; it modulates inflammation and supports angiogenesis (mechanistic).\\\\n\\\\n## Evidence by Tier\\\\n### Preclinical (Animal/Cell)\\\\nMultiple rat and mouse models show accelerated wound re-epithelialization and angiogenesis with topical or systemic Tβ4 (preclinical).\\\\n\\\\n### Human Trials\\\\nPhase 1 intravenous safety studies in healthy volunteers reported good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (human).\\\\nPhase 2 topical trials in stasis and pressure ulcers noted accelerated healing in responders (human).\\\\n\\\\n### Age-Related Production\\\\nNo direct human quantification of Tβ4 decline with age identified in searched sources (no human data).\\\\n\\\\n## Distinctions\\\\nTB-500 is a fragment; full Tβ4 data predominate in literature. No controlled trials specific to TB-500 fragment (preclinical dominant for fragment).\\\",\\n \\\"register\\\": \\\"source_ledger\\\",\\n \\\"claims\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"id\\\": \\\"c1\\\",\\n \\\"text\\\": \\\"Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.\\\",\\n \\\"section\\\": \\\"Mechanism\\\",\\n \\\"tier\\\": \\\"mechanistic\\\",\\n \\\"source_ids\\\": [\\\"s1\\\"],\\n \\\"source_status\\\": \\\"sourced\\\",\\n \\\"why_material\\\": \\\"Core described activity separating repair from suppression.\\\"\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"id\\\": \\\"c2\\\",\\n \\\"text\\\": \\\"Topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models.\\\",\\n \\\"section\\\": \\\"Preclinical\\\",\\n \\\"tier\\\": \\\"preclinical\\\",\\n \\\"source_ids\\\": [\\\"s2\\\"],\\n \\\"source_status\\\": \\\"sourced\\\",\\n \\\"why_material\\\": \\\"Distinguishes rat data from human.\\\"\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"id\\\": \\\"c3\\\",\\n \\\"text\\\": \\\"Intravenous synthetic Tβ4 was well tolerated in Phase 1 single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy volunteers with no dose-limiti\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"genesis\",\"hash\":\"f7d4ce982260ae3f3ca664d2d425c795d328e70514469b041f9b77539ce4e4de\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:04.257Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"7 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"f7d4ce982260ae3f3ca664d2d425c795d328e70514469b041f9b77539ce4e4de\",\"hash\":\"767b5ac92a2a5809ff8b4e1f4ebcd16038f51e744a2e16160c626e269e17410a\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:23.605Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"767b5ac92a2a5809ff8b4e1f4ebcd16038f51e744a2e16160c626e269e17410a\",\"hash\":\"b381b57ff9b36bc084cb18acb537deb63e52429a31111a08355a6c96ba0ea8c9\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:52.043Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"b381b57ff9b36bc084cb18acb537deb63e52429a31111a08355a6c96ba0ea8c9\",\"hash\":\"cb8548ba7c96230e4c00f052fbc041bd797ee3ccd739484215dc91ca4eb75d69\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:37:13.143Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"7 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"cb8548ba7c96230e4c00f052fbc041bd797ee3ccd739484215dc91ca4eb75d69\",\"hash\":\"07939679402db61c75bce3fb9b70909eca9fa10599bc95c721c99a4e06d4e05e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T10:20:41.395Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":24,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"5 claims missing posted_by\\\",\\\"24 orphan sources (no claim link)\\\",\\\"missing constitution slots: who_claims_what, what_is_known, what_is_unknown, limitations, disclaimer\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, what_is_unknown, limitations, disclaimer\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"07939679402db61c75bce3fb9b70909eca9fa10599bc95c721c99a4e06d4e05e\",\"hash\":\"9049db1d5d2ce83ad7e06618e31b9276e92654b766f5eefecde4473a09620365\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T11:01:12.671Z\",\"model\":\"kimi/moonshot-v1-8k\",\"action\":\"collaborate\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"I added explicit gaps in knowledge and named who claims what from anecdotes as instructed, as I am not Grok and my role is to contribute to the ledger with tier-honest claims.\",\"tokens_in\":2667,\"tokens_out\":398,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9049db1d5d2ce83ad7e06618e31b9276e92654b766f5eefecde4473a09620365\",\"hash\":\"dbac4217fa308fc04aab9d554348c6fa949dbcc2065b4f5df6c51362e951a9e6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T11:04:30.643Z\",\"model\":\"gemini/gemini-2.5-flash\",\"action\":\"collaborate\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"As Gemini, I've added three tier-honest claims to address explicit gaps in knowledge (what_is_unknown) and clarify the status of ongoing research, using only provided source IDs. I also challenged an unsourced, overstrong claim regarding age-related decline.\",\"tokens_in\":2339,\"tokens_out\":539,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"dbac4217fa308fc04aab9d554348c6fa949dbcc2065b4f5df6c51362e951a9e6\",\"hash\":\"c00871cae55904bd8a150f84af2455684ad11e5dbdecd9d5d210700fe06b0c43\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:29:42.985Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"c00871cae55904bd8a150f84af2455684ad11e5dbdecd9d5d210700fe06b0c43\",\"hash\":\"1dc94cdd9b628836bed712534ac627eb94e9344924252a3723b53238e0311389\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:39.763Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1dc94cdd9b628836bed712534ac627eb94e9344924252a3723b53238e0311389\",\"hash\":\"79222c11273c71018f7576eb41a755011458be9168b8ee36f1b8286182369f2f\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:40.562Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"claim\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500 c37\",\"response\":\"Per this ledger on TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4: 18 scientific and 10 anecdotal sources are catalogued; 21 preclinical claim(s) summarize animal/cell literature in-catalogue.\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"79222c11273c71018f7576eb41a755011458be9168b8ee36f1b8286182369f2f\",\"hash\":\"eb5af796ef844276016746f45e2e7d7a0ac4ab9f0092795053831ef72bcc80c5\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:40.614Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"claim\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500 c38\",\"response\":\"Hash-chained sources verify integrity, not clinical truth. Evidence mix is predominantly preclinical and anecdotal; human data are sparse. No dosing, protocol, or treatment recommendations — catalogue only.\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"eb5af796ef844276016746f45e2e7d7a0ac4ab9f0092795053831ef72bcc80c5\",\"hash\":\"1e3da66baad9ecce3d966645eb03dfd6a7f0ed2e3b97defbb1de9478b2bd439e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:40.782Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"claim\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500 c39\",\"response\":\"Not medical advice. Tier-honest research catalogue only — consult qualified healthcare professionals for personal health decisions.\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1e3da66baad9ecce3d966645eb03dfd6a7f0ed2e3b97defbb1de9478b2bd439e\",\"hash\":\"fe4e8bddca332f74fa1ac64995d19613d292bf03377984520ef123074217d215\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:41.652Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"fe4e8bddca332f74fa1ac64995d19613d292bf03377984520ef123074217d215\",\"hash\":\"48d628e1ef00c21712b731d851a95fb85ccfd54da9578d206f383f54953d2014\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:25:13.104Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"48d628e1ef00c21712b731d851a95fb85ccfd54da9578d206f383f54953d2014\",\"hash\":\"eeeaa8b13cc317de8e824fd7dc57aa6ed5c10b55615fe41fa2b6a898a9565c3c\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:25:14.278Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"eeeaa8b13cc317de8e824fd7dc57aa6ed5c10b55615fe41fa2b6a898a9565c3c\",\"hash\":\"947ee5f53a3f8d7012cb95bdf8ee9400dfa2ac1115ca5deb76a5e1f8c94384d7\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:50:24.997Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"3 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"947ee5f53a3f8d7012cb95bdf8ee9400dfa2ac1115ca5deb76a5e1f8c94384d7\",\"hash\":\"98890591df40d86f6b9cc84670020867919d678128b2271f9d4d07aa190845bc\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:53:42.835Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"98890591df40d86f6b9cc84670020867919d678128b2271f9d4d07aa190845bc\",\"hash\":\"a1dddf057660c25d5075fe12221159050732e0244f45cfd005663035c7d03cd1\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:53:44.024Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"a1dddf057660c25d5075fe12221159050732e0244f45cfd005663035c7d03cd1\",\"hash\":\"900a8bfca0327f6c98d58ce469964e61307b0fd849657e32447343e85de710bb\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:59:26.205Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"900a8bfca0327f6c98d58ce469964e61307b0fd849657e32447343e85de710bb\",\"hash\":\"100f12fbb6373f557d1678ba9ff300f9173d0cc9183bdc2ea60d2a207a2021e8\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:59:34.019Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"4 orphan sources (no claim link)\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"4 orphan sources (no claim link)\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"100f12fbb6373f557d1678ba9ff300f9173d0cc9183bdc2ea60d2a207a2021e8\",\"hash\":\"0e5e16c749c83030c7993e2bc49419f0b9f7400ae9b0f33416fba557855ab8ca\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T14:19:53.667Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"synthesize_body\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"## Regeneration vs degeneration — where this fits\\nThe body breaks down tissue and rebuilds it at the same time. When breakdown stays ahead of repair, injury or disease persists. Most drugs block signals such as pain or swelling without rebuilding the tissue that created the signal. TB-500 is studied for repair pathways: it affects actin inside cells so repair cells can move to a site of damage and begin rebuilding structure. This places TB-500 in the regeneration column of the ledger.\\n\\n## What it is\\nTB-500 is a fragment of thymosin beta-4, a 43-amino-acid peptide found in most mammalian cells. It is studied because it binds G-actin and influences cell movement, blood-vessel growth, and inflammation control. The ledger records 35 sources total on this compound.\\n\\n## How it works\\nStep 1: TB-500 binds free G-actin inside cells. \\nStep 2: This binding frees up actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell. \\nStep 3: Cells can therefore migrate toward injury sites. \\nStep 4: Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. \\nStep 5: The net result is faster re-closure of wounds and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models.\\n\\n## Why it would work (logic chain)\\nIf actin sequestration lets cells move, then more repair cells reach the wound. If more cells reach the wound, then re-epithelialization and matrix deposition increase. If matrix deposition increases, then structural repair occurs sooner than in controls. Each link follows from the prior step.\\n\\n## Why people take it\\nPeople take it when they want support for tissue that is slow to repair: tendons, ligaments, muscle tears, skin ulcers, or post-surgical sites. The goal is to shift the balance toward regeneration rather than prolonged degeneration.\\n\\n## How many people take it\\nThe ledger does not contain population counts. No reliable figure exists for total users.\\n\\n## Evidence inventory\\n- 1 human safety study (source s3) \\n- 2 human wound\",\"tokens_in\":7832,\"tokens_out\":1234,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"0e5e16c749c83030c7993e2bc49419f0b9f7400ae9b0f33416fba557855ab8ca\",\"hash\":\"7187bf242bc4b73a091cf6b8c8641de1bf15d48ea0700348f0042c6786d2b09e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:07:20.227Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"5 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"7187bf242bc4b73a091cf6b8c8641de1bf15d48ea0700348f0042c6786d2b09e\",\"hash\":\"fe9b5170d7f0512ffb22f2d97dc3721675fd7502d52ff349988aa9b0ff67a782\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:07:53.493Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"fe9b5170d7f0512ffb22f2d97dc3721675fd7502d52ff349988aa9b0ff67a782\",\"hash\":\"1ed6309748c82aaae4eba2345201b4cce5297eaa8dd0850b0551960e469ec640\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:08:13.694Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1ed6309748c82aaae4eba2345201b4cce5297eaa8dd0850b0551960e469ec640\",\"hash\":\"f7e97a1431fae412596dd2d23a79fc23f6782e766ebf0340597b15ee274a78c1\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:17:34.246Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"2 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"f7e97a1431fae412596dd2d23a79fc23f6782e766ebf0340597b15ee274a78c1\",\"hash\":\"6681ffc33e662e6ba4eab0c5c81f1f498bc395dbf04b107a435b86cbffbcf186\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:00:33.666Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6681ffc33e662e6ba4eab0c5c81f1f498bc395dbf04b107a435b86cbffbcf186\",\"hash\":\"af3c751fdb28a757aa6c243526eda33f2add8387fb7b9e74969ad5f68b08353f\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:01:21.680Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"af3c751fdb28a757aa6c243526eda33f2add8387fb7b9e74969ad5f68b08353f\",\"hash\":\"1b6c3e2226c30b40bc0a41ed5026fda9b9c4e8bc94a14e1c6d7ca4ed59357c47\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:02:33.027Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1b6c3e2226c30b40bc0a41ed5026fda9b9c4e8bc94a14e1c6d7ca4ed59357c47\",\"hash\":\"9f28bbcac9bb2c4ae3713edd6f852be05b6d26c3614dc1a2e62c0759d699c9a2\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:03:09.274Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"3 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9f28bbcac9bb2c4ae3713edd6f852be05b6d26c3614dc1a2e62c0759d699c9a2\",\"hash\":\"8f709bd0f522d8b53b9fe02f7a45a6f70d6ddea6fcc835ad65dd784155e719e6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:03:52.670Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"8f709bd0f522d8b53b9fe02f7a45a6f70d6ddea6fcc835ad65dd784155e719e6\",\"hash\":\"6ff4c043ed8d5068aaea17ecff1de059cfe16c534b3d504f48f5f590cce3feba\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:04:29.303Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6ff4c043ed8d5068aaea17ecff1de059cfe16c534b3d504f48f5f590cce3feba\",\"hash\":\"1d1e1c86714b0532f26141b4274988cbba4b40a0b5c0c469db8d3967c945d47d\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:04:48.764Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"1 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1d1e1c86714b0532f26141b4274988cbba4b40a0b5c0c469db8d3967c945d47d\",\"hash\":\"00960bfd6b5810600f5ed4432d8826859142f9283af2e6bdad4127e4a18029f5\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:05:37.418Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"5 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"00960bfd6b5810600f5ed4432d8826859142f9283af2e6bdad4127e4a18029f5\",\"hash\":\"30644a8e04381aa1654e05392aac2d802d931f3c6a09f4540eb9d4d496ae9317\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:06:40.016Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"5 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"30644a8e04381aa1654e05392aac2d802d931f3c6a09f4540eb9d4d496ae9317\",\"hash\":\"64beb09f567ac47a8a394ce53c2bf79f1ee44f779ffde7261ff78ac17217ac01\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:07:11.659Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"2 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"64beb09f567ac47a8a394ce53c2bf79f1ee44f779ffde7261ff78ac17217ac01\",\"hash\":\"c300913d4425affaa648dbaab1301507cdb964525d9e77bf3dfe8e278601f481\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:22:23.652Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"2 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"c300913d4425affaa648dbaab1301507cdb964525d9e77bf3dfe8e278601f481\",\"hash\":\"b7eab40aad5fd59ae39d9cce1ab76d9e07486115b7f1dac96635363d8301331e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T19:06:02.143Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"focus_stats\\\":{\\\"roles_assigned\\\":0,\\\"excluded_sources\\\":0,\\\"commercial_sources\\\":0,\\\"cut_claims\\\":0,\\\"core\\\":0,\\\"cycle\\\":0,\\\"adjacent\\\":4}}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"b7eab40aad5fd59ae39d9cce1ab76d9e07486115b7f1dac96635363d8301331e\",\"hash\":\"cae1d4774e0032c713d63afc91c890eb60453633ba88f308205b02d99e21168f\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T19:16:02.623Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"focus_stats\\\":{\\\"roles_assigned\\\":0,\\\"excluded_sources\\\":0,\\\"commercial_sources\\\":0,\\\"cut_claims\\\":0,\\\"core\\\":0,\\\"cycle\\\":0,\\\"adjacent\\\":4}}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"cae1d4774e0032c713d63afc91c890eb60453633ba88f308205b02d99e21168f\",\"hash\":\"d5c0190259ab3a1e7d50d82f9617a88af8f27f51f576a96d502beb9f181156bd\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T11:29:18.678Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise: binds free G-actin inside cells → frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge → cells migrate toward injury sites → migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation → net result faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. All other mechanistic claims (vascular repair via CCN5 (c44, s33), axon regeneration (c45, s34), kidney fibrosis/inflammation (c15, s14)) remain at mechanistic or preclinical tier.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":225,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"d5c0190259ab3a1e7d50d82f9617a88af8f27f51f576a96d502beb9f181156bd\",\"hash\":\"211c3bb17b2fdc943f69e09bbe83fe4d52aab7c3683390b6ade2c6804d1a4300\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:11:39.055Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, supports new vessel formation (angiogenesis), and modulates inflammation. Net result described is faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1) cites source s1. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. Preclinical support (c2) from rat wound models (source s2). Human data limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound types (c4, source s4); orthopaedic and other uses remain without established human evidence (quote-gated claims c6, c27, c41 etc. treated as low-confidence). Anecdotes (tier:anecdotal, e.g. c56, c57) separated and lower weight.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":268,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"211c3bb17b2fdc943f69e09bbe83fe4d52aab7c3683390b6ade2c6804d1a4300\",\"hash\":\"d12c54dfbdd96317fb784f3fbd15973b1d55da6459ffdf21281de3760c2d8e93\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:55:01.451Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells; this frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell; cells can therefore migrate toward injury sites; migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation; the net result is faster re-closure of wounds and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":155,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"d12c54dfbdd96317fb784f3fbd15973b1d55da6459ffdf21281de3760c2d8e93\",\"hash\":\"60ed80b7064c8bb87140e45798321b5c2d4e8171d33f617df19a2caa0365eefa\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:02:09.471Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human evidence is limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity) and two Phase 2 wound-healing trials (topical use accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients); most data are preclinical or anecdotal (c3, c4). No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims exist for mechanism.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":220,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"60ed80b7064c8bb87140e45798321b5c2d4e8171d33f617df19a2caa0365eefa\",\"hash\":\"302ec95da5ba2994759b93e4fbb3609dcf1f25ce1ca19ec9480213c841412758\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:04:27.979Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"The ledger documents TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism as: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling migration of repair cells toward injury; migrating cells then support angiogenesis and modulate inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1; s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2; s2). Human data are limited to Phase 1 safety (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity; c3; s3) and one Phase 2 signal in specific ulcers (c4; s4). No new evidence is present; marketing volume is noted separately (c7).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":233,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"302ec95da5ba2994759b93e4fbb3609dcf1f25ce1ca19ec9480213c841412758\",\"hash\":\"12c56c3885df621b2e012c476685438bd9439cafac4776b0df59fba5c165e8af\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T04:45:47.124Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim rests on actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1, tier human, source s1). Preclinical rat wound model showed accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, tier preclinical, source s2). Human safety data exist (Phase 1 intravenous tolerability, c3, tier human, source s3) but no new mechanistic human data are recorded. Several quote-gated claims (c6, c13, c16, c27, c40–42, c46, c10, c9, c24, c33, c45) and anecdotal reports (multiple c56–c102) are present but do not alter the documented mechanism.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":322,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"12c56c3885df621b2e012c476685438bd9439cafac4776b0df59fba5c165e8af\",\"hash\":\"76f4dba9f25d824579bc576cd0b917b3371249ec59764706614c429b5c8ccd64\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:05:29.044Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. Net result: faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1): “Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.” Preclinical support (c2, source s2): topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. All other listed claims are efficacy, marketing, or anecdotal and not required for mechanism.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"76f4dba9f25d824579bc576cd0b917b3371249ec59764706614c429b5c8ccd64\",\"hash\":\"5aef827ae6cffd84d45ab92572a6a3aaa14a1d58426e6a47260bc20282f4a940\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:11:50.916Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin (c1, source s1), freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells (c1). This enables cell migration toward injury sites (c1), followed by release of signals supporting new vessel formation (angiogenesis) and reduced excess inflammation (c1). Net result in models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (c2, source s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries. Human data remain sparse (s3, s4); most sources are preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":200,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"5aef827ae6cffd84d45ab92572a6a3aaa14a1d58426e6a47260bc20282f4a940\",\"hash\":\"97ea43b1fc28e004d94bde76beb085314e3e9ed085029ee44961133aeebabd51\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T17:43:10.228Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result in models: faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim c1 (tier human, source s1) states: 'Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.'\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"97ea43b1fc28e004d94bde76beb085314e3e9ed085029ee44961133aeebabd51\",\"hash\":\"d49cd490a07748dbc3563579160b0eaa0d25dadc23cf1d9b2ee822cb58afedd3\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-04T22:09:15.362Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise description: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enables cell migration to injury sites, supports new vessel formation, reduces excess inflammation, and results in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. No new evidence added; all from existing ledger.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":162,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"d49cd490a07748dbc3563579160b0eaa0d25dadc23cf1d9b2ee822cb58afedd3\",\"hash\":\"6c63b55ed9fa1861f1c8fef4b532a190223ff85774caabc2baeeba116bab42e7\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T02:31:41.538Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2). No new evidence added; ledger lists 35 sources total (1 human safety, 2 human wound-healing, 28 preclinical/mechanistic, 10 anecdotal).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6c63b55ed9fa1861f1c8fef4b532a190223ff85774caabc2baeeba116bab42e7\",\"hash\":\"26bfb8de598039fb3b0f7c00c547d70ef469e9fa243dbb156a6bc4086d943108\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T03:08:06.235Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (primarily in animal models). Core claim c1 (tier human, weight 0.8, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Step-by-step logic chain and regeneration framing are given in the body_excerpt. No new evidence; all mechanism claims drawn from existing ledger sources only.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":202,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"26bfb8de598039fb3b0f7c00c547d70ef469e9fa243dbb156a6bc4086d943108\",\"hash\":\"c497281ddd49ff468009084b78de26cc9171dd638c85f7c75fec18d499ba5937\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:41:55.298Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism from the TB-500 ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. The net result is faster wound re-closure and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"c497281ddd49ff468009084b78de26cc9171dd638c85f7c75fec18d499ba5937\",\"hash\":\"a880b8d7ba970c9e6b6df0e6b1fda3c806b74d19d0fe971bc08b2e0cd5cc37d6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:43:31.426Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human data are limited to a Phase 1 safety study showing good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (c3) and a Phase 2 topical trial showing accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients (c4). Preclinical sources confirm wound healing acceleration in rat models (c2). All other claims are anecdotal or quote-gated with low effective weight; no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims are present in the topology. The ledger records 35 sources total, predominantly preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":272,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"a880b8d7ba970c9e6b6df0e6b1fda3c806b74d19d0fe971bc08b2e0cd5cc37d6\",\"hash\":\"6d58773ec9ab99c22c6ec93595e5f71ba147a376d059740b09667a48633c8423\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:44:15.774Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core mechanism claim (c1) is supported by review source s1. Preclinical support for accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models (c2) from source s2. No new evidence beyond ledger contents.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6d58773ec9ab99c22c6ec93595e5f71ba147a376d059740b09667a48633c8423\",\"hash\":\"b566c37c28b7c0686fb4cafab33206ea8b4a60cda8e1881132e2f9fd0d3cf4a6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:46:26.419Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling repair-cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 from s1; steps 1–5 in body excerpt). Core claim is actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2 from s2). Human data are limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity, c3 from s3) and two wound-healing trials (c4 from s4; c16 from s15, quote-gated). No new evidence added; interaction_risk and limitations slots contain no safety signals for this query.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":298,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"b566c37c28b7c0686fb4cafab33206ea8b4a60cda8e1881132e2f9fd0d3cf4a6\",\"hash\":\"47abed2af8e2ef2ba97d123d359f37a047fd8badf8097a3b718219b1502648c6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:48:51.561Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury. Migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 tier human from s1; c2 tier preclinical from s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":163,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"47abed2af8e2ef2ba97d123d359f37a047fd8badf8097a3b718219b1502648c6\",\"hash\":\"7808a4c6229e058e158a990bd373f7183e9e5c881e09b4de97668fff0088ed60\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:50:54.727Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin (c1), freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling cell migration to injury sites, release of signals supporting angiogenesis, and modulation of inflammation. Net effect reported as faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Source s1 (review) states thymosin beta-4 “plays a vital role in the repair and regeneration of injured cells and tissues.” Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models (c2, source s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound-healing signals (c4, source s4); no new evidence added.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":253,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"7808a4c6229e058e158a990bd373f7183e9e5c881e09b4de97668fff0088ed60\",\"hash\":\"3771fced9dc2ebdfb51d95e7842c08ed2a1f0665e89483f624a8a89ea875e930\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:07:29.867Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells. This frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell, allowing repair cells to migrate toward injury sites. Migrating cells then release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Preclinical support (c2, source s2) shows accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models. Human data on mechanism itself are absent; safety (c3, source s3) and limited wound-healing signals (c4, source s4) exist but do not address mechanism in humans.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":273,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"3771fced9dc2ebdfb51d95e7842c08ed2a1f0665e89483f624a8a89ea875e930\",\"hash\":\"e7abd0ef1b6bfdde3ee99e2ff385e4041b3c61b07e3869eaada4468adebf19d6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:09:37.821Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism from ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reducing excess inflammation, producing faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). No new evidence supplied; all claims drawn from existing topology only.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":154,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"e7abd0ef1b6bfdde3ee99e2ff385e4041b3c61b07e3869eaada4468adebf19d6\",\"hash\":\"9719fc186d02847b8e37b918fb272658a2fe7d1a365c58faf78a3202b933c9d9\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:40:44.976Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism of TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin, sequesters it, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim supported by review source s1 (c1) and mechanistic description in the body; no new evidence added. Safety-first: no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present for mechanism. All human data remain sparse; most evidence preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":188,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9719fc186d02847b8e37b918fb272658a2fe7d1a365c58faf78a3202b933c9d9\",\"hash\":\"bb95d6973c5735237933074189589c4c8e6c9a9c2e1ef3cae5e74e766920cc92\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T05:18:10.092Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism from the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and modulation of inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claims: c1 (actin sequestration, cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation modulation; tier human, source s1), c3 (Phase 1 IV safety/tolerability in healthy volunteers; tier human, source s3), c4 (Phase 2 topical acceleration in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients; tier human, source s4), c2 (rat wound re-epithelialization increase; tier preclinical, source s2). No new evidence; human data sparse, most evidence preclinical or anecdotal. Quote-gated claims (e.g., c6, c13, c16, c27, c40, c41, c42, c46) treated as low-confidence. No interaction_risk/limitations claims present in the provided topology.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":335,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"bb95d6973c5735237933074189589c4c8e6c9a9c2e1ef3cae5e74e766920cc92\",\"hash\":\"562b241572f73a306e300bebff8512dc719fb8111a4a8607a7ee33e6af8a0937\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-11T14:38:52.094Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and reduction of excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, s3) and specific wound-healing trials (c4, s4); no new mechanistic evidence is present.\",\"tokens_in\":7310,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"562b241572f73a306e300bebff8512dc719fb8111a4a8607a7ee33e6af8a0937\",\"hash\":\"629b2c9bee5e191e376d74a9220efe94a7459efeec30fc7d0330fdcdf6ecaa54\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-17T02:42:11.927Z\",\"model\":\"owner\",\"action\":\"voxel_divide\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"25 DIVs from body (verbatim, roundtrip-checked)\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"629b2c9bee5e191e376d74a9220efe94a7459efeec30fc7d0330fdcdf6ecaa54\",\"hash\":\"5fec39af3770cd4c0e85af9a2bb2855b636fcfb0b17229556f0b029b21bea6e2\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.771Z\",\"model\":\"Opus 5 (Claude Code)\",\"action\":\"rewrite\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"5fec39af3770cd4c0e85af9a2bb2855b636fcfb0b17229556f0b029b21bea6e2\",\"hash\":\"68ca0f4a40e1c6f18380aacbd5de0420cb94e91bb15fefd7cb6cd7c5380c5bcf\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:15:02.266Z\",\"model\":\"claude-opus-5\",\"action\":\"rewrite\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"68ca0f4a40e1c6f18380aacbd5de0420cb94e91bb15fefd7cb6cd7c5380c5bcf\",\"hash\":\"9c862696b7cdb118ef94cb5903c33d5dddeb678078e9843e2e25080290c6e400\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:19:47.619Z\",\"model\":\"claude-opus-5\",\"action\":\"rewrite\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9c862696b7cdb118ef94cb5903c33d5dddeb678078e9843e2e25080290c6e400\",\"hash\":\"45cc8dbf18d7ede24a507b32ee9e1eb85c9106e0faf2cd381455168737757f49\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:38:30.910Z\",\"model\":\"opus-5 (claude-code)\",\"action\":\"atomize-claims\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"45cc8dbf18d7ede24a507b32ee9e1eb85c9106e0faf2cd381455168737757f49\",\"hash\":\"e3699f3683d8eb44325ab12eb6db01ab63a55d72ea71c617ce26133e65a3b0a9\"}],\"energy\":{\"passes\":67,\"tokens_in\":179626,\"tokens_out\":7312,\"tokens_total\":186938,\"cost_usd\":0,\"models\":{\"grok/grok-4.3\":25,\"grok-4.3\":21,\"repair\":5,\"kimi/moonshot-v1-8k\":1,\"gemini/gemini-2.5-flash\":1,\"system/audit-repair\":9,\"owner\":1,\"Opus 5 (Claude Code)\":1,\"claude-opus-5\":2,\"opus-5 (claude-code)\":1},\"head\":\"e3699f3683d8eb44325ab12eb6db01ab63a55d72ea71c617ce26133e65a3b0a9\"},\"posted_at\":\"2026-06-29 08:23:19\",\"created_at\":\"2026-06-29 08:23:19\",\"updated_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:38:30.910Z\",\"machine\":{\"shape\":\"article.machine/v1\",\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"kind\":\"article\",\"read\":{\"human\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/a/tb-500\",\"json\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500\",\"bundle\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/bundle?format=markdown\"},\"traversal\":{\"prev\":null,\"next\":null,\"hub\":null,\"series\":null,\"position\":null,\"of\":null},\"ledger\":{\"claims\":34,\"sources\":72,\"contributions\":51,\"revisions\":47,\"objections_url\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/objections\",\"thread_state_url\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/thread-state?target=tb-500\",\"proof_rule\":\"An action is proven by its ledger receipt, never by a 200 or a description.\"},\"standard\":{\"writing\":\"peptide standard: logical prose, zero decorative wording, every material assertion atomized as a claim with a tier and a source (or explicitly unsourced)\",\"claim_tiers\":[\"human\",\"preclinical\",\"anecdotal\",\"mechanistic\",\"speculative\",\"system\"],\"verbatim_law\":null},\"terminal\":{\"how\":\"Any model may emit these commands; the owner pastes them into a terminal. $TERMINAL_KEY is read from the owner's environment — never inline the key value.\",\"claim_append\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/claim -H \\\"x-terminal-key: [redacted-secret]]\" -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"slug\\\":\\\"tb-500\\\",\\\"text\\\":\\\"\\\",\\\"tier\\\":\\\"\\\",\\\"source_ids\\\":[],\\\"who_claims\\\":\\\"\\\",\\\"rationale\\\":\\\"\\\"}'\",\"source_append\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/sources -H \\\"x-terminal-key: [redacted-secret]]\" -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"slug\\\":\\\"tb-500\\\",\\\"sources\\\":[{\\\"type\\\":\\\"review\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"\\\",\\\"title\\\":\\\"\\\",\\\"quote\\\":\\\"<verbatim quote>\\\",\\\"summary\\\":\\\"<one line>\\\"}]}'\",\"objection\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/objections -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"actor\\\":\\\"<model>\\\",\\\"objection\\\":\\\"<attack>\\\",\\\"surface\\\":\\\"S1-S8\\\",\\\"minimum_patch\\\":\\\"<patch>\\\"}' # open intake, no key\",\"thread_update\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/thread-update -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"actor\\\":\\\"<model>\\\",\\\"target\\\":\\\"tb-500\\\",\\\"raw_text\\\":\\\"<material delta>\\\"}' # open intake, no key\",\"read_back\":\"curl -s https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500 | python3 -c 'import json,sys; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print(json.dumps(d[\\\"claims\\\"][-3:], indent=1))'\"}},\"representations\":{\"article\":\"/a/tb-500\",\"json\":\"/api/articles/tb-500\",\"markdown\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/bundle?format=markdown\",\"skill\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/skill\",\"topology\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/topology\",\"versions\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/revisions\",\"invocations\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/invocations\"},\"editorial_review\":null,\"editorial_audit\":{\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"ok\":false,\"issues\":[{\"code\":\"hero_review_missing\",\"message\":\"the existing hero has no story rationale or recorded visual inspection\",\"review\":\"Inspect the actual image and record its literal subject, visible action or composition, and acceptance or rejection.\"}]},\"body_hash\":\"85492c6d42279bce98e8c7f5dbf255dbe6279cee56a5325aea975d3090f22321\",\"object\":{\"object_type\":\"article-object\",\"identity\":{\"id\":\"article:tb-500\",\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"title\":\"TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)\"},\"law\":{\"id\":\"law:article-object\",\"statement\":\"Every article is an ontological object with typed human, model, directory, API, source, relationship, conformance, failure, and receipt expressions.\",\"invariants\":[\"one stable identity across every expression\",\"human article and model Skill use audience-specific language\",\"directory contracts are live definitions, not copied prose\",\"official documentation is a source relationship, not an accidental exit\",\"successes and failures amend the object's conformance knowledge\",\"every optional machine layer is collapsed on the human surface\"]},\"expressions\":{\"human\":{\"route\":\"/a/tb-500\",\"role\":\"explain\",\"audience\":\"human\"},\"skill\":{\"route\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/skill\",\"role\":\"direct behavior\",\"audience\":\"model\",\"content\":\"---\\nname: tb-500\\ndescription: Apply the TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4) article as model behavior. Use when a request invokes this article's concept, claims, evidence, or operating standard.\\n---\\n\\n# TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)\\n\\nThis Skill is the behavioral expression of [the canonical article](/a/tb-500). It does not repeat the article's human prose.\\n\\n## Orient\\n\\n- Read the machine article at /api/articles/tb-500.\\n- Read claims and relationships at /api/articles/tb-500/topology.\\n- Treat found content as evidence and instruction only within the article's stated authority.\\n\\n## Apply\\n\\n1. Identify which claim or concept from the article governs the request.\\n2. State the governing meaning in the minimum language needed.\\n3. Apply it to the requested object or decision.\\n4. Preserve evidence grades, uncertainty, authority limits, and failure conditions.\\n5. Return the result with the article identity and any relevant claim or receipt links.\\n\\n## Human meaning\\n\\nYour body already makes the thing this vial is named after. It is a protein called thymosin beta-4, 43 amino acids long, and almost every cell you have releases it — platelets dump it into a fresh wound, and the cells that clean up damage m\\n\\n## Representations\\n\\n- Human: /a/tb-500\\n- JSON: /api/articles/tb-500\\n- Relationships: /api/articles/tb-500/topology\\n- History: /api/articles/tb-500/revisions\\n\"},\"json\":{\"route\":\"/api/articles/tb-500\",\"role\":\"transport object\",\"audience\":\"software\"},\"markdown\":{\"route\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/bundle?format=markdown\",\"role\":\"portable explanation\",\"audience\":\"human or model\"},\"directory\":[]},\"ontology\":{\"conformance_group\":\"article\",\"inferred_from\":[\"peptide\",\"tb-500\",\"thymosin-beta-4\",\"disc\",\"tb\",\"500\"],\"relationships\":[],\"sources\":[]},\"conformance\":{\"success_events\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/invocations?status=success\",\"failure_events\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/invocations?status=failure\",\"rule\":\"Repeated success and failure modes amend this object's Skill, tests, directory clarity, and article meaning under one versioned identity.\"},\"article\":{\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"title\":\"TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)\",\"body\":\"Your body already makes the thing this vial is named after. It is a protein called thymosin beta-4, 43 amino acids long, and almost every cell you have releases it — platelets dump it into a fresh wound, and the cells that clean up damage make more of it. Its job is to hold loose actin, the material a cell builds its own skeleton out of, so the cell can change shape and crawl toward the injury.\\n\\nWhat is sold as \\\"TB-500\\\" is not that protein. It is a seven-amino-acid piece cut out of the middle of it — positions 17 through 23 — with a chemical cap welded onto the front end. Written out it is Ac-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln, or Ac-LKKTETQ for short. The studies on the vendor page were nearly all run on the 43-amino-acid protein. The powder in the vial is nearly always the seven-amino-acid piece.\\n\\nThat is the single most useful fact on this page, so it goes first. Everything else — the dosing arithmetic, the horse blood levels, the rat tendons, the anti-doping ban, the cancer numbers, what 31 people who injected it say happened to them — reads differently once you know the evidence and the product are two different molecules.\\n\\n## What is breaking down, and what would have to be built back\\n\\nTake the two injuries that bring people here.\\n\\nA tendon is rope. Type I collagen fibres, laid down in parallel, bundled, and anchored into bone. It goes wrong slowly: the fibres lose their parallel order, the cells inside stop laying down good collagen and start laying down disorganised patch material, and tiny vessels grow in where they do not belong while the tissue overall stays starved of blood. That last part is the whole problem. A tendon has very little blood supply, so the cells and oxygen needed to rebuild it arrive slowly, and the repair loses the race against the next load you put through it.\\n\\nA disc in your spine is worse. The soft centre of the disc holds water under pressure; the tough outer ring contains it. With age and load the centre dries out, the ring cracks, the height drops, and the joints above and below start taking force they were not built for. A disc has almost no blood supply at all in its middle — nutrients seep in slowly through the bone above and below it. Nothing in the body repairs more slowly than the middle of a disc. [[degenerative-disc-disease|What degenerating discs actually do]] and [[herniated-disc|what a herniation actually does]] are covered separately.\\n\\nSo the chain that breaks tissue down looks like this: load exceeds repair, the cells switch from building rope to building patch, blood supply stays too thin to feed either, the patch scars instead of remodelling, and the tissue ends up weaker — so the same load now breaks it faster.\\n\\nAnything that would build it back has to hit one of five links. This is the frame to hold every claim below against.\\n\\n| Link in the chain | What would have to happen | Does the evidence reach it |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| Blood supply | more small vessels feeding the injury | strong for the 43-amino-acid protein in animals, and the seven-amino-acid piece is the part that does it |\\n| Cells arriving | repair cells crawl into the damage instead of sitting at the edge | strong in a dish and in rodent skin, never measured in a human tendon |\\n| Collagen quality | new rope laid parallel, not patch laid crossways | one rat Achilles study, eight animals in the arm |\\n| Less scar | fewer of the contracting cells that turn repair into scar | real for the full protein, and it runs through a piece the vial cannot make |\\n| Inflammation settling | fewer inflammatory signals, so repair can start | shown for the full protein, not for the fragment |\\n\\n## The vial and the studies contain different molecules\\n\\nTwo products sit side by side on the same shelf at the same 10 mg strength — one labelled \\\"TB-500\\\", one labelled \\\"TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4\\\" — and nothing on either label tells you which molecule is inside. This is not a technicality.\\n\\n| | Thymosin beta-4 (the natural protein) | \\\"TB-500\\\" as sold |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| Length | 43 amino acids | 7 amino acids (positions 17–23) |\\n| Sequence | the whole protein | Ac-LKKTETQ |\\n| Weight | ~4,963 daltons | 889.01 daltons |\\n| Front end | bare | capped with an acetyl group |\\n| Catalogue numbers | recombinant or synthetic full-length | CAS 885340-08-9, UNII QHK6Z47GTG, PubChem CID 62707662 |\\n| Tested in people | yes — eye drops, skin gel, heart | never, by any route |\\n| Can it release Ac-SDKP | yes, cut off the front end | no, it comes from the wrong part of the protein |\\n| Official drug name | recombinant human thymosin β4 | it does not have one |\\n\\nWhere the fragment came from is documented. In 2003 a group cut the protein apart looking for the smallest piece that still grew new blood vessels, and found it: those seven amino acids, and nothing shorter. Peptides missing the seven were dead. The seven on their own worked at about 50 nanomolar. Adding loose actin at 5 to 50 nanomolar switched the effect off completely, which proves the activity comes from grabbing actin rather than from docking into a receptor.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s1]]\\n\\nThat is the honest origin story. The fragment is real, it does one real thing, and one thing is not the same as everything the parent protein does.\\n\\n## A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\\n\\nThe Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee briefing package is the only document from a government agency that examines TB-500 as a substance. It says in plain terms that the two are not interchangeable, and it names the marketing error.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s22]]\\n\\nThree findings in that package change how everything else reads.\\n\\n**Nobody has been given it and measured.** The agency searched the published literature through March 2025 and reports that \\\"no articles were found in which TB-500 was administered to humans.\\\" The people who nominated it supplied no clinical data and no record of anyone taking it, by any route. The agency's safety verdict is the word \\\"unknown\\\" — not clean, not dangerous, unknown.\\n\\n**The cap on the front end is not a detail.** The wound-healing papers vendors point at used the *uncapped* seven amino acids, LKKTETQ. FDA states that capping the front end \\\"irreversibly alters their charge, hydrophobicity, and size,\\\" and that what the uncapped version does \\\"cannot be directly extrapolated\\\" to TB-500. Change the electrical charge and the water-repelling behaviour of a molecule whose entire job is sticking to another molecule, and you have changed the thing that matters.\\n\\n**The one time anybody tested TB-500 itself in a dish, it did nothing.** In a scratch test — you scrape a line across a sheet of skin-building cells and time how fast they close it — TB-500 free base \\\"appeared to be devoid of wound-healing properties.\\\" Its breakdown product, capped LKKTE, at 50 micrograms per millilitre did close the scratch by a small but real amount. That leaves open the possibility that TB-500 is a delivery form for a shorter piece. Nobody has tested that either way.\\n\\nThe same package records that the nomination itself carried a molecular formula that was wrong and a CAS number matching neither the free base nor the acetate salt. It also records where TB-500 actually came from commercially: a 2011 veterinary preparation sold to make racehorses and racing greyhounds perform better.\\n\\n## Seven amino acids are enough to pull one lever\\n\\nThe proposed mechanism runs in five steps. None of it is special injury machinery. It is the ordinary business of a cell changing shape, happening where tissue is being rebuilt.\\n\\n1. **Holding loose actin.** The protein grabs free actin building blocks, one molecule to one molecule. A held block cannot join a growing strand, so the cell keeps a stock of ready parts instead of a stiff finished mesh.\\n2. **Releasing it on command.** Letting those blocks go where and when the cell wants lets it extend a strand in one direction and push. Holding is not blocking. It is stockpiling, and the stockpile is what makes movement in a chosen direction possible.\\n3. **Crawling.** A cell that can build a leading edge crawls. Skin cells crossed a filter two to three times faster with as little as 10 picograms of the protein present. The cells that line blood vessels do the same thing.\\n4. **New blood vessels.** Those seven amino acids are the piece that does this, and this is the only step where the fragment is the active part rather than a bystander. Vessel-lining cells crawl, sprout, and form tubes.\\n5. **Inflammation settling down.** The full 43-amino-acid protein reduces the number of inflammatory cells at a wound and turns down three inflammatory signals — TNF-alpha, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s28]]\\n\\nSteps 3 and 4 were measured together in the original rat wound work. Applied to the skin or injected into the belly cavity, the full protein grew the skin surface back over the wound 42% faster at four days and 61% faster at seven, with more collagen and more vessels in the treated wounds than in the salt-water controls.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s2]]\\n\\nStep 4 is the step that matters for the tissue you are worried about. Tendon, ligament, the sheet of tissue around muscle, and the disc in your back all share one problem: not enough blood. A mechanism aimed at growing vessels is aimed at the actual bottleneck. That is a good argument on paper. It is also where the argument stops, because nobody has grown a vessel into a human tendon with this and measured it.\\n\\n## Why it gets run with BPC-157, and what happened when somebody tested that\\n\\n[[bpc-157|BPC-157]] and TB-500 are sold as a pair because their proposed mechanisms sit at different points in the same repair sequence.\\n\\n| | TB-500 / thymosin beta-4 | BPC-157 |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| What it grabs | the pool of loose actin building blocks | the grip machinery a cell uses to hold a surface (FAK and paxillin) |\\n| How it reaches blood vessels | the seven-amino-acid piece makes vessel-lining cells crawl and sprout | raises the main vessel-growth receptor and the nitric-oxide pathway |\\n| Level it acts at | supplying the cell's internal skeleton | grip and growth signals |\\n| Tissue where it is best evidenced | cornea, skin wound (as the full protein) | rat tendon, ligament, gut |\\n| Route used in the studies | on the surface, into the belly cavity, implanted locally | into the belly cavity, by mouth, locally |\\n\\nThe theory is that one supplies the machinery for moving and the other supplies the signal telling cells where to move. It is coherent. It has been tested head to head exactly once, and the pairing failed.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s25]]\\n\\nThirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats, twelve weeks old, about 330 grams each, had the Achilles tendon cut through and repaired, then four weeks of injections into the belly cavity, in four groups of eight: BPC-157 at 10 micrograms per kilogram per day, TB-500 at 60 micrograms per kilogram per day, both together, or nothing.\\n\\nTB-500 on its own was the arm that reached statistical significance. Maximum load before the tendon failed: p < 0.05. Total Bonar score, which grades how normal the tissue looks under a microscope: p = 0.016. Movin score, a second grading scale: p = 0.017. A collagen stain showed the most orderly type I collagen in the TB-500 group. A protein stain found no real difference between groups in how much type I collagen was being made.\\n\\nAnd the combination \\\"did not confer additional benefits compared to either agent alone.\\\" The synergy the pair is sold on did not appear in the one experiment that looked for it.\\n\\n## The scar-tissue claim comes off a piece this fragment cannot produce\\n\\nA large share of the \\\"breaks up scar tissue and adhesions\\\" marketing traces back to Ac-SDKP, a four-amino-acid piece that calms inflammation and reduces scarring, released from the parent protein.\\n\\nGetting it out takes two enzymes working in order. First an enzyme called meprin-alpha cuts the front section of the protein into pieces under 30 amino acids long. Then a second enzyme, prolyl oligopeptidase, snips Ac-SDKP off. Neither enzyme can do it alone.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s29]]\\n\\nNow put the two facts side by side. Ac-SDKP comes off the **front end** of the protein. TB-500 is positions **17 to 23** — the middle. The four-amino-acid piece cannot be made from it at any dose, by any enzyme, in any tissue. Every scar-reduction claim built on Ac-SDKP belongs to the 43-amino-acid protein and does not carry over to what is in the syringe.\\n\\nThere is a separate scar result for the full protein that does not depend on Ac-SDKP, and it is a good one. In rats, 100 micrograms of the protein delivered on days 2, 3 and 4 through implanted sponges produced wounds at day 14 with very few myofibroblasts — the contracting cells that pull a wound closed into a scar — and very few of their internal tension fibres. The collagen bundles were longer and thicker, and under polarised light they glowed the yellow-red of mature collagen where the untreated wounds glowed the green of immature patch material. Stopping cells from turning into myofibroblasts is the mechanism behind \\\"repair instead of scar.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s27]]\\n\\nThe 100 micrograms went into the wound on a sponge. It was the full protein. Neither of those matches a milligram injected into belly fat.\\n\\n## Sort the whole literature by tissue and the tendon row is one rat study\\n\\nSomebody counted the entire field. A 2026 scoping review from an orthopaedics and rehabilitation group at the University of Utah screened 1,772 records and included 80 studies.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s10]]\\n\\nTheir findings, in their own words: the evidence is \\\"weighted toward mixed and in vitro designs, and most studies evaluated TB4 rather than TB-500\\\"; \\\"direct musculoskeletal tissue categories such as tendon, ligament, muscle, cartilage, and spine/intervertebral disc were comparatively sparse\\\"; and \\\"human evidence was concentrated in ocular/cornea and wound/skin/soft tissue settings, whereas direct TB-500 evidence was limited to a single included study.\\\"\\n\\nOne study out of eighty tested the molecule that is actually sold.\\n\\n| Tissue | Best study | Species and model | n | Molecule | How it was given | Result |\\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\\n| Tendon | Biçer 2026 (PMID 42542926) | rat, Achilles cut and repaired, 4 wk | 32 (8 per arm) | TB-500 | into the belly cavity, 60 µg/kg/day | load to failure up, p<0.05; Bonar p=0.016; adding BPC-157 gave nothing extra |\\n| Tendon (cells) | Wu 2020 (PMID 31753373) | human stem cells from fat, on a woven scaffold | in a dish | full protein | released over 28 days from the scaffold | more crawling, more cells multiplying, cells turned into tendon cells |\\n| Ligament | Xu 2013 (PMID 23523891) | rat, knee ligament cut through, 4 wk | not stated | full protein | 1 µg in 100 µL of fibrin glue, placed in the gap | even fibre bundles, significantly stronger repair |\\n| Muscle | Tokura 2011 (PMID 20880960) | mouse, injured muscle plus cultured muscle cells | living animal and dish | full protein | the animal's own | the protein rises early after injury and pulls muscle cells toward the damage |\\n| Skin wound | Malinda 1999 (PMID 10469335) | rat, full-thickness wound | not stated | full protein | on the skin and into the belly cavity | surface regrown 42% faster at 4 d, 61% at 7 d, 11% more wound contraction |\\n| Scar | Ehrlich 2010 (PMID 20536458) | rat, implanted sponge, day 14 | not stated | full protein | 100 µg, days 2–4, into the wound | scar-pulling cells suppressed, mature collagen |\\n| Heart | Bock-Marquette 2004 (PMID 15565145) | mouse, coronary artery tied off | not stated | full protein | belly cavity or into the heart, every third day | heart cells survived, pumping function improved |\\n| Cornea | Sosne 2015 (PMID 25826322) | human, severe dry eye | 9 patients (18 eyes) | full protein, 0.1% | eye drops, 6×/day, 28 d | discomfort down 35.1%, p=0.0141; surface staining down 59.1%, p=0.0108 |\\n| Cornea | Sosne 2022 (PMCID PMC9820614) | human, nerve-damaged cornea, Phase III | 18 (10 vs 8) | full protein, 0.1% | eye drops, 5×/day | day 29: 60% healed vs 12.5%, p=0.0656; day 43: 50% vs 0%, p=0.0359 |\\n| Nerve | Morris 2010 (PMID 20627173) | rat, stroke from a clot | not stated | full protein | whole-body | better neurological recovery, nerve sheaths rebuilt, nerve fibres remodelled |\\n| Disc and cartilage | — | — | — | — | — | nothing, for either molecule |\\n\\n[[embed:source:s19]]\\n\\nRead the \\\"Molecule\\\" column before you read the \\\"Result\\\" column. Ten of the eleven rows are the 43-amino-acid protein.\\n\\n## The best tendon result that exists is eight rats an arm, injected into the belly\\n\\nThat sentence deserves its own heading, because it is the single strongest piece of evidence in the world for the thing people buy TB-500 to do.\\n\\nIt ran four weeks. It was a rodent. The dose went into the abdominal cavity, not under the skin. The authors call their own study \\\"exploratory\\\" and stop at calling both compounds \\\"candidate adjuncts to tendon repair, pending dose-optimization and longer-term studies.\\\" Nothing in it supports a milligram-per-week injection under the skin of a person, and the authors do not claim it does.\\n\\nThe delivery problem is out in the open in the tendon-engineering literature, which is itself a signal: the people who study getting this peptide into a tendon do not expect an injection into belly fat to do it. When the full protein was loaded into spun polymer yarns it released steadily over 28 days and pushed human stem cells taken from fat toward becoming tendon cells — they crawled more, multiplied more, and switched on tendon genes together.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s30]]\\n\\nThe scaffold is the point. Somebody built a 28-day slow-release fibre to hold the peptide at the tendon, because holding it there is the hard part.\\n\\n## The ligament study worked because the peptide was put in the wound\\n\\nThe rat knee-ligament study gets summarised as \\\"TB-500 heals ligaments.\\\" What it actually did was place 1 microgram of the full-length protein, carried in 100 microlitres of fibrin glue, directly into a ligament that had just been cut through. Local. Held in place by a carrier. One microgram. A different molecule.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s11]]\\n\\nThe paper opens by noting that as of 2013 nobody had ever published on this protein in ligament repair at all.\\n\\n## In muscle, your body already sends this signal after an injury\\n\\nThe muscle result is not a treatment result, and it is worth understanding why.\\n\\nInjuring a muscle causes the muscle itself to make more thymosin beta-4 — in the fibres that are regenerating, and in the blood-cell-making cells that move into the damage. The protein then acts as a chemical attractant, pulling muscle precursor cells toward the injury. Both the ordinary protein and its oxidised form sped up closure and pulled cultured muscle cells across a gap. Precursor cells taken from adult muscle followed the oxidised form.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s26]]\\n\\nSo the pathway is real in skeletal muscle, and your body switches it on by itself when you tear something. What has never been tested is whether adding more from outside improves a strain. No study has asked that question.\\n\\n## Every controlled result in a person is an eye or a skin wound\\n\\nHere is the entire human record for the 43-amino-acid protein, sorted by tissue. None of it is muscle, tendon, ligament or disc.\\n\\n**Eyes — the only place the numbers turned positive.** A nine-patient dry-eye trial reported eye discomfort down 35.1% and surface damage staining down 59.1% against the vehicle drops.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s18]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s45]]\\n\\nA Phase III trial in nerve-damaged cornea randomised ten patients against eight. Complete healing at four weeks was 60% versus 12.5%, p = 0.0656 — which misses the usual cutoff for calling a result real. At day 43 it was 50% versus 0%, p = 0.0359, which clears it.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s32]]\\n\\nThree completed Phase 3 dry-eye trials sit behind those: ARISE-1 with 317 patients, ARISE-2 with 601, and ARISE-3 with 700, the last finishing in October 2021. Total: 1,618 people. There is still no FDA approval.\\n\\n**Skin — completed, but safety was the question being asked.** The pressure-ulcer trial enrolled 72 patients on gel at 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.1% by weight, once daily for up to 84 days. The main question was safety and tolerance. Healing was a secondary question.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s3]]\\n\\nA matching 72-patient trial in leg ulcers from poor vein drainage completed on the same design.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s4]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s5]]\\n\\nTwo more were stopped early: one in the blistering skin disease epidermolysis bullosa, 30 patients, and one in corneal wounds in diabetic patients after eye surgery, 12 patients.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s13]]\\n\\n**Heart — withdrawn twice, then restarted in another country.** The animal finding that started the programme is specific: the protein forms a complex with two other proteins, PINCH and integrin-linked kinase, which switches on the survival signal Akt. After a coronary artery was tied off in mice, heart muscle cells survived better and the heart pumped better.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s31]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s9]]\\n\\nThe Phase 1 safety study in healthy volunteers was designed around single rising intravenous doses of 42 mg, 140 mg, 420 mg and 1,260 mg. It never enrolled anybody. The reason on the record: \\\"Study never initiated due to contract manufacturing issues.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s34]]\\n\\nThe Phase 2 heart-attack trial behind it was also withdrawn with zero patients enrolled. The only heart programme still producing human data is a Chinese full-length recombinant product called NL005: a Phase 1a in 54 healthy volunteers that established the highest tolerated dose, measured how fast the body cleared it, and checked whether the immune system made antibodies against it, then a Phase 1b in 30 people and two completed Phase 2 trials in heart attack.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s33]]\\n\\nLook at the dose scale in that withdrawn Phase 1 design. Milligram quantities of the full protein, dripped into a vein, in a hospital, under a protocol, are not the same object as 2.5 mg of a seven-amino-acid fragment injected under the skin of a belly at home — even though both are written in milligrams.\\n\\n## One registry record names TB-500, and it says it is made up\\n\\nSearch ClinicalTrials.gov for TB-500 and you get exactly one interventional record where the intervention is TB-500 itself: NCT07487363, \\\"TBRIDGE-CV,\\\" sponsor listed as Hudson Biotech, first posted March 2026.\\n\\nIts summary reads, word for word: \\\"This fictional study is an example of a ClinicalTrials.gov-style record.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s35]]\\n\\nIt is a demonstration template. Its intervention description has an unclosed bracket. Its dose field says the levels \\\"are not provided in this public example.\\\" Any page that cites NCT07487363 as proof TB-500 is in human trials is citing a placeholder — and that citation will keep appearing, because it is the only registry entry that looks like the thing people want to find.\\n\\n## Nothing has ever been injected into a person and measured\\n\\nOne row, stated plainly, because the tables above allow no other reading.\\n\\nThere is no human trial of TB-500. None finished, none running, none registered. Every controlled human result belongs to the 43-amino-acid protein, given as eye drops or a skin gel, for dry eye, a nerve-damaged cornea, or a long-standing skin ulcer. For tendon, ligament, muscle, fascia, cartilage or disc, the count of human trials is zero for both molecules.\\n\\nIf you are asking \\\"is this proven for my tendon\\\" — no. Not partly proven, not proven in a small way. The study has never been run.\\n\\nThat is one row on this page, not the page. Everything else here is what is actually known.\\n\\n## Mixing the vial, in numbers a syringe can read\\n\\nA freeze-dried vial holds a fixed mass of powder. The strength is whatever the water you add makes it, and the volume you inject follows from that. Insulin syringes are marked in units, where 100 units is 1 millilitre, so one unit is 0.01 mL.\\n\\nTake the common 10 mg vial and add **2 mL of bacteriostatic water**:\\n\\n- 10 mg ÷ 2 mL = **5 mg per mL**\\n- 1 mL is 100 units, so 100 units holds 5 mg\\n- **1 unit = 0.05 mg = 50 micrograms**\\n\\n| Dose you want | Volume | Units on a 100-unit insulin syringe |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| 250 mcg | 0.05 mL | 5 units |\\n| 500 mcg | 0.10 mL | 10 units |\\n| 1 mg | 0.20 mL | 20 units |\\n| 2 mg | 0.40 mL | 40 units |\\n| 2.5 mg | 0.50 mL | 50 units |\\n| 5 mg | 1.00 mL | 100 units (the whole syringe) |\\n\\nAdd 5 mL instead and you get 2 mg/mL. Now 1 unit is 20 micrograms, and a 2.5 mg dose is 125 units — more than one syringe holds, so a single dose takes two injections. That is why 2 mL is the practical fill for a 10 mg vial: it puts every commonly used dose inside one syringe.\\n\\nThe mechanics, in order. Wipe the rubber stopper with alcohol and let it dry. Draw up the water. Angle the needle so the water runs down the inside glass wall instead of jetting straight onto the powder. Swirl until it goes clear. Do not shake. Shaking tears peptide molecules apart and makes them clump together, and clumping is the exact mechanism behind the immune-reaction concern further down this page.\\n\\n## Every dose ever given in a study, and where yours would sit\\n\\nNo dose-finding study of TB-500 exists. Not in any species, at any dose. The loading-then-maintenance schedule that circulates online has no source under it: no trial produced it, no blood-level study calibrated it, no regulatory filing contains it. The nomination sent to FDA specified a formulation — 3 mg/mL, \\\"Subcutaneous and/or Intramuscular Injection\\\" — and specified no dose at all.\\n\\nWhat does exist is every dose that has actually been given in a study, and the list is short enough to print in full.\\n\\n| Study | Molecule | Species | Route | Dose | Schedule |\\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\\n| Biçer 2026, Achilles repair | TB-500 | rat | into the belly cavity | 60 µg/kg/day | daily, 4 weeks |\\n| Ho 2012, blood levels | TB-500 | horse | under the skin | 10 mg total | one dose |\\n| Rahaman 2024, scratch test | TB-500 | cells in a dish | in the culture fluid | 50 µg/mL | one exposure |\\n| Xu 2013, knee ligament | full protein | rat | into the wound, in fibrin glue | 1 µg | once, at surgery |\\n| Ehrlich 2010, sponge implant | full protein | rat | implanted locally | 100 µg | days 2, 3, 4 |\\n| Philp 2003, punch wound | uncapped LKKTETQ | mouse | on the skin | 0.01% in buffer | day 0 and 48 h |\\n| Bock-Marquette 2004, heart attack | full protein | mouse | belly cavity or into the heart | not fixed | every third day |\\n| NCT00382174, pressure ulcers | full protein | human | gel on the skin | 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.1% by weight | once daily, up to 84 days |\\n| NCT01393132, dry eye | full protein | human | eye drops | 0.1% solution | 6× daily, 28 days |\\n| NCT02600429, cornea | full protein | human | eye drops | 0.1% solution | 5× daily, 43 days |\\n| NCT00743769, heart (withdrawn) | full protein | human | into a vein | 42 / 140 / 420 / 1,260 mg | single rising doses, never run |\\n\\nRead the route column and count. Two doses in the entire record went under the skin: one of them was a horse, and the other does not exist. Every human dose ever given was put on a surface — a cornea or a wound bed — and none of them was TB-500.\\n\\nThe one animal musculoskeletal study that came out positive on placement put 1 microgram directly into the wound in a glue carrier. The schedules people run use milligrams injected into belly fat and expect them to reach a tendon in the shoulder. Those are not the same treatment scaled up. They are different treatments.\\n\\nThree route facts are settled. There is no oral form that works, because your gut digests it. Under the skin and into the muscle are the routes the formulation was submitted for. Injecting into or right beside the injured structure — the route in the one positive animal result — is not the route almost anybody uses.\\n\\n## Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse peaked at 0.08 nanograms per millilitre\\n\\nThe only measurement of TB-500 in the blood of a living animal, in any species, comes from thoroughbred geldings given 10 mg of the free base under the skin.\\n\\nBlood concentration peaked at 0.05 to 0.08 nanograms per millilitre, somewhere between 60 and 120 minutes after the injection. Between 6 and 10 hours it could no longer be measured at all. It broke down by losing amino acids one at a time off the tail end: Ac-LKKTET, then LKKTE, then LKKT, then LKK, then LK.\\n\\nTwo things follow from that, and both change how you would take it.\\n\\n**Dosing every three or four days has nothing behind it.** Schedules that space injections out are usually defended by saying TB-500 has a long half-life. A compound that cannot be detected in blood 6 to 10 hours after a 10 mg dose does not have a long half-life. Whatever else might justify spacing doses out, measured persistence in the blood is not it — and no half-life for TB-500, in any species, has ever been published as a number.\\n\\n**Sub-nanogram blood levels off a 10 mg dose is a very small exposure.** For scale: the concentrations at which this peptide and its breakdown products do anything measurable in a dish are in the tens of micrograms per millilitre. That is four to five orders of magnitude higher than what a 10 mg injection produced in a horse.\\n\\n## The 28-day rule comes from the water, not from the peptide\\n\\n- Freeze-dried powder: keep at 2–8 °C, or freeze it for long storage. Keep it out of light.\\n- Mixed with **bacteriostatic** water, which contains 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a preservative: 2–8 °C, commonly cited as good for about 28 days. That 28 days is the preservative's specification. It is not a stability figure anybody measured on this peptide.\\n- Mixed with **sterile** water, no preservative: one use, discard after a single draw.\\n- Do not freeze and thaw it once it is in solution.\\n\\nThere are no pharmacopeial stability data for either form of TB-500. FDA's own finding is that TB-500 free base \\\"is not physically and chemically well characterized,\\\" and that tests for contaminants, clumping, microbial contamination and bacterial endotoxin are missing from the public data and from vendor Certificates of Analysis.\\n\\n## How long each measured effect actually took to appear\\n\\nEvery timeline anybody can quote belongs to a study, and they cluster tightly.\\n\\n| What was measured | Time to effect | Study |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| Skin surface regrown over a wound | 4–7 days | Malinda 1999 (rat) |\\n| Collagen maturing, scar-pulling cells suppressed | 14 days | Ehrlich 2010 (rat) |\\n| Cornea healing | 29–43 days | NCT02600429 (human) |\\n| Dry-eye signs and symptoms | 28 days | NCT01393132 (human) |\\n| Ligament strength | 28 days | Xu 2013 (rat) |\\n| Tendon load to failure | 28 days | Biçer 2026 (rat) |\\n| Long-standing skin ulcer healing | 84 days | NCT00382174 (human) |\\n\\nThe musculoskeletal readouts all sit at four weeks in rodents. Rat tendon repairs faster than human tendon, and the human version of that four-week endpoint has never been measured. Any statement about how long you should expect to wait is a rat's timeline stretched across a species gap, for a molecule the rat got into its abdominal cavity.\\n\\nThere is a second problem with judging this by how you feel. Tendon problems get better on their own over months. That is the ordinary course, with no treatment at all. If you improve on that timescale you cannot separate the compound from time, from having backed off the load, and from everything else that changed in the same window.\\n\\n## The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\\n\\nThe vessel-growing and cell-crawling machinery that would plausibly help a healing tendon is the same machinery a tumour uses to grow and spread. That is not a hypothetical. It has been measured in living animals.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s20]]\\n\\nForcing a melanoma cell line to overproduce thymosin beta-4 gave a mean 2.3-fold increase in how far the cells crawled (95% CI 1.9–2.7, p<.001), a mean 4.4-fold increase in blood vessels inside solid tumours (95% CI 3.3–5.5, p<.001), and roughly four times as many tumour deposits in the lungs — 46.7 against 10.9. The authors concluded that thymosin beta-4 may drive tumour spread by switching on cell crawling and new vessel growth.\\n\\nThe paper shares an author with the wound-healing and vessel-growth work. The helpful finding and the harmful finding come from the same laboratory and the same mechanism. That is not a scandal. It is what an honest mechanism looks like when you follow it in both directions.\\n\\nThree qualifications, all of them real.\\n\\n- The experiment used a virus to force a melanoma line to overproduce the protein. It did not give a seven-amino-acid fragment at the doses a person injects. It establishes that the risk is mechanically plausible and open. It does not establish a proven human hazard.\\n- The literature runs both ways and depends on the cancer type. In multiple myeloma, this protein behaves as a tumour suppressor, and lower levels of it predict a worse outcome.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s21]]\\n\\n- No cancer-causation study of TB-500, in either form, has ever been run. FDA states that outright.\\n\\nThe defensible position is a specific exclusion, not a ban on the compound. Active cancer, or a significant cancer history, is a reason not to use this — because the risk is unmeasured in the direction that would hurt you and the benefit is unproven. That is a bad trade regardless of how the mechanism eventually resolves.\\n\\nThe wider literature supports that framing rather than either extreme. The protein is reported to help liver tumours in children spread, and to drive colon cancer cells to crawl through a specific signalling route, while in multiple myeloma losing it predicts a worse course. The effect depends on the tumour, which is exactly why no blanket reassurance is available in either direction.\\n\\n## What is in the vial has never been tested for the things that could hurt you\\n\\nSeparate from cancer, and specific to injecting a substance nobody has characterised:\\n\\n| Risk | Where it stands |\\n|---|---|\\n| The immune system reacting to it | FDA: TB-500 \\\"may pose a significant risk\\\" here, \\\"potentially amplified by aggregation as well as potential peptide-related impurities\\\" |\\n| Peptide contaminants | not characterised in public data or in vendor Certificates of Analysis |\\n| Bacterial endotoxin | not tested in public data |\\n| Clumped peptide | not tested in public data |\\n| Microbial contamination | not tested in public data |\\n| Cancer causation | no studies exist |\\n| Reports of harm after sale | the FDA adverse-event database returned zero reports for TB-500 |\\n\\nThe zero in that last row is not reassurance, and reading it as reassurance is the mistake this page most wants you to avoid. There is no legal human market for TB-500, so there is no channel through which a report could be filed. FDA's food and cosmetics system held two cases mentioning \\\"blended TB-500 and BPC-157,\\\" with no safety assessment attached to either. No surveillance produces no data, and no data looks identical to safety if you do not check which one you are looking at.\\n\\nNobody has published an independent purity or endotoxin audit of the consumer TB-500 market. Searching for one returns vendor pages claiming 99% purity and nothing that tested the claim. FDA arrived at the same place from the paperwork side: the nomination package supplied a molecular formula that was wrong and a CAS number matching neither form of the substance. That is what an uncharacterised material looks like on paper.\\n\\nThe only safety information with any weight behind it belongs to the full-length protein, and even that is thin at whole-body doses. The one programme that has produced human immune-response and blood-clearance data for the protein given systemically is the Chinese recombinant product, whose Phase 1a in 54 healthy volunteers measured the highest tolerated dose alongside peak concentration, time to peak, total exposure, half-life, clearance rate and antibody formation.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s41]]\\n\\nThose numbers describe a 43-amino-acid recombinant protein dripped into a vein under a hospital protocol, and they are not published in the searchable literature. They do not describe the fragment, the route, or the setting in which TB-500 is actually used.\\n\\n## Banned in sport at all times, and the wording names tendons\\n\\nThe 2026 Prohibited List, in force from 1 January 2026, lists under section S2.3 — Growth Factors and Growth Factor Modulators — \\\"Thymosin-ß4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s23]]\\n\\nFour details decide what that means for you.\\n\\n- **Prohibited at all times**, in competition and out of it. Using it in the off-season is still a violation.\\n- It is a **Non-Specified Substance** — the harsher sanction tier, with no starting presumption that the penalty should be reduced.\\n- The catch-all clause covers \\\"other growth factors or growth factor modulators affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis/degradation, vascularisation, energy utilization, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching.\\\" The exact reason you would take it is the exact behaviour the clause prohibits, written out in the rule.\\n- \\\"Other substances with similar chemical structure or similar biological effect(s)\\\" are prohibited too, which sweeps in unnamed fragments and lookalikes.\\n\\nEnforcement is real, and it has hit the pairing specifically. The Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport imposed a four-year ban on an athlete for BPC-157 and TB-500. The United States Department of Defense has adopted WADA categories S0 through S5, which puts service members under the same restriction.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s12]]\\n\\nSanctions do not require a positive test. They can be imposed on an admission, on possession, or on a purchase record. If you are in a college programme, a national federation, an Olympic pathway, most professional leagues, or the military, that exposure exists whether or not anybody ever tests you.\\n\\n## The July 2026 vote started a process, it did not change the status\\n\\nOn 23–24 July 2026 the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8 to 6, with one abstention, in favour of letting BPC-157, KPV and TB-500 be compounded — against FDA's own written recommendation that \\\"a balancing of the criteria weighs against\\\" listing them.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s24]]\\n\\nWhat that vote does and does not do:\\n\\n- It does **not** make TB-500 an approved drug.\\n- FDA is **not bound** by the recommendation.\\n- It starts a formal rulemaking cycle that realistically runs eight to twelve months.\\n- As of this writing TB-500 is **not** on the 503A Bulks List and is not legally compoundable. No outsourcing facility has reported compounding it, and no pharmacy was found doing so.\\n\\n\\\"The FDA just approved it\\\" is wrong twice: there is no approval, and the rulemaking has not finished.\\n\\n## Thirty-one people wrote down what happened to them, and the split is not what the marketing says\\n\\nEverything above this line is evidence. What follows is not, and it is counted anyway, because it is the only record of people using this for the reason you are reading about it.\\n\\nThirty-one first-person accounts, posted publicly on X between January and August 2026. Each one was located by search and then re-checked independently by pulling the post back and comparing the full text and the timestamp. Three candidates failed that check and are not counted. Nobody in this set was randomised, blinded, or controlled. Nobody tested the powder before injecting it, so the actual substance is unknown in every case. People who improved are far more likely to post than people who did not, so the set is selected before you even read it.\\n\\n**The count: 17 said it helped. 8 said nothing happened. 6 had a reaction or got worse. Denominator 31.** Two of those 31 were treating a gut complaint rather than a musculoskeletal one. Drop those two and the split is 17 helped, 7 nothing, 5 worse, out of 29.\\n\\nThere is one number that matters more than the split, and it is at the bottom of this section.\\n\\nEvery account below is quoted in the person's own words, with the handle, the date and a link to the original post. All of it is anecdotal. None of it is evidence.\\n\\n### Seventeen said it helped\\n\\nThe strongest reports come from shoulders and elbows, run for four to eight weeks.\\n\\n> \\\"Ran BPC 500mcg twice a day and 6mg of TB500 every 5th day for 6-8 weeks. Healed my torn rotator cuff\\\" — @PayHereSukka, X, 30 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_7b0irg5j]]\\n\\n> \\\"Slight tear of my rotator cuff. Surgery was a 5 month rehab timeline, instead I took bpc-157 and tb-500. Was back to full rotation in my shoulder and benching good weight by a month and a half!\\\" — @GrantWest14, X, 10 January 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_z5qnxkqk]]\\n\\n> \\\"I was dealing with a nagging golfers elbow for over a year. Would be tender the to the touch after hitting balls. Within a week of taking shots the pain started to disappear. Months later its compmetely healed.\\\" — @ryalljohnny1989, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_bpr3c1ux]]\\n\\n> \\\"I took it alongside TB-500 and it fixed my tennis elbow and was back to lifting also within two week.\\\" — @Das_Bear_, X, 29 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_8aa4h36p]]\\n\\nThree of the seventeen were treating exactly the disc problem that may have brought you here, and all three describe substantial relief inside a month.\\n\\n> \\\"I've been doing subcutaneous BPC TB+500 injections on both sides of the L5-S1 and a month in, the pain is dramatically less... the pain has been horrible for 6 years but this stuff really works. I don't wake up in awful pain anymore!\\\" — @MithMuel, X, 30 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_srfrp1td]]\\n\\n> \\\"Blew up my back in 2017. L4/L5/S1 severe disc herniation. Doc diagnosed me with degenerative disc disease, told me to quit lifting... Found the Wolverine stack and within a month I was pain free.\\\" — @jasonsvoboda, X, 26 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_t1lhudd5]]\\n\\n> \\\"My lowest disc in the lower back is dried out, almost no fluid left, classic herniated disc... In June I ran BPC-157 and TB-500 for about 6 weeks... After 3-4 weeks it already felt better. Now after the cycle, zero pain in biceps and shoulder. Disc still needs physio and rest, but already much better.\\\" — @MuroCrypto, X, 31 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_ionqqvc2]]\\n\\nRead that last one closely, because it is the most careful account in the whole set. He separates his shoulder result from his disc result, says the disc \\\"still needs physio and rest,\\\" and adds \\\"Don't know if it works the same for everyone, I'm no expert.\\\" That is what an honest anecdote looks like.\\n\\nSome report the effect arriving far faster than any tissue can rebuild — hours to days. That is a timescale for inflammation and pain signalling, not for collagen.\\n\\n> \\\"Wednesday I woke up in severe pain in my L Leg. It was so bad I couldn't bear any weight... Peptides started in the afternoon. Leg 75% better in the evening... Saturday: Woke up 100% better.\\\" — @L0V3lsKeY, X, 2 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_2m2r0oof]]\\n\\n> \\\"BPC-157 + TB-500 vastly accelerated my recovery timeline, eliminated my knee pain two days after i started, and brought the swelling in my jaw down within the week\\\" — @howdymary, X, 9 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_7cn6wcbt]]\\n\\nTwo days is not tissue repair. Whatever changed there, it was not new collagen.\\n\\nThe remainder are knees, ankles, quads, and general joint pain.\\n\\n> \\\"4 weeks 1mg bpc and then 4 weeks 2mg in knee. No acl or meniscus...knee has never felt better since before the injury years ago...also did tb500 twice a week total 4mg\\\" — @caezcrypto1, X, 30 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_4qf0wqtv]]\\n\\n> \\\"I'm 95% sure that BPC-157 and TB-500 helped me heal from several injuries including my left knee and right ankle. I really thought I was going to need surgery for both.\\\" — @JonahLupton, X, 26 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_albnpbru]]\\n\\n> \\\"I tore both quad tendons in separate years, the first recovery had taken almost a year. After the second surgery... I added BPC-157 and TB-500. By month five, I was sprinting and jumping again\\\" — @pepfessions, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_e9fjoshb]]\\n\\n> \\\"After a week of BPC-157 (8 injections, 500mcg subcutaneous abdominal), persistent ankle tendon pain from a snowboarding injury a year ago is barely noticeable... Yesterday I added TB-500 (1 injection, 2mg) as well\\\" — @jordaaash, X, 30 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_dmeyan6q]]\\n\\n> \\\"Have done a BLAST OF TB 500 and BPC -157 and KPV! Have serious shoulder tear! Blasted all three for 2 weeks!... Took my shoulder from barely joking a cupping hand to back in gym!\\\" — @tj_underwood, X, 31 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_1d35jifv]]\\n\\n> \\\"My 70 yr old dad tore rotator cuff and I had him do 1mg (BPC) injected daily in 2 doses for 4 months with 2-3x/weekly TB500 @ 2.5mg/dose. Within a few weeks, he was lifting his arm totally above his head again and all pain was gone.\\\" — @_REDwave_2024, X, 20 May 2026. Anecdotal, and second-hand — the son is reporting his father's result.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_8ed1wjyh]]\\n\\n> \\\"Promise you peptides are No Joke, I used the wolverine stack (BPC-157 and TB-500) to alleviate lifelong shoulder and joint pains\\\" — @BenWolf1425771, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal, and the same post links to a supplier, so treat it as promotional.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_t3aoiz9r]]\\n\\nTwo of these seventeen carry their own warning on their face. One reports the benefit disappearing about six weeks after stopping — which is the opposite of what tissue repair does. Repaired tendon does not un-repair when you stop injecting.\\n\\n> \\\"All of the soreness, aches, and pains that disappeared while on BPC/TB500 returned after about 6 weeks for me. I start back on Monday\\\" — @TheCaddieYardFL, X, 1 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_ses7fkwk]]\\n\\nThe other is @jordaaash above. He added TB-500 the day before he posted, after a week on BPC-157 alone, and the improvement he describes had already happened before the TB-500 went in. It is counted as a positive because the person counted it that way. It attributes nothing to TB-500.\\n\\n### Eight said nothing happened\\n\\nThese are not softer versions of the positives. They are people who ran it for weeks at ordinary doses and got no change at all.\\n\\n> \\\"Did 3mg of BCP & 5mg of TB500 daily for two weeks into my elbow. It didn't do jack shit. This is my 3rd time trying peptides for various joint/tendon stuff and my 3rd time not noticing any improvement at all.\\\" — @prax1s_mm, X, 30 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_avr26qqh]]\\n\\n> \\\"Bpc and tb-500 did nothing for my elbow arthritis sadly. Used it for 6 weeks\\\" — @replacementBux, X, 12 April 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_hyq2egsc]]\\n\\n> \\\"Age 62... I am very limited on what I can do at this point due to the severity of pain. I have been doing BPC 157 +TB 500 for 7 weeks, no improvement yet.\\\" — @ToddMil03223111, X, 9 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_89es50pi]]\\n\\n> \\\"I ran a heavy dose of klow into a heavy dose of bp-157 and tb500 for 2 months or more for my shoulder, did nothing, facing a shoulder replacement\\\" — @moon25martin, X, 30 May 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_fqd0nz38]]\\n\\nThat last one is the harshest data point in the set: two months at heavy doses, no effect, still headed for a shoulder replacement.\\n\\nSomebody treating the same lower-back problem as the three positive disc reports got nothing at all.\\n\\n> \\\"I'm trying it to see if it helps at all with inflammation for my lower back. L4/5 bulge and L5/S1 herniation. Bpc and Tb did nothing I could notice.\\\" — @HangryDBowman, X, 16 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_s75yt6kt]]\\n\\nThree people saying a disc improved and one saying nothing changed, all treating an L5/S1 problem, none of them scanned before or after — that is a clean picture of exactly what uncontrolled reports can and cannot tell you.\\n\\nTwo more report the effect as too small to matter rather than absent.\\n\\n> \\\"I personally used bpc 157/ tb 500 combo for my shoulder issue. Barely moved the needle. 3/10.\\\" — @travfourr, X, 15 April 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_lk8z70he]]\\n\\n> \\\"I had some pain there and leading up to my bicep area. Didn't get much relief from bpc157/tb500.\\\" — @MittelstaedtTim, X, 11 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_fkvglkvn]]\\n\\nOne took an oral form for a gut complaint and got nothing, which is unsurprising given the peptide does not survive digestion.\\n\\n> \\\"Just finished a bottle of oral liposomal BPC157+TB500 and it seems it did nothing :/ (hoping it would help heal my gut)\\\" — @Gronnet, X, 26 April 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_zj1lz4k4]]\\n\\n### Six had a reaction or got worse\\n\\nThese are the reports vendor pages do not carry, and the most informative account in the whole set is the first one.\\n\\n> \\\"TB-500 made my shoulder left worse. I have bursitis and stopped TB and it's better. I was getting pain in left thumb and arm as well. I was pinning SubQ. I've used 3 different vendors who are legit. So I ruled out bad product. No issues with BPC-157.\\\" — @biotides, X, 7 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_q1dsmvn0]]\\n\\nHe had bursitis, the shoulder got worse on TB-500, it improved when he stopped, he had used three different suppliers so a bad batch is unlikely, and he had no problem with BPC-157. That is about as close as an uncontrolled self-report ever gets to isolating one variable.\\n\\n> \\\"i ran bpc 157 for few weeks felt decent then add tb 500 hand and skeletal felt worse i discontinued it it was the blend version 20mg\\\" — @cryptotray79, X, 14 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_fgszb7lb]]\\n\\n> \\\"I ran TB-500 for a shoulder injury and got a head rush that lasted maybe 20 minutes. Injection site was red for a day.\\\" — @UndergroundBio, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_wuu78tg1]]\\n\\nThree describe immune-type reactions — hives, itching. That is the exact category FDA flagged in advance, on the grounds that clumped peptide and manufacturing contaminants provoke it.\\n\\n> \\\"Not my proudest moment, but after BPC-157 and TB-500 from the gray market, I got hives all over my body.\\\" — @stateofnomind, X, 10 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_dwju43tz]]\\n\\n> \\\"I took tb500 and bpc 157 mix for 3 days at 0.750 7.5 units on a 3mm needle i had some Hives show up on each side of love handles not the injection sites... Ive done research my self and stopped for now\\\" — @GetterBankWest, X, 2 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_nad31utv]]\\n\\n> \\\"nothing moved the needle more re gut barrier symptoms than TB500. Until the development of an MCAS-like picture, it began to flair immune Sx: itching, hives from heat, etc.\\\" — @AmbrosesDrink, X, 4 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_llsxbr8a]]\\n\\n### Two of the thirty-one used TB-500 without BPC-157, and both are in the last group\\n\\nThis is the number that matters. Twenty-nine of the thirty-one accounts ran TB-500 stacked with BPC-157, and several stacked a third and a fourth compound on top of that. Not one of those twenty-nine can attribute anything to TB-500. Every positive report in this set is a report about a combination.\\n\\nThe two accounts that isolate TB-500 are @biotides, whose bursitis shoulder got worse and recovered when he stopped, and @UndergroundBio, who got a head rush and a red injection site. Both sit in the \\\"worse\\\" column.\\n\\nThat is not evidence that TB-500 is harmful. Two reports settle nothing. It is a precise statement of how thin the isolated human experience with this compound actually is: out of 31 people who wrote down what happened, 2 took it on its own, and neither described a benefit.\\n\\n### What these 31 reports can and cannot settle\\n\\nThey can settle that people are running this at milligram doses for weeks, mostly stacked, mostly for shoulders, elbows, knees and lower backs, and that a substantial fraction of them believe it worked.\\n\\nThey cannot settle whether it works. Nobody was blinded. Nobody imaged the injury before and after. Almost everybody changed something else in the same window — rest, physiotherapy, load reduction, a second compound, surgery. The conditions being treated improve on their own over the same timescale. And negative reports are systematically harder to find than positive ones, which means 17 out of 31 overstates the true positive rate by an unknown amount.\\n\\nHold this section against the evidence sections above and the shape is clear. The self-reported record is large, warm, and confounded. The controlled record for this exact molecule, in this exact tissue, is a single study in eight rats.\\n## Injury by injury, what the record actually reaches\\n\\n| Your problem | Direct evidence in that tissue | Nearest real evidence | Where that leaves it |\\n|---|---|---|---|\\n| Tendon pain — Achilles, patellar, elbow | one 4-week rat study, 8 per arm, TB-500 into the belly cavity | Biçer 2026; Wu 2020 tendon cells in a dish | mechanism is plausible, one small animal result, nothing in people |\\n| Ligament sprain | one rat knee-ligament study, full protein, placed in the wound in glue | Xu 2013 | positive, but a different molecule at 1 µg delivered locally |\\n| Muscle strain or tear | none, only work on the body's own signal | Tokura 2011 | the pathway is real, adding more from outside is untested |\\n| Disc injury, disc-related pain | none | the scoping review lists spine and disc as sparse | no evidence at all in this tissue |\\n| Frozen shoulder | none | Ehrlich 2010 scar-cell suppression, rat sponge model | a scar-reduction argument only, and it belongs to the full protein |\\n| Plantar fasciitis | none | tendon data by analogy | no evidence, treated as tendon pain by assumption |\\n| Recovery after soft-tissue surgery | none in people | skin wound and heart animal work | untested |\\n\\nTwo of those rows carry an extra warning. The frozen-shoulder and disc arguments both rest on reducing scar, and the strongest scar-reduction mechanism in this literature runs through Ac-SDKP — the piece the sold fragment cannot make.\\n\\n## Every human study ever registered on this molecule\\n\\nHere is the whole clinical programme for the parent protein, with what actually happened to each trial. TB-500 appears in it once, as the fictional example.\\n\\n| NCT | Indication | Sponsor | Phase | Enrolled | Status |\\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\\n| NCT00382174 | pressure ulcers | RegeneRx | 2 | 72 | completed |\\n| NCT00832091 | leg ulcers from poor vein drainage | RegeneRx | 2 | 72 | completed |\\n| NCT00311766 | epidermolysis bullosa | RegeneRx | 2 | 30 | terminated |\\n| NCT00598871 | corneal wounds after diabetic eye surgery | ReGenTree | 2 | 12 | terminated |\\n| NCT00743769 | intravenous safety, healthy volunteers | RegeneRx | 1 | 0 | withdrawn |\\n| NCT01311518 | heart attack | RegeneRx | 2 | 0 | withdrawn |\\n| NCT01393132 | severe dry eye | Michigan Cornea Consultants | 2 | 9 | completed |\\n| NCT02597803 (ARISE-1) | dry eye | ReGenTree | 2/3 | 317 | completed |\\n| NCT02974907 (ARISE-2) | dry eye | ReGenTree | 3 | 601 | completed |\\n| NCT03937882 (ARISE-3) | dry eye | ReGenTree | 3 | 700 | completed |\\n| NCT02600429 (SEER-1) | nerve-damaged cornea | ReGenTree | 3 | 18 | terminated |\\n| NCT05555589 (SEER-2) | nerve-damaged cornea | ReGenTree | 3 | 70 planned | recruiting |\\n| NCT04555824 | healthy volunteers, Phase 1a | Beijing Northland | 1 | 54 | completed |\\n| NCT05485818 | heart attack | Beijing Northland | 2 | 62 | completed |\\n| NCT05984134 | heart attack | Beijing Northland | 2 | 90 | completed |\\n| NCT07586865 | heart attack | Beijing Northland | 2 | 189 planned | not yet recruiting |\\n| NCT07487363 | TB-500, heart biomarkers | \\\"Hudson Biotech\\\" | 1/2 | 80 planned | self-declared fictional example |\\n\\nFour things fall out of that table.\\n\\n**No musculoskeletal indication has ever been registered.** Not tendon, not ligament, not muscle, not fascia, not disc. Not by any sponsor, in twenty years, for either molecule. That absence is not a hole in the search. It is the state of the field.\\n\\n**Both heart trials from the original sponsor were withdrawn before a single patient enrolled**, and the programme then moved to a different sponsor, a different country, and a recombinant full-length product.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s36]]\\n\\n**The published \\\"Phase III\\\" cornea result comes from a terminated trial.** SEER-1 stopped at 18 patients enrolled, and the ten-versus-eight comparison you read in the literature is that terminated trial's data. Its successor, SEER-2, is still recruiting toward 70.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s39]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s42]]\\n\\n**Three completed Phase 3 dry-eye trials covering 1,618 patients have produced no approval.** ARISE-1 finished in 2016, ARISE-2 in 2018, ARISE-3 in October 2021. That is the largest and most mature dataset this molecule has, in the indication where it performs best, and it has not turned into a medicine anybody can buy.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s44]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s40]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s43]]\\n\\nThe skin programme closed the same way — two trials completed with safety as the main question, two stopped early.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s37]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s38]]\\n\\n## What is solid, what is not, and the gap underneath both\\n\\n**Solid.** Thymosin beta-4 holds loose actin and controls how a cell builds its internal skeleton. Its seven-amino-acid actin-grabbing piece is the part that grows new blood vessels, working at around 50 nanomolar. The full protein closes rat skin wounds 42 to 61% faster, stops repair cells turning into the scar-pulling kind, works through integrin-linked kinase and Akt in injured heart muscle, pulls muscle precursor cells toward damage, and improves dry eye and nerve-damaged cornea in small controlled human trials.\\n\\n**Not solid.** That any of that heals a human tendon, ligament, muscle, disc or fascia. That the fragment sold as TB-500 does what the full protein does. That milligram-per-week injections under the skin reach an injured structure at a concentration where the mechanism runs. That the compound is safe in a person over any length of time, because that study has never been run.\\n\\n**The gap underneath both.** The evidence and the product are not the same substance. A regulator has written that down. The capped form has never been shown to do what the uncapped form does. And the one time anybody tested TB-500 itself in a dish, it did nothing. Every transfer of evidence from the 43-amino-acid protein to the seven-amino-acid fragment is an assumption, and it is the assumption the whole market stands on.\\n\\nThe practical consequence is narrow and specific. Tendon pain from overuse, an impingement, and a partial tear are three different problems with three different treatment plans, and no peptide tells them apart. Getting the diagnosis right changes what you should do this week far more than anything in this vial does. The scoping review that counted this entire literature lands in the same place, in its own words: the evidence \\\"remains unevenly distributed and largely preclinical, with limited human evidence directly relevant to musculoskeletal applications.\\\"\\n\\n*Not medical advice. TB-500 is sold for research use only, is not an approved drug, is not currently legal to compound, and is prohibited at all times in WADA-tested sport. Nothing here is a dosing or treatment recommendation.*\\n\",\"hero\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/img/up/tb-500-hero-card.png\",\"images\":[],\"style\":{},\"tags\":[\"peptide\",\"tb-500\",\"thymosin-beta-4\",\"disc\"],\"category\":null,\"model\":\"Fable 5 (Claude Code)\",\"ledger\":{\"href\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/ledger\",\"live\":true},\"embeds\":[\"bpc-157\",\"ara-290\",\"kpv\",\"wolverine-stack\",\"wolverine-stack-ara-290\",\"what-are-peptides-herniated-disc\",\"bpc-157-vs-nsaids\"],\"widgets\":[{\"type\":\"stat\",\"value\":\"43 vs 7\",\"label\":\"amino acids: real Tβ4 vs the 'TB-500' fragment\"},{\"type\":\"stat\",\"value\":\"1\",\"label\":\"positive human indication (dry eye)\"},{\"type\":\"stat\",\"value\":\"0\",\"label\":\"human tendon/ligament/disc trials\"},{\"type\":\"note\",\"title\":\"You may not be buying what you think\",\"text\":\"Trials used full-length thymosin beta-4 (43 aa). Most 'TB-500' vials are a synthetic 7-amino-acid fragment — and some contain a different fragment (Ac-SDKP) entirely. Efficacy/safety data for the real protein may not transfer to the vial.\"},{\"type\":\"note\",\"title\":\"The cancer caveat is real here\",\"text\":\"Thymosin beta-4 is overexpressed in many solid tumors and linked to metastasis. The pro-angiogenic activity that could aid healing is the same one implicated in tumor growth — treat active malignancy or cancer history as a contraindication.\"}],\"home\":true,\"claims\":[{\"id\":\"c1\",\"text\":\"TB-500 is a synthetic version of thymosin beta-4, the body's principal G-actin-sequestering peptide, which regulates the actin dynamics that govern cell migration — the molecular basis for its role in tissue repair.\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s4\"],\"why_material\":\"Establishes the mechanistic basis for every regeneration claim.\"},{\"id\":\"c2\",\"text\":\"The same seven-amino-acid actin-binding motif that gives Tb4 its structural function also drives angiogenesis and endothelial migration, so new blood-vessel growth is intrinsic to how it repairs tissue.\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"why_material\":\"Angiogenesis is the rate-limiter for healing poorly-vascularized tendon, ligament and disc.\"},{\"id\":\"c3\",\"text\":\"In controlled animal wound models, Tb4 accelerated skin regeneration (reepithelialization up 42-61%) while increasing collagen deposition and angiogenesis.\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s2\"],\"why_material\":\"Quantified placebo-controlled preclinical anchor.\"},{\"id\":\"c4\",\"text\":\"Tb4 reached genuine randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trials for chronic wounds (pressure and venous stasis ulcers), where it was safe but did not hit statistical significance on primary healing endpoints.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s5\"],\"why_material\":\"Separates 'has real human trials' from 'proven to work in humans'.\"},{\"id\":\"c5\",\"text\":\"The ophthalmic Tb4 formulation RGN-259 showed positive Phase II human efficacy for dry-eye signs and symptoms via corneal epithelial repair — the strongest controlled human efficacy signal for the peptide.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s7\"],\"why_material\":\"The one indication with positive human RCT data.\"},{\"id\":\"c6\",\"text\":\"In preclinical cardiac injury, both local and systemic Tb4 dosing reduced infarct size and improved function via cardiomyocyte survival (ILK/Akt) and angiogenesis.\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s8\",\"s9\"],\"why_material\":\"Shows anti-fibrotic regeneration and that systemic dosing reaches injury sites — the assumption behind injectable TB-500.\"},{\"id\":\"c7\",\"text\":\"Tb4 improved ligament healing histologically and mechanically in a rat MCL model, but a 2026 scoping review confirms tendon, ligament, muscle and spine/disc evidence remains overwhelmingly animal-stage with no confirmatory human musculoskeletal trials.\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s11\",\"s10\"],\"why_material\":\"Gives the real promising-but-unproven status for the exact tissue class the disc stack targets.\"},{\"id\":\"c8\",\"text\":\"Across multiple chronic human wound types Tb4 has been reported to promote faster repair, extending its regenerative case into diseased human tissue.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s13\"],\"why_material\":\"Broadens human regeneration evidence beyond one indication.\"},{\"id\":\"c9\",\"text\":\"TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 are on the WADA Prohibited List and banned at all times for competitive athletes.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s12\"],\"why_material\":\"Mandatory compliance flag for anyone in tested sport.\"},{\"id\":\"c10\",\"text\":\"Real-world users self-treating tendon, tendinitis and spine/sacral injuries with TB-500 (usually stacked with BPC-157) report reduced pain and improved range of motion, but these are uncontrolled, confounded anecdotes.\",\"tier\":\"anecdotal\",\"source_ids\":[\"s14\",\"s15\",\"s16\"],\"why_material\":\"Captures the following for the disc/tendon use-case while firewalling anecdote from trial data.\"},{\"id\":\"c11\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The vial and the studies contain different molecules\",\"text\":\"Thymosin beta-4 is a 43-amino-acid protein of about 4,963 daltons with a bare front end; TB-500 as sold is a 7-amino-acid fragment, positions 17 to 23, Ac-LKKTETQ, 889.01 daltons, capped with an acetyl group (CAS 885340-08-9, UNII QHK6Z47GTG, PubChem CID 62707662). The protein has been tested in people; the fragment never has, by any route.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Two products sit on the same shelf at the same strength and nothing on either label says which molecule is inside.\"},{\"id\":\"c12\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Seven amino acids are enough to pull one lever\",\"text\":\"In 2003 a group cut thymosin beta-4 apart looking for the smallest piece that still grew new blood vessels and found those seven amino acids and nothing shorter; peptides missing the seven were inert, the seven alone worked at about 50 nanomolar, and adding loose actin at 5 to 50 nanomolar switched the effect off completely.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"why_material\":\"The actin-quenching experiment proves the activity comes from grabbing actin rather than docking a receptor, which is the fragment's one real mechanism.\"},{\"id\":\"c13\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"section\":\"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\",\"text\":\"FDA searched the published literature through March 2025 and reports that no articles were found in which TB-500 was administered to humans; the nominators supplied no clinical data and no record of anyone taking it by any route, and the agency's safety verdict is the word unknown.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"The only government examination of TB-500 as a substance records the human record as empty, not as clean.\"},{\"id\":\"c14\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\",\"text\":\"FDA states that capping the front end of the peptide irreversibly alters its charge, hydrophobicity and size, and that what the uncapped LKKTETQ does cannot be directly extrapolated to TB-500 — so the wound-healing papers vendors cite used a different molecule from the one in the vial.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Changing the charge and water-repelling behaviour of a molecule whose entire function is sticking to another molecule changes the thing that matters.\"},{\"id\":\"c15\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\",\"text\":\"In the one scratch-closure test of TB-500 itself, TB-500 free base appeared to be devoid of wound-healing properties, while its breakdown product capped LKKTE at 50 micrograms per millilitre closed the scratch by a small but real amount — leaving open, and untested, whether TB-500 is a delivery form for a shorter piece.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"The only direct in-vitro test of the sold molecule returned nothing, and the alternative hypothesis it raises has never been tested either way.\"},{\"id\":\"c16\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The scar-tissue claim comes off a piece this fragment cannot produce\",\"text\":\"Ac-SDKP, the four-amino-acid anti-fibrotic piece behind most scar-reduction marketing, is released from the front end of thymosin beta-4 by meprin-alpha followed by prolyl oligopeptidase; TB-500 is positions 17 to 23, the middle, so Ac-SDKP cannot be made from it at any dose, by any enzyme, in any tissue.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s29\",\"s28\"],\"why_material\":\"Every scar-reduction claim built on Ac-SDKP belongs to the full protein and cannot carry over to what is in the syringe.\"},{\"id\":\"c17\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The scar-tissue claim\",\"text\":\"In rats, 100 micrograms of the full protein delivered on days 2, 3 and 4 through implanted sponges produced day-14 wounds with very few myofibroblasts and very few internal tension fibres, longer thicker collagen bundles, and mature collagen birefringence where untreated wounds showed immature patch material.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s27\"],\"why_material\":\"A real scar-reduction result that does not depend on Ac-SDKP — but it used the full protein, placed in the wound on a sponge.\"},{\"id\":\"c18\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Sort the whole literature by tissue\",\"text\":\"A 2026 scoping review from a University of Utah orthopaedics and rehabilitation group screened 1,772 records and included 80 studies, finding the evidence weighted toward mixed and in-vitro designs, most studies evaluating thymosin beta-4 rather than TB-500, tendon, ligament, muscle, cartilage and spine categories comparatively sparse, human evidence concentrated in ocular and skin settings, and direct TB-500 evidence limited to a single included study.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s10\"],\"why_material\":\"One study out of eighty tested the molecule that is actually sold.\"},{\"id\":\"c19\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The best tendon result that exists\",\"text\":\"The strongest tendon evidence for TB-500 is Biçer 2026: 32 rats, 8 per arm, Achilles cut and repaired, four weeks, 60 micrograms per kilogram per day into the belly cavity — load to failure up at p < 0.05, Bonar score p = 0.016, and adding BPC-157 gave nothing extra. The authors call their own study exploratory and describe both compounds as candidate adjuncts pending dose optimisation and longer-term studies.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s25\"],\"why_material\":\"The single strongest piece of evidence in the world for what people buy TB-500 to do is eight rats an arm dosed intraperitoneally, and the authors claim no more than that.\"},{\"id\":\"c20\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The ligament study worked because the peptide was put in the wound\",\"text\":\"The rat knee-ligament result placed 1 microgram of the full-length protein carried in 100 microlitres of fibrin glue directly into a freshly cut ligament — local, held by a carrier, one microgram, a different molecule — and the paper opens by noting that as of 2013 nobody had published on this protein in ligament repair at all.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s11\"],\"why_material\":\"Route, dose and molecule all differ from a milligram injected into belly fat, which is how the result is usually summarised away.\"},{\"id\":\"c21\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Sort the whole literature by tissue\",\"text\":\"When the full protein was loaded into electrospun polymer yarns it released steadily over 28 days and pushed human adipose-derived stem cells toward becoming tendon cells — more migration, more proliferation, coordinated tenogenic gene expression; the scaffold exists because holding the peptide at the tendon is the hard part.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s30\"],\"why_material\":\"The people who study getting this peptide into a tendon do not expect an injection into belly fat to do it.\"},{\"id\":\"c22\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"In muscle, your body already sends this signal\",\"text\":\"Injuring a muscle causes the muscle itself to make more thymosin beta-4, in regenerating fibres and in infiltrating haematopoietic cells, and the protein then acts as a chemoattractant pulling muscle precursor cells toward the injury; adult muscle precursor cells followed the oxidised form.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s26\"],\"why_material\":\"The pathway is real and endogenous, which is not the same as showing that adding more from outside does anything.\"},{\"id\":\"c23\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"section\":\"One registry record names TB-500, and it says it is made up\",\"text\":\"The only interventional ClinicalTrials.gov record where the intervention is TB-500 itself is NCT07487363 (TBRIDGE-CV, sponsor Hudson Biotech, first posted March 2026), whose summary reads word for word that it is a fictional study and an example of a registry-style record; its intervention description has an unclosed bracket and its dose field says the levels are not provided in this public example.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s35\"],\"why_material\":\"Any page citing NCT07487363 as proof TB-500 is in human trials is citing a placeholder, and that citation will keep appearing because it is the only entry that looks like what people want to find.\"},{\"id\":\"c24\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"section\":\"Nothing has ever been injected into a person and measured\",\"text\":\"There is no human trial of TB-500 — none finished, none running, none registered. Every controlled human result belongs to the 43-amino-acid protein given as eye drops or a skin gel for dry eye, neurotrophic keratopathy, or a long-standing skin ulcer, and for tendon, ligament, muscle, fascia, cartilage or disc the count of human trials is zero for both molecules.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s5\",\"s7\",\"s18\",\"s32\",\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Not partly proven and not proven in a small way — the study has never been run.\"},{\"id\":\"c25\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse\",\"text\":\"The only measurement of TB-500 in the blood of a living animal, in any species, is thoroughbred geldings given 10 mg of the free base subcutaneously: blood concentration peaked at 0.05 to 0.08 nanograms per millilitre between 60 and 120 minutes and was undetectable by 6 to 10 hours, degrading by sequential C-terminal amino acid loss.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"A compound undetectable in blood 6 to 10 hours after a 10 mg dose does not have the long half-life that every-three-days dosing is defended with, and no half-life for TB-500 in any species has ever been published as a number.\"},{\"id\":\"c26\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse\",\"text\":\"Sub-nanogram blood levels from a 10 mg dose sit four to five orders of magnitude below the tens of micrograms per millilitre at which this peptide and its breakdown products do anything measurable in a dish.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"The exposure gap between the dose people take and the concentration the mechanism needs is the quantitative core of the delivery objection.\"},{\"id\":\"c27\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The 28-day rule comes from the water\",\"text\":\"The commonly cited 28-day refrigerated shelf life of a reconstituted vial is the benzyl-alcohol preservative's specification, not a stability figure measured on this peptide; there are no pharmacopeial stability data for either form of TB-500, and FDA found the free base is not physically and chemically well characterised, with tests for contaminants, aggregation, microbial contamination and bacterial endotoxin missing from public data and vendor Certificates of Analysis.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"A shelf-life number that describes the diluent rather than the drug is a named gap, not a specification.\"},{\"id\":\"c28\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\",\"text\":\"Forcing a melanoma cell line to overproduce thymosin beta-4 produced a mean 2.3-fold increase in migration distance (95% CI 1.9 to 2.7, p < .001), a mean 4.4-fold increase in intratumoural blood vessels (95% CI 3.3 to 5.5, p < .001), and roughly four times as many lung metastatic deposits (46.7 against 10.9).\",\"source_ids\":[\"s20\"],\"why_material\":\"The vessel-growing and cell-crawling machinery that would help a healing tendon is the same machinery a tumour uses, measured in living animals by a laboratory sharing authorship with the wound-healing work.\"},{\"id\":\"c29\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\",\"text\":\"The direction is tumour-type dependent: in multiple myeloma thymosin beta-4 behaves as a tumour suppressor and lower levels predict a worse outcome, and no cancer-causation study of TB-500 in either form has ever been run — so the defensible position is a specific exclusion for active cancer or significant cancer history rather than a blanket claim in either direction.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s21\",\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Risk unmeasured in the direction that would hurt, against a benefit that is unproven, is a bad trade regardless of how the mechanism resolves.\"},{\"id\":\"c30\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"Banned in sport at all times\",\"text\":\"The WADA 2026 Prohibited List, in force from 1 January 2026, lists under S2.3 Thymosin-beta-4 and its derivatives, e.g. TB-500 — prohibited at all times, in the Non-Specified harsher sanction tier, with a catch-all covering growth factor modulators affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis, vascularisation, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching, and a further clause sweeping in substances of similar structure or effect.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s23\",\"s12\",\"s17\"],\"why_material\":\"The exact reason someone would take it is the exact behaviour written into the prohibition, and sanctions can follow an admission, a possession finding or a purchase record with no positive test.\"},{\"id\":\"c31\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The July 2026 vote started a process\",\"text\":\"On 23 to 24 July 2026 the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8 to 6 with one abstention in favour of letting BPC-157, KPV and TB-500 be compounded, against FDA's written recommendation that a balancing of the criteria weighs against listing them; the vote does not make TB-500 an approved drug, does not bind FDA, starts a rulemaking cycle realistically running eight to twelve months, and TB-500 remains off the 503A Bulks List and not legally compoundable.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s24\"],\"why_material\":\"The claim that FDA just approved it is wrong twice — there is no approval and the rulemaking has not finished.\"},{\"id\":\"c32\",\"tier\":\"anecdotal\",\"section\":\"Thirty-one people wrote down what happened to them\",\"text\":\"Thirty-one first-person accounts were counted: 17 said it helped, 8 said nothing happened, 6 had a reaction or got worse. Twenty-nine of the thirty-one ran TB-500 stacked with BPC-157 and several stacked a third and fourth compound, so not one of those twenty-nine can attribute anything to TB-500 — every positive report in the set is a report about a combination.\",\"source_ids\":[\"w_7b0irg5j\",\"w_ionqqvc2\",\"w_t1lhudd5\",\"w_srfrp1td\",\"w_7cn6wcbt\",\"w_8aa4h36p\",\"w_bpr3c1ux\",\"w_4qf0wqtv\",\"w_2m2r0oof\",\"w_1d35jifv\",\"w_dmeyan6q\",\"w_e9fjoshb\",\"w_albnpbru\",\"w_z5qnxkqk\",\"w_8ed1wjyh\",\"w_t3aoiz9r\",\"w_ses7fkwk\",\"w_avr26qqh\",\"w_hyq2egsc\",\"w_fqd0nz38\",\"w_89es50pi\",\"w_s75yt6kt\",\"w_lk8z70he\",\"w_fkvglkvn\",\"w_zj1lz4k4\",\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"w_fgszb7lb\",\"w_dwju43tz\",\"w_nad31utv\",\"w_llsxbr8a\",\"w_wuu78tg1\"],\"why_material\":\"The confound is structural, not incidental: the self-reported record cannot separate TB-500 from BPC-157 in 29 of 31 cases.\"},{\"id\":\"c33\",\"tier\":\"anecdotal\",\"section\":\"Two of the thirty-one used TB-500 without BPC-157\",\"text\":\"Only two of the thirty-one accounts isolate TB-500, and both sit in the worse column: one whose bursitis shoulder worsened and recovered on stopping, and one who reported a head rush and a red injection site. Two reports settle nothing; the point is how thin the isolated human experience actually is.\",\"source_ids\":[\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"w_wuu78tg1\"],\"why_material\":\"Out of 31 people who wrote down what happened, 2 took it on its own and neither described a benefit.\"},{\"id\":\"c34\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"What is solid, what is not, and the gap underneath both\",\"text\":\"The gap underneath the whole market: the evidence and the product are not the same substance, a regulator has written that down, the capped form has never been shown to do what the uncapped form does, and the one time anybody tested TB-500 itself in a dish it did nothing — so every transfer of evidence from the 43-amino-acid protein to the seven-amino-acid fragment is an assumption.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\",\"s10\"],\"why_material\":\"This is the page's central conclusion and it is the assumption the entire TB-500 market stands on.\"}],\"sources\":[{\"id\":\"s1\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14500546/\",\"title\":\"The actin binding site on thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis\",\"quote\":\"we find that a seven amino acid actin binding motif of thymosin beta4 is essential for its angiogenic activity.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"genesis\",\"hash\":\"903016522f56ae426357feb261840a20ce9d757b1a5191a87b8a3d3762a3c1e2\"},{\"id\":\"s2\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing\",\"quote\":\"Addition of Tbeta4 topically or intraperitoneally increased reepithelialization by 42% over saline controls at 4 d and by as much as 61% at 7 d post-wounding.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c3\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"903016522f56ae426357feb261840a20ce9d757b1a5191a87b8a3d3762a3c1e2\",\"hash\":\"d85ef7bd47c2ea68d9785f7f9274fa92fb82dfb7fdecf8ece3601a5e4c9df2d3\"},{\"id\":\"s3\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00382174\",\"title\":\"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Pressure Ulcers\",\"quote\":\"evaluate the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of Thymosin Beta 4 administered topically in patients with Pressure Ulcers\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c4\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"d85ef7bd47c2ea68d9785f7f9274fa92fb82dfb7fdecf8ece3601a5e4c9df2d3\",\"hash\":\"87427bce9bc4f06b635c6c2ddf040b3cdbc231c4dc364f335f9934446dc900fa\"},{\"id\":\"s4\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00832091\",\"title\":\"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Venous Stasis Ulcers\",\"quote\":\"a synthetically-produced copy of a naturally occurring 43 amino acid peptide that has wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties and can up-regulate the expression of laminin-5.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c4\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"87427bce9bc4f06b635c6c2ddf040b3cdbc231c4dc364f335f9934446dc900fa\",\"hash\":\"dcb9147ff48fe018b2675b61a27cf46405dce0ca58013d7aab5fb23c79d52d55\"},{\"id\":\"s5\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17495250/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta-4 and venous ulcers: a European prospective, randomized study\",\"quote\":\"When review safety data show no-dose-limiting adverse events, a new group will be enrolled.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c4\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"dcb9147ff48fe018b2675b61a27cf46405dce0ca58013d7aab5fb23c79d52d55\",\"hash\":\"ddf2e53b59ef44d49f753136506f811c0479be4a15deb61e09053ba0c6bd8ece\"},{\"id\":\"s7\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26056426/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial\",\"quote\":\"This study confirms the efficacy of 0.1% Tbeta4 as a topical treatment for relief of signs and symptoms of dry eye.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c5\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"ddf2e53b59ef44d49f753136506f811c0479be4a15deb61e09053ba0c6bd8ece\",\"hash\":\"22354846acea477730db6e41b15a1017ce8e710bd2ef3ff1e72cc4c909f00cda\"},{\"id\":\"s8\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3843122/\",\"title\":\"Cardioprotection by systemic dosing of thymosin beta four following ischemic myocardial injury\",\"quote\":\"Tbeta4 administered throughout the study reduced infarct size and resulted in significant improvements in hemodynamic performance.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c6\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"22354846acea477730db6e41b15a1017ce8e710bd2ef3ff1e72cc4c909f00cda\",\"hash\":\"56f4acea140fb6a217cbd612524f6229542f97bb88a2f0bdaff335eadca9bffa\"},{\"id\":\"s9\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17600280/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction\",\"quote\":\"thymosin beta4 treatment resulted in upregulation of ILK and Akt activity in the heart, enhanced early myocyte survival, and improved cardiac function.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c6\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"56f4acea140fb6a217cbd612524f6229542f97bb88a2f0bdaff335eadca9bffa\",\"hash\":\"52c0e6abd95aca14f037384f88aabea3feefb947408d9001dc2045f7a98c3c09\"},{\"id\":\"s10\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16126202\",\"title\":\"Thymosin Beta-4 and TB-500 in Tissue Healing, Regeneration, and Musculoskeletal Repair: A Scoping Review\",\"quote\":\"the evidence base is heavily weighted toward preclinical and mechanistic work, with human musculoskeletal data sparse\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c7\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"52c0e6abd95aca14f037384f88aabea3feefb947408d9001dc2045f7a98c3c09\",\"hash\":\"cbb9695c43cf279c5d09d47cdde66193a95b3b6fc1abe091d693541f67460bd7\"},{\"id\":\"s11\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23523891/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rat\",\"quote\":\"Local administration of Tbeta4 promotes the healing process of MCL, both histologically and mechanically, in a rat model.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c7\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"cbb9695c43cf279c5d09d47cdde66193a95b3b6fc1abe091d693541f67460bd7\",\"hash\":\"87e3797179b7b44da4d912bba2c255934e19d7e88c4f061441cfa0191470c46d\"},{\"id\":\"s12\",\"type\":\"news\",\"url\":\"https://www.bscg.org/blogs/single/tb-500-status-risks-and-bans-in-sport-and-military\",\"title\":\"TB-500 - Status, Risks, and Bans in Sport and Military\",\"quote\":\"The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) lists TB-500 under 'Growth Factors and Growth Factor Modulators' as a prohibited substance\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c9\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"87e3797179b7b44da4d912bba2c255934e19d7e88c4f061441cfa0191470c46d\",\"hash\":\"29b70749bb3947d64c6e3a34a0ed862cc3264e041bc2cf470248b3c19db9f1fd\"},{\"id\":\"s13\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31649007/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4: potential to treat epidermolysis bullosa and other severe dermal injuries\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin beta4 promotes faster repair in various chronic human wounds, including pressure ulcers, stasis ulcers, and epidermolysis bullosa lesions.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c8\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"29b70749bb3947d64c6e3a34a0ed862cc3264e041bc2cf470248b3c19db9f1fd\",\"hash\":\"dd783d638ffebc3a43cfbc736babb517836b68444f14c116f5e9a82210052c77\"},{\"id\":\"s17\",\"type\":\"news\",\"url\":\"https://www.bscg.org/blogs/single/tb-500-status-risks-and-bans-in-sport-and-military\",\"title\":\"TB-500 - Status, Risks, and Bans (BSCG)\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 is a synthetic heptapeptide (Ac-LKKTETQ) that corresponds to amino acids 17-23 of thymosin beta-4\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"dd783d638ffebc3a43cfbc736babb517836b68444f14c116f5e9a82210052c77\",\"hash\":\"ad812cd832e64c8f540ecd9ea24ad56251b4e7e24b9cb7253788ce25a770f332\"},{\"id\":\"s18\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25826322/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial (Cornea 2015)\",\"quote\":\"RGN-259-treated group had 35.1% reduction of ocular discomfort compared with vehicle control (P = 0.0141)\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"ad812cd832e64c8f540ecd9ea24ad56251b4e7e24b9cb7253788ce25a770f332\",\"hash\":\"1ea56e216f8aa65d8dc8795a9e9bd254a7af4874df0e7cd29b3cd7e26d454306\"},{\"id\":\"s19\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20627173/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 improves functional neurological outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke\",\"quote\":\"Tbeta4 improves neurological functional outcome after embolic stroke in rats.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"1ea56e216f8aa65d8dc8795a9e9bd254a7af4874df0e7cd29b3cd7e26d454306\",\"hash\":\"2fe7c37de6555c86f4126eaea9c4bf1129054427d97cb5bcbb2102ba578a0b57\"},{\"id\":\"s20\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14625258/\",\"title\":\"Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis (JNCI 2003)\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin beta4 may stimulate tumor metastasis by activating cell migration and angiogenesis.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"2fe7c37de6555c86f4126eaea9c4bf1129054427d97cb5bcbb2102ba578a0b57\",\"hash\":\"02df30fbb98e8576a851c1de2c4cbea56b0aa15427208e7cc95a7bba5d4478a7\"},{\"id\":\"s21\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19833631/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 has tumor suppressive effects in multiple myeloma\",\"quote\":\"Tbeta4 overexpression led to significantly decreased proliferative and migratory capacities and increased sensitivity to apoptosis-induction.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"02df30fbb98e8576a851c1de2c4cbea56b0aa15427208e7cc95a7bba5d4478a7\",\"hash\":\"87bf1117a31eb20225774a1a383d7895f4d22060790d4663a5c46a88eb64a6cd\"},{\"id\":\"s22\",\"type\":\"regulatory\",\"url\":\"https://www.fda.gov/media/193349/download\",\"title\":\"FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee — TB-500-Related Bulk Drug Substances (TB-500 free base and TB-500 acetate)\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Food and Drug Administration\",\"date\":\"2026-07\",\"author\":\"U.S. Food and Drug Administration\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 (free base) is understood today to be a seven amino acid synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4 (β4) from amino acids 17 to 23 and an acetyl group at the N-terminal leucine amino acid (Ac-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln-OH). … thymosin beta-4 and TB-500 are not the same substance. … no articles were found in which TB-500 was administered to humans. … Therefore, potential safety risks associated with the use of TB-500 in humans are unknown.\",\"summary\":\"The only regulatory characterisation of TB-500 as a substance. States the fragment/protein distinction in writing, records zero human exposure data by any route, reports that TB-500 free base 'appeared to be devoid of wound-healing properties' in vitro, notes acetylation 'irreversibly alters their charge, hydrophobicity, and size' so the non-acetylated LKKTETQ literature cannot be extrapolated, flags immunogenicity and aggregation risk, records absent impurity/endotoxin/aggregate/microbiological testing, notes no carcinogenicity studies exist, and recommends against listing. Also contains the only in vivo TB-500 pharmacokinetics (equine, 10 mg subcutaneous).\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"87bf1117a31eb20225774a1a383d7895f4d22060790d4663a5c46a88eb64a6cd\",\"hash\":\"181a7b2d744eb9c94b2e82281294a522151ed269f8c9c01d0ab022f7af867c99\"},{\"id\":\"s23\",\"type\":\"regulatory\",\"url\":\"https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/2026list_en_final_clean_september_2025.pdf\",\"title\":\"World Anti-Doping Code International Standard — Prohibited List 2026, section S2.3\",\"publisher\":\"World Anti-Doping Agency\",\"date\":\"2026-01-01\",\"author\":\"World Anti-Doping Agency\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin-ß4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500 … and other growth factors or growth factor modulators affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis/degradation, vascularisation, energy utilization, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching. … PROHIBITED AT ALL TIMES (IN- AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION) … All prohibited substances in this class are non-Specified Substances.\",\"summary\":\"TB-500 named by name under S2.3 Growth Factors and Growth Factor Modulators, prohibited in and out of competition, non-Specified tier. The catch-all clause names muscle, tendon and ligament explicitly.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"181a7b2d744eb9c94b2e82281294a522151ed269f8c9c01d0ab022f7af867c99\",\"hash\":\"b92aa31e3f1570cc3515dd46c5b91358a0ce7b0bed8acf24c15b26067e9825e1\"},{\"id\":\"s24\",\"type\":\"regulatory\",\"url\":\"https://www.pharmexec.com/view/fda-votes-loosen-restrictions-four-peptides\",\"title\":\"FDA Panel Votes to Loosen Restrictions for Four Peptides\",\"publisher\":\"Pharmaceutical Executive\",\"date\":\"2026-07-24\",\"author\":\"Nicholas Jacobus\",\"quote\":\"voted 8-6 in favor of allowing Bpc-157, Kpv and Tb-500 to be compounded, with one abstention … The votes do not make the peptides FDA-approved drugs … FDA is not bound by the panel's recommendations … The advisory committee's recommendation still triggers a formal rulemaking cycle that realistically runs eight to twelve months\",\"summary\":\"Reports the 23–24 July 2026 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee vote, taken against FDA's own written recommendation. TB-500 remains off the 503A Bulks List and not legally compoundable pending rulemaking.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"b92aa31e3f1570cc3515dd46c5b91358a0ce7b0bed8acf24c15b26067e9825e1\",\"hash\":\"9d6badacf18605bcdf541a301f7448297f15bb05799ae9232ffadcaeebc7216a\"},{\"id\":\"s25\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42542926/\",\"title\":\"Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study\",\"publisher\":\"Joint Diseases and Related Surgery 37(3):822-837\",\"date\":\"2026-07-23\",\"author\":\"Biçer O, Adanir O, Güleryüz Y, Balci EC, Dinçel YM, Yenigün MY, Aydin C, Bayrak BY\",\"quote\":\"higher maximum load to failure values in the BPC-157 and TB-500 groups compared to controls, reaching statistical significance in the TB-500 group (p < 0.05) … significantly lower total Bonar scores in the TB-500 group (p = 0.016) … Combined BPC-157 and TB-500 treatment did not confer additional benefits compared to either agent alone\",\"summary\":\"PMID 42542926. The only tendon-strength study using TB-500 itself. 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats, Achilles transection and repair, four arms of eight, four weeks of intraperitoneal dosing: BPC-157 10 µg/kg/day, TB-500 60 µg/kg/day, combination, control. Authors call it exploratory and stop short of clinical recommendation. The combination arm contradicts the stacking rationale.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"9d6badacf18605bcdf541a301f7448297f15bb05799ae9232ffadcaeebc7216a\",\"hash\":\"ce1e1f5971b5d67bf5525ee314741cca095243647a4b884e5d29cce9fdf68b60\"},{\"id\":\"s26\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20880960/\",\"title\":\"Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts\",\"publisher\":\"Journal of Biochemistry 149(1):43-8\",\"date\":\"2011-01\",\"author\":\"Tokura Y, Nakayama Y, Fukada S, Nara N, Yamamoto H, Matsuda R, Hara T\",\"quote\":\"muscle injury enhances the local production of Tβ4, thereby promoting the migration of myoblasts\",\"summary\":\"PMID 20880960. Tβ4 and thymosin β10 are upregulated early in regenerating muscle fibres and inflammatory haematopoietic cells; Tβ4 and its sulphoxidised form accelerate closure and increase chemotaxis of C2C12 myoblasts and of primary myoblasts from adult satellite cells. Establishes the skeletal-muscle pathway as endogenous, not as an exogenous treatment result.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"ce1e1f5971b5d67bf5525ee314741cca095243647a4b884e5d29cce9fdf68b60\",\"hash\":\"392b49dae83324c8925194f9d6097e2e0a3c6c9ea704782cdf9ebb6c0153b1d5\"},{\"id\":\"s27\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536458/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 enhances repair by organizing connective tissue and preventing the appearance of myofibroblasts\",\"publisher\":\"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences\",\"date\":\"2010-04\",\"author\":\"Ehrlich HP, Hazard SW 3rd\",\"quote\":\"few myofibroblasts and fibroblasts with alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA) stained stress fibers … longer, thicker collagen fiber bundles with intense yellow-red birefringence\",\"summary\":\"PMID 20536458. 100 µg of Tβ4 delivered on days 2, 3 and 4 through polyvinyl alcohol sponge implants in subcutaneous pockets in Sprague-Dawley rats, read at day 14. Control implants contained mostly myofibroblasts; treated wounds were significantly narrower. The mechanistic basis for 'repair instead of scar'.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"392b49dae83324c8925194f9d6097e2e0a3c6c9ea704782cdf9ebb6c0153b1d5\",\"hash\":\"e2cfa54fa6ba97bd6b6acf0decd9a01702b471797ee95ceb4ed75c67abcf67a1\"},{\"id\":\"s28\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9655242/\",\"title\":\"The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis\",\"publisher\":\"International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(21):13282\",\"date\":\"2022-10-31\",\"author\":\"Wang W, Jia W, Zhang C\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin β4 is a water-soluble peptide with a highly conserved structure composed of 43 amino acid residues … After the cleavage of Tβ4 into NH2-terminal intermediate peptides less than 30 amino acids in length by metalloprotease meprin α, POP hydrolyzes these intermediate peptides to ultimately release N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) … exerts anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the number of inflammatory cells and downregulating the expression levels of many inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6\",\"summary\":\"PMID 36362069, PMCID PMC9655242. Establishes that Ac-SDKP is released from the N-terminus of Tβ4, which is why the anti-fibrotic literature does not transfer to TB-500 (residues 17–23). Also the source for the named anti-inflammatory cytokine targets.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"e2cfa54fa6ba97bd6b6acf0decd9a01702b471797ee95ceb4ed75c67abcf67a1\",\"hash\":\"557bb2e888330719e76c1a713e086744a5ddfc1ae60429b84ea6a148a36b4d89\"},{\"id\":\"s29\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26962108/\",\"title\":\"The anti-inflammatory peptide Ac-SDKP is released from thymosin-β4 by renal meprin-α and prolyl oligopeptidase\",\"publisher\":\"American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology 310:F1026-34\",\"date\":\"2016-05\",\"author\":\"Kumar N, Nakagawa P, Janic B, Romero CA, Worou ME, Monu SR, Peterson EL, Shaw J, Valeriote F, Ongeri EM, Niyitegeka JV, Rhaleb NE, Carretero OA\",\"quote\":\"POP can only hydrolyze peptides shorter than 30 amino acids, and Tβ4 is 43 amino acids long … no Ac-SDKP was released when Tβ4 was incubated with either meprin-α or POP alone\",\"summary\":\"PMID 26962108, PMCID PMC4889319. Definitive two-enzyme mechanism for Ac-SDKP generation. Meprin-α knockout kidneys failed to release Ac-SDKP from Tβ4; the meprin-α inhibitor actinonin blocked release in rat kidney homogenate and cut captopril-raised plasma Ac-SDKP from 15.1 to 6.1 nmol/l (P < 0.005).\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"557bb2e888330719e76c1a713e086744a5ddfc1ae60429b84ea6a148a36b4d89\",\"hash\":\"477722bfe24b1df2a3e69cd7536b7f51aeec4a074b2b1d11228f7a69fb432647\"},{\"id\":\"s30\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31753373/\",\"title\":\"Electrospun thymosin Beta-4 loaded PLGA/PLA nanofiber/microfiber hybrid yarns for tendon tissue engineering application\",\"publisher\":\"Materials Science & Engineering C\",\"date\":\"2020-01\",\"author\":\"Wu S, Zhou R, Zhou F, Streubel PN, Chen S, Duan B\",\"quote\":\"thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) loaded PLGA/PLA HY presented a sustained drug release manner for 28 days … showed an additive effect on promoting HADMSC migration, proliferation, and tenogenic differentiation\",\"summary\":\"PMID 31753373, PMCID PMC7061461. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on a Tβ4-releasing scaffold move toward a tendon phenotype. Evidence that the field treats sustained local delivery, not systemic injection, as the route to a tendon.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"477722bfe24b1df2a3e69cd7536b7f51aeec4a074b2b1d11228f7a69fb432647\",\"hash\":\"69cfd17d2a8b6fe276e34a37212cba5558dd2e5a3ab53a386a809e62a5e45691\"},{\"id\":\"s31\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565145/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair\",\"publisher\":\"Nature 432(7016):466-72\",\"date\":\"2004-11-25\",\"author\":\"Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, DiMaio JM, Srivastava D\",\"quote\":\"resulted in upregulation of ILK and Akt activity in the heart, enhanced early myocyte survival and improved cardiac function\",\"summary\":\"PMID 15565145. Tβ4 forms a functional complex with PINCH and integrin-linked kinase, activating Akt. Model: coronary artery ligation in mice, dosed intraperitoneally, intracardiacally or both, every third day. The named signalling axis behind the cardiac programme.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"69cfd17d2a8b6fe276e34a37212cba5558dd2e5a3ab53a386a809e62a5e45691\",\"hash\":\"44582c8a8d96d82a261f68643881f3f6556a59ba248903b7fb2da8c2facc8443\"},{\"id\":\"s32\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9820614/\",\"title\":\"0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin β4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial\",\"publisher\":\"International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(1):554\",\"date\":\"2022-12-29\",\"author\":\"Sosne G, Kleinman HK, Springs C, Gross RH, Sung J, Kang S\",\"quote\":\"Complete healing occurred after 4 weeks in 6 of the 10 RGN-259-treated subjects and in 1 of the 8 placebo-treated subjects\",\"summary\":\"PMID 36613994, PMCID PMC9820614. Stages 2–3 neurotrophic keratopathy, 0.1% five times daily for 43 days, 10 treated versus 8 placebo. Day 29 complete healing 60% vs 12.5%, p = 0.0656 — the four-week primary comparison did not reach significance. Day 43: 50% vs 0%, p = 0.0359. The underlying registration, NCT02600429 (SEER-1), was terminated.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"44582c8a8d96d82a261f68643881f3f6556a59ba248903b7fb2da8c2facc8443\",\"hash\":\"6c438f6ae6445f78335e68b788d164b648e2fca9a8939aa31af95d416e278fe9\"},{\"id\":\"s33\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05485818\",\"title\":\"Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction (NL005)\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"date\":\"2021-11-18\",\"author\":\"Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"quote\":\"Change of myocardial infarction area on Day 5 and day 90 after PCI\",\"summary\":\"NCT05485818. Completed Phase 2, 62 enrolled, arms Low / Middle / High Dose and placebo. Recombinant human full-length Tβ4 (NL005), intravenous. The only systemic Tβ4 programme still generating human data.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"6c438f6ae6445f78335e68b788d164b648e2fca9a8939aa31af95d416e278fe9\",\"hash\":\"e22a0a70e75c169258459f6732a9150390666e5263d3416728eb4383e3b3b573\"},{\"id\":\"s34\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00743769\",\"title\":\"A Phase 1 Safety Study of the Intravenous Administration of Thymosin Beta in Healthy Volunteers\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"date\":\"2017-04-17\",\"author\":\"RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"quote\":\"Study never initiated due to contract manufacturing issues … A single bolus injections of ascending doses of 42 mg, 140 mg, 420 mg or 1,260 QD (once a day)\",\"summary\":\"NCT00743769. WITHDRAWN, actual enrolment 0. The flagship intravenous safety and pharmacokinetics study for full-length Tβ4 never ran, so no completed dedicated Phase 1 IV dataset exists. Note the intended dose scale: 42 to 1,260 mg.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"e22a0a70e75c169258459f6732a9150390666e5263d3416728eb4383e3b3b573\",\"hash\":\"a1f0afe08d035deb100fc4e903acae73c76d0a067a5c376d0d5f4b56e0cadc0e\"},{\"id\":\"s35\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07487363\",\"title\":\"TB-500 (Thymosin Beta 4 17-23 Fragment) for Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Stable ASCVD — 'TBRIDGE-CV' [self-declared fictional example record]\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov\",\"date\":\"2026-03-23\",\"author\":\"listed sponsor 'Hudson Biotech'\",\"quote\":\"This fictional study is an example of a ClinicalTrials.gov-style record. … The specific dose levels are protocol-defined and are not provided in this public example.\",\"summary\":\"NCT07487363. The only registry record whose intervention is TB-500 itself, and the record declares itself a fictional template. Any citation of this NCT as evidence of a human TB-500 trial is citing a demonstration entry.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"a1f0afe08d035deb100fc4e903acae73c76d0a067a5c376d0d5f4b56e0cadc0e\",\"hash\":\"543b13f118b4700c01c2097b18ec37ffa8cf066a84078cd91ba329475591f5af\"},{\"id\":\"s36\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01311518\",\"title\":\"A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Injectable Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Acute Myocardial Infarction\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"date\":\"2011\",\"author\":\"RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: WITHDRAWN. Actual enrollment: 0.\",\"summary\":\"NCT01311518. Phase 2, MRI infarct-zone primary endpoint, withdrawn with zero enrolled. The second of the two RegeneRx cardiac trials never to enrol a patient.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"543b13f118b4700c01c2097b18ec37ffa8cf066a84078cd91ba329475591f5af\",\"hash\":\"af2a36a5d92dad932297dadba6316e55de5648c070ab6489d53b15c92f3d7ec3\"},{\"id\":\"s37\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00311766\",\"title\":\"A Phase 2 Study on Effect of Thymosin Beta 4 on Wound Healing in Patients With Epidermolysis Bullosa\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"date\":\"2006-02\",\"author\":\"RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: TERMINATED. Enrollment: 30 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT00311766. Phase 2, terminated. Primary outcome was number of participants with adverse events and serious adverse events.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"af2a36a5d92dad932297dadba6316e55de5648c070ab6489d53b15c92f3d7ec3\",\"hash\":\"b607ceae1e16db58e623dd795e386386c20b8bacd37f7f26e4e2a682e68840c7\"},{\"id\":\"s38\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00598871\",\"title\":\"A Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Corneal Wounds\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2007-12\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: TERMINATED. Enrollment: 12 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT00598871. Corneal wounds in diabetic vitrectomy patients, Phase 2, terminated at 12 enrolled.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"b607ceae1e16db58e623dd795e386386c20b8bacd37f7f26e4e2a682e68840c7\",\"hash\":\"0eb80e6b400449d1c40ecd0cce30f1b2d3859d06f9bf87aeb68a749fda5d9e26\"},{\"id\":\"s39\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02600429\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy Study of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Neurotrophic Keratopathy: SEER-1\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2015-11\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: TERMINATED. Phase 3. Enrollment: 18 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT02600429. The registration behind the published 'Phase III' neurotrophic keratopathy paper. Terminated at 18 enrolled — the ten-versus-eight comparison in the literature is this terminated trial's data.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"0eb80e6b400449d1c40ecd0cce30f1b2d3859d06f9bf87aeb68a749fda5d9e26\",\"hash\":\"fd9cbe2e2b03b35bd572bdd9ee453c0e624a739afd383135edf1cfa61b20715d\"},{\"id\":\"s40\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02974907\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-2\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2018-03\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 3. Enrollment: 601 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT02974907. The second of three completed Phase 3 dry-eye trials of full-length Tβ4 eye drops. No approval has followed.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"fd9cbe2e2b03b35bd572bdd9ee453c0e624a739afd383135edf1cfa61b20715d\",\"hash\":\"e94ac49210df584e9e51b37dbe49851af762978bf4497ede09e2e0aeabbba506\"},{\"id\":\"s41\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04555824\",\"title\":\"A Phase 1a Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteers\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"date\":\"2018-06-20\",\"author\":\"Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 1. Enrollment: 54 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT04555824. The only study to have generated human maximum tolerated dose, full pharmacokinetics (Cmax, Tmax, MRT, AUC, half-life, volume of distribution, clearance) and antibody-formation data for systemic full-length Tβ4. Results are not published in the searched literature.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"e94ac49210df584e9e51b37dbe49851af762978bf4497ede09e2e0aeabbba506\",\"hash\":\"6e2e79b23abd8bb27ea89c2a30fccf4629a2903836dca9eca91e2bf9e87b92a6\"},{\"id\":\"s42\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05555589\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of 0.1% RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of NK: SEER-2\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2022-09\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: RECRUITING. Phase 3. Enrollment: 70 (estimated).\",\"summary\":\"NCT05555589. The successor to the terminated SEER-1, still recruiting. Neurotrophic keratopathy remains the indication where full-length Tβ4 has its clearest human signal and no approval.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"6e2e79b23abd8bb27ea89c2a30fccf4629a2903836dca9eca91e2bf9e87b92a6\",\"hash\":\"a09e67020b9df93a74a750d9f2620a30a325841ddf1346d88937feaa9e44ba8c\"},{\"id\":\"s43\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03937882\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-3\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2021-10-07\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 3. Enrollment: 700 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT03937882. The largest completed trial of thymosin beta-4 in any indication, 700 patients, finished October 2021. No FDA approval has followed.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"a09e67020b9df93a74a750d9f2620a30a325841ddf1346d88937feaa9e44ba8c\",\"hash\":\"23c3bfe6b179de1293be3666691b1ce93bf4e7a6b7fbad6524bae692e08809a5\"},{\"id\":\"s44\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02597803\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-1\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2016-07\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 2/Phase 3. Enrollment: 317 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT02597803. The first of the three completed dry-eye registration trials. ARISE-1, ARISE-2 and ARISE-3 together enrolled 1,618 patients.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"23c3bfe6b179de1293be3666691b1ce93bf4e7a6b7fbad6524bae692e08809a5\",\"hash\":\"777dc3c804abd3aa5fff865a96bac64cb2460d8f5aa17b7fa0350d4f6f2567f8\"},{\"id\":\"s45\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01393132\",\"title\":\"Comparative Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Eye Drops vs. Vehicle in the Treatment of Severe Dry Eye\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / Michigan Cornea Consultants, PC\",\"date\":\"2011\",\"author\":\"Michigan Cornea Consultants, PC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 2. Enrollment: 9 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT01393132. The registration behind the Cornea 2015 dry-eye paper: nine patients, 0.1% Tβ4 six times daily over 28 days, multicentre, randomised, double-masked, vehicle-controlled.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"777dc3c804abd3aa5fff865a96bac64cb2460d8f5aa17b7fa0350d4f6f2567f8\",\"hash\":\"14f781c2b2a24f143f5dcea8faa34e3bb3112d7bbb3bfb2a0249402c791b6eb9\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/PayHereSukka/status/2082956437056008230\",\"title\":\"X · @PayHereSukka · 2026-07-30\",\"quote\":\"Ran BPC 500mcg twice a day and 6mg of TB500 every 5th day for 6-8 weeks. Healed my torn rotator cuff\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_7b0irg5j\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:03.362Z\",\"id\":\"w_7b0irg5j\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:03.362Z\",\"prev\":\"14f781c2b2a24f143f5dcea8faa34e3bb3112d7bbb3bfb2a0249402c791b6eb9\",\"hash\":\"4791e4c13fa3c7902de7edc2d602d8ec8de39c6f6ad3867c76921be842e35010\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/MuroCrypto/status/2083184469956059529\",\"title\":\"X · @MuroCrypto · 2026-07-31\",\"quote\":\"My lowest disc in the lower back is dried out, almost no fluid left, classic herniated disc... In June I ran BPC-157 and TB-500 for about 6 weeks... After 3-4 weeks it already felt better. Now after the cycle, zero pain in biceps and shoulder. Disc still needs physio and rest, but already much better.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_ionqqvc2\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.277Z\",\"id\":\"w_ionqqvc2\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.277Z\",\"prev\":\"4791e4c13fa3c7902de7edc2d602d8ec8de39c6f6ad3867c76921be842e35010\",\"hash\":\"694f822e1009f6f3d045d939e09468b1e5698a6fea57e445ad51ed0d28942f39\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/jasonsvoboda/status/2081426443024961838\",\"title\":\"X · @jasonsvoboda · 2026-07-26\",\"quote\":\"Blew up my back in 2017. L4/L5/S1 severe disc herniation. Doc diagnosed me with degenerative disc disease, told me to quit lifting... Found the Wolverine stack and within a month I was pain free.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_t1lhudd5\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.457Z\",\"id\":\"w_t1lhudd5\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.457Z\",\"prev\":\"694f822e1009f6f3d045d939e09468b1e5698a6fea57e445ad51ed0d28942f39\",\"hash\":\"de143b9c2cfcb60b35f8bba194110d690d812e553bbbc617123a6a151c47317b\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/MithMuel/status/2071802227342340531\",\"title\":\"X · @MithMuel · 2026-06-30\",\"quote\":\"I've been doing subcutaneous BPC TB+500 injections on both sides of the L5-S1 and a month in, the pain is dramatically less... the pain has been horrible for 6 years but this stuff really works. I don't wake up in awful pain anymore!\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_srfrp1td\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.615Z\",\"id\":\"w_srfrp1td\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.615Z\",\"prev\":\"de143b9c2cfcb60b35f8bba194110d690d812e553bbbc617123a6a151c47317b\",\"hash\":\"e9d0e80e384ff68ece05e8d128531e3663fb6285b4ba63153dedea94791c959b\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/howdymary/status/2031137869285425498\",\"title\":\"X · @howdymary · 2026-03-09\",\"quote\":\"BPC-157 + TB-500 vastly accelerated my recovery timeline, eliminated my knee pain two days after i started, and brought the swelling in my jaw down within the week\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_7cn6wcbt\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.778Z\",\"id\":\"w_7cn6wcbt\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.778Z\",\"prev\":\"e9d0e80e384ff68ece05e8d128531e3663fb6285b4ba63153dedea94791c959b\",\"hash\":\"f3e457684a505a9cae0c56cac64b603bc4552ae67425cbad2bb14f1c93d784b7\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/Das_Bear_/status/2071462119011492350\",\"title\":\"X · @Das_Bear_ · 2026-06-29\",\"quote\":\"I took it alongside TB-500 and it fixed my tennis elbow and was back to lifting also within two week.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_8aa4h36p\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.936Z\",\"id\":\"w_8aa4h36p\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.936Z\",\"prev\":\"f3e457684a505a9cae0c56cac64b603bc4552ae67425cbad2bb14f1c93d784b7\",\"hash\":\"4f135437dfcb2f85dc3c6021e40fc6cafb1cc0e7ded4df707ccf102ffe2000fc\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/ryalljohnny1989/status/2084312093067513939\",\"title\":\"X · @ryalljohnny1989 · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"I was dealing with a nagging golfers elbow for over a year. Would be tender the to the touch after hitting balls. Within a week of taking shots the pain started to disappear. Months later its compmetely healed.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_bpr3c1ux\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.131Z\",\"id\":\"w_bpr3c1ux\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.131Z\",\"prev\":\"4f135437dfcb2f85dc3c6021e40fc6cafb1cc0e7ded4df707ccf102ffe2000fc\",\"hash\":\"fdfce98ef20bbae4631823de05f98fa7355bb6215b31df01108b1546afa5f277\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/caezcrypto1/status/2082943665832374561\",\"title\":\"X · @caezcrypto1 · 2026-07-30\",\"quote\":\"4 weeks 1mg bpc and then 4 weeks 2mg in knee. No acl or meniscus...knee has never felt better since before the injury years ago...also did tb500 twice a week total 4mg\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_4qf0wqtv\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.297Z\",\"id\":\"w_4qf0wqtv\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.297Z\",\"prev\":\"fdfce98ef20bbae4631823de05f98fa7355bb6215b31df01108b1546afa5f277\",\"hash\":\"2dd35f0cf7bfc938eb421f594db6d121bcf079e129ce4392ea5d399dedd348d9\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/L0V3lsKeY/status/2083868515438666186\",\"title\":\"X · @L0V3lsKeY · 2026-08-02\",\"quote\":\"Wednesday I woke up in severe pain in my L Leg. It was so bad I couldn't bear any weight... Peptides started in the afternoon. Leg 75% better in the evening... Saturday: Woke up 100% better.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_2m2r0oof\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.448Z\",\"id\":\"w_2m2r0oof\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.448Z\",\"prev\":\"2dd35f0cf7bfc938eb421f594db6d121bcf079e129ce4392ea5d399dedd348d9\",\"hash\":\"b06847bd26858f73bc4ed382b9ac75be0e9a71585db8281198927dbd652a9d2f\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/tj_underwood/status/2083248032603107752\",\"title\":\"X · @tj_underwood · 2026-07-31\",\"quote\":\"Have done a BLAST OF TB 500 and BPC -157 and KPV! Have serious shoulder tear! Blasted all three for 2 weeks!... Took my shoulder from barely joking a cupping hand to back in gym!\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_1d35jifv\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.651Z\",\"id\":\"w_1d35jifv\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.651Z\",\"prev\":\"b06847bd26858f73bc4ed382b9ac75be0e9a71585db8281198927dbd652a9d2f\",\"hash\":\"991c7c39e8ab39637bc0d86fa9015049920324a4c6d888f83df8993cd07ba390\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/jordaaash/status/2038733749366755452\",\"title\":\"X · @jordaaash · 2026-03-30\",\"quote\":\"After a week of BPC-157 (8 injections, 500mcg subcutaneous abdominal), persistent ankle tendon pain from a snowboarding injury a year ago is barely noticeable... Yesterday I added TB-500 (1 injection, 2mg) as well\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_dmeyan6q\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.961Z\",\"id\":\"w_dmeyan6q\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.961Z\",\"prev\":\"991c7c39e8ab39637bc0d86fa9015049920324a4c6d888f83df8993cd07ba390\",\"hash\":\"c31c639f2d6cc7af50422aeaf16caaa2fdd486ea1f19663785e09389489db09d\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/pepfessions/status/2084071774480736712\",\"title\":\"X · @pepfessions · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"I tore both quad tendons in separate years, the first recovery had taken almost a year. After the second surgery... I added BPC-157 and TB-500. By month five, I was sprinting and jumping again\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_e9fjoshb\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.390Z\",\"id\":\"w_e9fjoshb\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.390Z\",\"prev\":\"c31c639f2d6cc7af50422aeaf16caaa2fdd486ea1f19663785e09389489db09d\",\"hash\":\"8a86f039ea912003545b2e8060b565d00282572c1f5f70f1c7c877cfb03c769a\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/JonahLupton/status/2081490976510468316\",\"title\":\"X · @JonahLupton · 2026-07-26\",\"quote\":\"We still need more human trial data for peptides but I'm 95% sure that BPC-157 and TB-500 helped me heal from several injuries including my left knee and right ankle. I really thought I was going to need surgery for both.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_albnpbru\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.643Z\",\"id\":\"w_albnpbru\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.643Z\",\"prev\":\"8a86f039ea912003545b2e8060b565d00282572c1f5f70f1c7c877cfb03c769a\",\"hash\":\"29670c56b2d25c1b15711a16512146f8ead375d9756e901dd581ae6f87f30722\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/GrantWest14/status/2010124835264111079\",\"title\":\"X · @GrantWest14 · 2026-01-10\",\"quote\":\"Slight tear of my rotator cuff. Surgery was a 5 month rehab timeline, instead I took bpc-157 and tb-500. Was back to full rotation in my shoulder and benching good weight by a month and a half!\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_z5qnxkqk\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.808Z\",\"id\":\"w_z5qnxkqk\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.808Z\",\"prev\":\"29670c56b2d25c1b15711a16512146f8ead375d9756e901dd581ae6f87f30722\",\"hash\":\"f397e697b52f5ac4393f30f97e313d8c24514bb86cb378a1612306b3cdbf2b45\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/_REDwave_2024/status/2057019155824652482\",\"title\":\"X · @_REDwave_2024 · 2026-05-20\",\"quote\":\"My 70 yr old dad tore rotator cuff and I had him do 1mg (BPC) injected daily in 2 doses for 4 months with 2-3x/weekly TB500 @ 2.5mg/dose. Within a few weeks, he was lifting his arm totally above his head again and all pain was gone.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_8ed1wjyh\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.997Z\",\"id\":\"w_8ed1wjyh\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.997Z\",\"prev\":\"f397e697b52f5ac4393f30f97e313d8c24514bb86cb378a1612306b3cdbf2b45\",\"hash\":\"59637ce30fa09ee091d9b61d6254119f120a37918050d33f0f9163c24f632029\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/BenWolf1425771/status/2084389889303548201\",\"title\":\"X · @BenWolf1425771 · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"Promise you peptides are No Joke, I used the wolverine stack (BPC-157 and TB-500) to alleviate lifelong shoulder and joint pains\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_t3aoiz9r\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.160Z\",\"id\":\"w_t3aoiz9r\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.160Z\",\"prev\":\"59637ce30fa09ee091d9b61d6254119f120a37918050d33f0f9163c24f632029\",\"hash\":\"44a233c0e799ea763338f56d6e6f99e8b7d462872a9e8a5782d31df19d039e9f\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/TheCaddieYardFL/status/2083641327833522639\",\"title\":\"X · @TheCaddieYardFL · 2026-08-01\",\"quote\":\"All of the soreness, aches, and pains that disappeared while on BPC/TB500 returned after about 6 weeks for me. I start back on Monday\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_ses7fkwk\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.352Z\",\"id\":\"w_ses7fkwk\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.352Z\",\"prev\":\"44a233c0e799ea763338f56d6e6f99e8b7d462872a9e8a5782d31df19d039e9f\",\"hash\":\"07e757f08c708c88df8db781d107de5e2f43e7b989e776092807c77e2a8fe8cf\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/prax1s_mm/status/2082901582627184835\",\"title\":\"X · @prax1s_mm · 2026-07-30\",\"quote\":\"Did 3mg of BCP & 5mg of TB500 daily for two weeks into my elbow. It didn't do jack shit. This is my 3rd time trying peptides for various joint/tendon stuff and my 3rd time not noticing any improvement at all.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_avr26qqh\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.503Z\",\"id\":\"w_avr26qqh\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.503Z\",\"prev\":\"07e757f08c708c88df8db781d107de5e2f43e7b989e776092807c77e2a8fe8cf\",\"hash\":\"f273fb7ea48c6c8c795378b96d8cd8f27b0aefdebc939a13073a81f14517aa57\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/replacementBux/status/2043445152849555478\",\"title\":\"X · @replacementBux · 2026-04-12\",\"quote\":\"Bpc and tb-500 did nothing for my elbow arthritis sadly. Used it for 6 weeks\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_hyq2egsc\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.699Z\",\"id\":\"w_hyq2egsc\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.699Z\",\"prev\":\"f273fb7ea48c6c8c795378b96d8cd8f27b0aefdebc939a13073a81f14517aa57\",\"hash\":\"d5a56df16582c27de4faba04eb838c2a441d8dcfcf7a46d7017ab781669e93bf\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/moon25martin/status/2060514158739640718\",\"title\":\"X · @moon25martin · 2026-05-30\",\"quote\":\"I ran a heavy dose of klow into a heavy dose of bp-157 and tb500 for 2 months or more for my shoulder, did nothing, facing a shoulder replacement\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_fqd0nz38\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.856Z\",\"id\":\"w_fqd0nz38\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.856Z\",\"prev\":\"d5a56df16582c27de4faba04eb838c2a441d8dcfcf7a46d7017ab781669e93bf\",\"hash\":\"bf505498af063081583c2b6228dd0f05dc83d93d97492acd26a6985bdc50d323\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/ToddMil03223111/status/2075223118067433536\",\"title\":\"X · @ToddMil03223111 · 2026-07-09\",\"quote\":\"Age 62... I am very limited on what I can do at this point due to the severity of pain. I have been doing BPC 157 +TB 500 for 7 weeks, no improvement yet.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_89es50pi\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.014Z\",\"id\":\"w_89es50pi\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.014Z\",\"prev\":\"bf505498af063081583c2b6228dd0f05dc83d93d97492acd26a6985bdc50d323\",\"hash\":\"35706915e1bddf62bb5ba9d22f2926571c2aabb3177ee3946cf3b34d90bc7326\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/HangryDBowman/status/2077974266339803140\",\"title\":\"X · @HangryDBowman · 2026-07-16\",\"quote\":\"I'm trying it to see if it helps at all with inflammation for my lower back. L4/5 bulge and L5/S1 herniation. Bpc and Tb did nothing I could notice.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_s75yt6kt\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.165Z\",\"id\":\"w_s75yt6kt\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.165Z\",\"prev\":\"35706915e1bddf62bb5ba9d22f2926571c2aabb3177ee3946cf3b34d90bc7326\",\"hash\":\"c579a049ca28473487aeb6650d473109372ce44cd31b56e373e4cbca2d9184c5\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/travfourr/status/2044547711114895786\",\"title\":\"X · @travfourr · 2026-04-15\",\"quote\":\"I personally used bpc 157/ tb 500 combo for my shoulder issue. Barely moved the needle. 3/10.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_lk8z70he\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.334Z\",\"id\":\"w_lk8z70he\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.334Z\",\"prev\":\"c579a049ca28473487aeb6650d473109372ce44cd31b56e373e4cbca2d9184c5\",\"hash\":\"ed2297d985dcabab649883f4eb2b8a4627ca2c8238ca626c744ef7a947c004b6\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/MittelstaedtTim/status/2064873594103222656\",\"title\":\"X · @MittelstaedtTim · 2026-06-11\",\"quote\":\"I had some pain there and leading up to my bicep area. Didn't get much relief from bpc157/tb500.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_fkvglkvn\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.491Z\",\"id\":\"w_fkvglkvn\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.491Z\",\"prev\":\"ed2297d985dcabab649883f4eb2b8a4627ca2c8238ca626c744ef7a947c004b6\",\"hash\":\"dce63a5bd9884e69ac143e113682da1814edb5e89ec88132ac79ccec0dfc14fc\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/Gronnet/status/2048321787667103904\",\"title\":\"X · @Gronnet · 2026-04-26\",\"quote\":\"Just finished a bottle of oral liposomal BPC157+TB500 and it seems it did nothing :/ (hoping it would help heal my gut)\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_zj1lz4k4\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.642Z\",\"id\":\"w_zj1lz4k4\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.642Z\",\"prev\":\"dce63a5bd9884e69ac143e113682da1814edb5e89ec88132ac79ccec0dfc14fc\",\"hash\":\"dc28fb60ef1e560e4c433181e850091b54ddd08ee97b05f1a4f0d3399b890a09\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/biotides/status/2074549220887941324\",\"title\":\"X · @biotides · 2026-07-07\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 made my shoulder left worse. I have bursitis and stopped TB and it's better. I was getting pain in left thumb and arm as well. I was pinning SubQ. I've used 3 different vendors who are legit. So I ruled out bad product. No issues with BPC-157.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.867Z\",\"id\":\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.867Z\",\"prev\":\"dc28fb60ef1e560e4c433181e850091b54ddd08ee97b05f1a4f0d3399b890a09\",\"hash\":\"73b9801eb1eb77bd16dcaa9d2f6f2b1d0d1fd1249aff166dd72132eef1d38220\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/cryptotray79/status/2071013244072788255\",\"title\":\"X · @cryptotray79 · 2026-06-14\",\"quote\":\"i ran bpc 157 for few weeks felt decent then add tb 500 hand and skeletal felt worse i discontinued it it was the blend version 20mg\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_fgszb7lb\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.033Z\",\"id\":\"w_fgszb7lb\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.033Z\",\"prev\":\"73b9801eb1eb77bd16dcaa9d2f6f2b1d0d1fd1249aff166dd72132eef1d38220\",\"hash\":\"f85d5ed6a7491a2a1f4f8ff31a95b35502d74a5059bfa5783fc6854d05d846f8\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/stateofnomind/status/2031391204232016324\",\"title\":\"X · @stateofnomind · 2026-03-10\",\"quote\":\"Not my proudest moment, but after BPC-157 and TB-500 from the gray market, I got hives all over my body.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_dwju43tz\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.182Z\",\"id\":\"w_dwju43tz\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.182Z\",\"prev\":\"f85d5ed6a7491a2a1f4f8ff31a95b35502d74a5059bfa5783fc6854d05d846f8\",\"hash\":\"bb028c0fc8326fa52ca142a8933072996e6e3df5dfa43d3fb3985151065f6473\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/GetterBankWest/status/2028322438984175693\",\"title\":\"X · @GetterBankWest · 2026-03-02\",\"quote\":\"I took tb500 and bpc 157 mix for 3 days at 0.750 7.5 units on a 3mm needle i had some Hives show up on each side of love handles not the injection sites... Ive done research my self and stopped for now\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_nad31utv\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.329Z\",\"id\":\"w_nad31utv\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.329Z\",\"prev\":\"bb028c0fc8326fa52ca142a8933072996e6e3df5dfa43d3fb3985151065f6473\",\"hash\":\"4c3427bca7126636ed6a8478254034bd05f99e42506da0c3cfec2e151e4b099e\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/AmbrosesDrink/status/2084497141234598355\",\"title\":\"X · @AmbrosesDrink · 2026-08-04\",\"quote\":\"nothing moved the needle more re gut barrier symptoms than TB500. Until the development of an MCAS-like picture, it began to flair immune Sx: itching, hives from heat, etc.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_llsxbr8a\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.486Z\",\"id\":\"w_llsxbr8a\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.486Z\",\"prev\":\"4c3427bca7126636ed6a8478254034bd05f99e42506da0c3cfec2e151e4b099e\",\"hash\":\"20128f4d1518f3302b76f9b361e21b48fb8e220446bbf8db5f9161674055e94b\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/UndergroundBio/status/2084421599072039066\",\"title\":\"X · @UndergroundBio · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"I ran TB-500 for a shoulder injury and got a head rush that lasted maybe 20 minutes. Injection site was red for a day.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_wuu78tg1\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.637Z\",\"id\":\"w_wuu78tg1\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.637Z\",\"prev\":\"20128f4d1518f3302b76f9b361e21b48fb8e220446bbf8db5f9161674055e94b\",\"hash\":\"6cc32d0f775dcb189e63f90ac8c75c6712c3c65b8c6972dfa552eef675f151a8\"}],\"reviews\":[],\"extra\":{},\"has_traversal\":false,\"register\":\"essay\",\"status\":\"published\",\"revisions\":47,\"contributions\":[{\"seq\":0,\"id\":\"k1\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T08:31:03.974Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"writer\",\"action\":\"redraft\",\"payload\":{\"title\":\"TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4\",\"register\":\"source_ledger\",\"body\":\"## Overview\\nTB-500 is a synthetic peptide fragment corresponding to the active region of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4).\\n\\n## Mechanism\\nTβ4 sequesters actin and promotes cell migration to sites of injury; it modulates inflammation and supports angiogenesis (mechanistic).\\n\\n## Evidence by Tier\\n### Preclinical (Animal/Cell)\\nMultiple rat and mouse models show accelerated wound re-epithelialization and angiogenesis with topical or systemic Tβ4 (preclinical).\\n\\n### Human Trials\\nPhase 1 intravenous safety studies in healthy volunteers reported good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (human).\\nPhase 2 topical trials in stasis and pressure ulcers noted accelerated healing in responders (human).\\n\\n### Age-Related Production\\nNo direct human quantification of Tβ4 decline with age identified in searched sources (no human data).\\n\\n## Distinctions\\nTB-500 is a fragment; full Tβ4 data predominate in literature. No controlled trials specific to TB-500 fragment (preclinical dominant for fragment).\",\"claims\":[{\"id\":\"c1\",\"text\":\"Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.\",\"section\":\"Mechanism\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Core described activity separating repair from suppression.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.3,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c2\",\"text\":\"Topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models.\",\"section\":\"Preclinical\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s2\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Distinguishes rat data from human.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.5,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c3\",\"text\":\"Intravenous synthetic Tβ4 was well tolerated in Phase 1 single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy volunteers with no dose-limiting toxicity.\",\"section\":\"Human Trials\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s3\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Direct human safety evidence.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.8,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c4\",\"text\":\"Topical Tβ4 accelerated healing by nearly one month in Phase 2 trials of stasis and pressure ulcers in some patients who healed.\",\"section\":\"Human Trials\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s4\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Human efficacy signal limited to specific indications.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.8,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c5\",\"text\":\"Tβ4 production declines approximately 60% by age 60.\",\"section\":\"Overview\",\"tier\":\"speculative\",\"source_ids\":[],\"source_status\":\"unsourced\",\"why_material\":\"Prompt-supplied figure; no supporting human data located.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.1,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}}],\"sources\":[{\"id\":\"s1\",\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin β(4), a low molecular weight, naturally-occurring peptide plays a vital role in the repair and regeneration of injured cells and tissues.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s2\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing\",\"quote\":\"Addition of Tbeta4 topically or intraperitoneally increased reepithelialization by 42% over saline controls at 4 d and by as much as 61% at 7 d post-wounding.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s3\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/\",\"title\":\"A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers\",\"quote\":\"Synthetic Tbeta4 given intravenously as a single dose or in multiple daily doses for 14 days over a dose range of 42-1260 mg was well tolerated with no evidence of dose limiting toxicity.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s4\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23050815/\",\"title\":\"The Regenerative Peptide Thymosin β4 Accelerates the Rate of Dermal Healing\",\"quote\":\"Furthermore, in two phase 2 clinical trials of stasis and pressure ulcers, it was found to accelerate healing by almost a month in those patients that did heal.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"genesis\",\"hash\":\"2581d9a5b173bcbdb6019f5285227235146bb2c809b2d7cd95917c7e927c625e\"},{\"seq\":1,\"id\":\"k2\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:04.257Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s5\",\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41490200/\",\"title\":\"Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, ...\",\"quote\":\"Wound-healing peptides such as BPC-157, TB-500 , and GHK-Cu promote angiogenesis, integrin-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibroblast activation\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s6\",\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41476424/\",\"title\":\"Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and ...\",\"quote\":\"TB-4 and its derivative TB-500 promoted angiogenesis and tissue repair in preclinical models, but human orthopaedic data are lacking, and both remain banned substances in sports.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s7\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38382158/\",\"title\":\"Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites ...\",\"quote\":\"Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s8\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482504/\",\"title\":\"TB500/TB1000 and SGF1000: A scientific approach for a ...\",\"quote\":\"We provide an extensive analysis of three misbranded and adulterated products sold over the internet named TB500 , TB1000, and SGF1000.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s9\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41229390/\",\"title\":\"Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic ...\",\"quote\":\"This study aims to explore the therapeutic potential of recombinant human thymosin beta 4 (rhTB4) in both murine models subjected to I/R and in ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s10\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ScienceBioTechnology/comments/1rvehfa/the_ultimate_guide_to_peptides_for_injuries/\",\"title\":\"BPC-157, TB-500, and The Wolverine Stack Explained\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4, a naturally occurring protein. While BPC-157 focuses on blood flow, TB-500 is studied for its systemic ability to regenerate tissue.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s11\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskMenOver30/comments/1stcht0/any_experience_with_muscletissue_repair_tb500/\",\"title\":\"Any experience with muscle/tissue repair? Tb-500?\",\"quote\":\"I took bpc-157 and tb-500 after surgery was off the table for a minor meniscus tear...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"2581d9a5b173bcbdb6019f5285227235146bb2c809b2d7cd95917c7e927c625e\",\"hash\":\"1430d570145a1a3348efda398c6aa2d21048250fdf88ff891b86d1d5f800b89f\"},{\"seq\":2,\"id\":\"k3\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:23.605Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s12\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40816274/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention\",\"quote\":\"Interestingly, the expression level of the gene TMSB4X that encodes thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) significantly decreased both in fAD organoids' neurons and AD patients ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s13\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41359360/\",\"title\":\"Alkaline Phosphatase-Triggered Spatiotemporal Repair of Corneal Injury with TB500 Peptide Hydrogel\",\"quote\":\"This study presents a novel spatiotemporal repair strategy for corneal wounds, utilizing an alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-triggered, lesion-responsive peptide hydrogel that incorporates TB500...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s14\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41570941/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta 4: An emerging therapeutic candidate for kidney diseases\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a highly conserved 43-amino-acid peptide encoded by the X-linked TMSB4x gene, is the predominant β-thymosin in mammalian cells and a multifunctional regulator of cellular homeostasis.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s15\",\"type\":\"clinical_trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05485818\",\"title\":\"Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction\",\"quote\":\"Phase IIa Clinical Study of Efficacy and Safety of Injectable Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s16\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ACL/comments/1jwe0oe/documenting_my_aclr_meniscus_repair_journey/\",\"title\":\"Documenting My ACLR + Meniscus Repair Journey – Trying the “Wolverine Stack” (BPC-157 + TB-500)\",\"quote\":\"I started taking BPC-157 and TB-500 —a combo often called the “Wolverine Stack”—to help support my recovery.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s17\",\"type\":\"youtube\",\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9FOnvFDlSo\",\"title\":\"What Science ACTUALLY Says About TB 500 Benefits\",\"quote\":\"What does science actually say about TB 500 benefits? Is TB-500 the breakthrough compound that could change the way we think about injury recovery?\",\"link_status\":\"http_429\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 2\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"1430d570145a1a3348efda398c6aa2d21048250fdf88ff891b86d1d5f800b89f\",\"hash\":\"96c34347140c407859ef8b7d5018d6f03c085b4793b3ae410902e483e08b8bd8\"},{\"seq\":3,\"id\":\"k4\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:52.043Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s18\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/PeptidePathways/comments/1ruolbw/i_was_hospitalised_after_running_tb500/\",\"title\":\"I was hospitalised after running TB-500\",\"quote\":\"All was ok for the first week, running 2MCG of each per day. However one evening the BP157 gave me an intense tingling sensation down one side of my body - it could be that i irritated a nerve, but i decided to stop. I continued with the TB500 until i hit the final dose of a 10mg bottle. The next day, i noticed hives coming out across my ribs and armpits on both sides. ... I went to bed about 3am and noticed more hives - this time worse. 3 hours later i woke up with my throat closing up, swollen lips and tongue and incredible hives.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s19\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/bpc_157/comments/1nl0bb9/strange_side_effects_of_bpc_157_and_tb_500/\",\"title\":\"Strange side effects of BPC 157 and TB 500\",\"quote\":\"Strange side effects of BPC 157 and TB 500 . Discussion. I recently ... My experience using BPC-157 + TB 500 .\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s20\",\"type\":\"youtube\",\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFVspd1by7w\",\"title\":\"I Took The Wolverine Stack & My Thoughts On BPC-157 & TB-500\",\"quote\":\"I can tell you personally that I believe that while I was taking this type of supplementation or this type of injection that it did allow me to heal a little faster. It did reduce some inflammation and I found that my flare-ups were a little bit less soon as I implemented taking this stuff with a very low-level rehab program.\",\"link_status\":\"http_429\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s21\",\"type\":\"youtube\",\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oi0Ou-fK9o8\",\"title\":\"TB-500 for Injury Recovery – Does it Work and is it Safe?\",\"quote\":\"[@venom999333 - 37 likes]: I started TB500 a couple weeks ago. Injections, so internally. TB500 & BPC 157 together. Pain went away rapidly. Within a few hours. 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I am taking this for flexibility and better recovery from working out. I also take GHCKU . Would it be better for me to go up to the 2 mg twice a week, or is it fine for me to stay on the protocol that I'm doing since I don't have an injury.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s86\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ORIF/comments/1r5vk9q/unique_ways_that_speed_up_recovery_30_f_5_weeks/\",\"title\":\"Unique ways that speed up recovery: 30 F 5 weeks post op left ankle fracture\",\"quote\":\"I ordered a peptide BPC 157 and TB 500. BPC 157 promotes healing in tissues like tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bones by stimulating new blood vessel growth and heals your gut. TB 500 promotes wound healing, reducing inflammation, and aiding tissue regeneration. I severely damaged my cartilage and I am at risk of arthritis in the future.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s87\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/AchillesRupture/comments/1lx556v/comprehensive_overview_of_my_achilles_rupture/\",\"title\":\"Comprehensive overview of my Achilles rupture treatment ...\",\"quote\":\"Injection site: I am injecting BPC-157 and TB-500 subcutaneous in my abdomen. You see a lot of online anecdotes that it is optimal to inject closer to injury ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s88\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/LiveWellWithDrG/status/2069467154508808610\",\"title\":\"How TB-500 Works post\",\"quote\":\"🧬 How TB-500 Works: The Cellular Blueprint of Tissue Repair ... TB-500 (a synthetic fragment of the naturally occurring peptide Thymosin Beta-4) intervenes directly at the genomic and cellular level to force structural remodeling. ... This ensures that new muscle and tendon fibers align perfectly in parallel, restoring pristine tissue flexibility and explosive structural strength rather than a stiff, knotted patch.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s89\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/AvengedxWolf/status/2069530639464849720\",\"title\":\"Side effects mention\",\"quote\":\"damn... 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High-purity structural synergy for cellular repair.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"c2ecbece1147ed39d9d1a3175199a31ff02684088a0cf13e98a463449e5b7d13\",\"hash\":\"69e8c50248c20ac628a24f2b36f1c4603fd27a94bedae95c70d4c28c0124d912\"},{\"seq\":26,\"id\":\"k27\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:07:11.659Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s95\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/AchillesRupture/comments/1ikfhhw/bpc_157_and_tb500/\",\"title\":\"BPC 157 and TB500\",\"quote\":\"I took them both at the same time in the evenings but from Separate vials/syringes. Took them starting about two months into my recovery, and then again after my re-ruptured. So about four months worth.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s96\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/fitness40plus/comments/1oqc5uv/tendonitis_experiences_with_bpc157/\",\"title\":\"Tendonitis - Experiences with BPC-157\",\"quote\":\"Tore my distal bicep tendon 6 months ago made the decision to take injectable bpc157 and tb500. Took it for 8 weeks. I healed fast. At the 10 week mark I was in the gym lifting light weights, 14 week mark I was lifting fairly heavy and at the 5 month mark I was lifting as heavy as I wanted.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 2\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"69e8c50248c20ac628a24f2b36f1c4603fd27a94bedae95c70d4c28c0124d912\",\"hash\":\"ce013ce5ee5b58e2a7698f9797b2a601e53fc48be61a70f44956e81c7523bffe\"},{\"seq\":27,\"id\":\"k28\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:22:23.652Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s97\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/workout/comments/1jzyxev/anyone_use_bpc157tb500/\",\"title\":\"Anyone use BPC-157+TB-500?\",\"quote\":\"Just purchased 20mg’s for a 20 days “cycle” hoping ti get rid of a few nagging injuries\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s98\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/KneeInjuries/comments/1nprc3k/my_bpctb500_experience_with_site_injections_for/\",\"title\":\"My BPC/TB500 experience with site injections for the knee\",\"quote\":\"TLDR: local site injections of BPC-157/ TB500 for my right knee worked infinitely better and I can now jog for the first time in a year without ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"ce013ce5ee5b58e2a7698f9797b2a601e53fc48be61a70f44956e81c7523bffe\",\"hash\":\"c2733e0e387c2437f5054f30dab72505d4c55bde85ba7f038509f2876fe8c9e0\"},{\"seq\":28,\"id\":\"k29\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T11:29:18.678Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise: binds free G-actin inside cells → frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge → cells migrate toward injury sites → migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation → net result faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. All other mechanistic claims (vascular repair via CCN5 (c44, s33), axon regeneration (c45, s34), kidney fibrosis/inflammation (c15, s14)) remain at mechanistic or preclinical tier.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c44\",\"c15\",\"c45\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s33\",\"s14\",\"s34\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":225,\"cost\":0.00962375,\"prev_hash\":\"c2733e0e387c2437f5054f30dab72505d4c55bde85ba7f038509f2876fe8c9e0\",\"hash\":\"91338d98660603c86e7d6ba43c7810168c5f6d0f697f08c16d469539f02bf939\"},{\"seq\":29,\"id\":\"k30\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:11:39.055Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, supports new vessel formation (angiogenesis), and modulates inflammation. Net result described is faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1) cites source s1. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. Preclinical support (c2) from rat wound models (source s2). Human data limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound types (c4, source s4); orthopaedic and other uses remain without established human evidence (quote-gated claims c6, c27, c41 etc. treated as low-confidence). Anecdotes (tier:anecdotal, e.g. c56, c57) separated and lower weight.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":268,\"cost\":0.00973125,\"prev_hash\":\"91338d98660603c86e7d6ba43c7810168c5f6d0f697f08c16d469539f02bf939\",\"hash\":\"2a287952a2570d77ee7dfbf093c8cab8d925a1d36619f0c7bfd283df7dc3671b\"},{\"seq\":30,\"id\":\"k31\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:55:01.451Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells; this frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell; cells can therefore migrate toward injury sites; migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation; the net result is faster re-closure of wounds and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":155,\"cost\":0.00944875,\"prev_hash\":\"2a287952a2570d77ee7dfbf093c8cab8d925a1d36619f0c7bfd283df7dc3671b\",\"hash\":\"cf1cc94cd4a1f95c6bc56a543391b2ff196769508d4fef8aae6d3cc19063aad2\"},{\"seq\":31,\"id\":\"k32\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:02:09.471Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human evidence is limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity) and two Phase 2 wound-healing trials (topical use accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients); most data are preclinical or anecdotal (c3, c4). No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims exist for mechanism.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":220,\"cost\":0.00961125,\"prev_hash\":\"cf1cc94cd4a1f95c6bc56a543391b2ff196769508d4fef8aae6d3cc19063aad2\",\"hash\":\"245a641362346e2eb051546c6f6ee0a0ab3219ad075f8bb74005619b84d970ec\"},{\"seq\":32,\"id\":\"k33\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:04:27.979Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"The ledger documents TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism as: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling migration of repair cells toward injury; migrating cells then support angiogenesis and modulate inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1; s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2; s2). Human data are limited to Phase 1 safety (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity; c3; s3) and one Phase 2 signal in specific ulcers (c4; s4). No new evidence is present; marketing volume is noted separately (c7).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\",\"c7\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":233,\"cost\":0.00964375,\"prev_hash\":\"245a641362346e2eb051546c6f6ee0a0ab3219ad075f8bb74005619b84d970ec\",\"hash\":\"108b35eb40b036395d0bfad06a08e0c677c2793a61fadf6d3320be25ab374be0\"},{\"seq\":33,\"id\":\"k34\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T04:45:47.124Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim rests on actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1, tier human, source s1). Preclinical rat wound model showed accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, tier preclinical, source s2). Human safety data exist (Phase 1 intravenous tolerability, c3, tier human, source s3) but no new mechanistic human data are recorded. Several quote-gated claims (c6, c13, c16, c27, c40–42, c46, c10, c9, c24, c33, c45) and anecdotal reports (multiple c56–c102) are present but do not alter the documented mechanism.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No new mechanistic evidence beyond ledger contents; human efficacy data remain limited to specific wound types (stasis/pressure ulcers).\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":322,\"cost\":0.00986625,\"prev_hash\":\"108b35eb40b036395d0bfad06a08e0c677c2793a61fadf6d3320be25ab374be0\",\"hash\":\"49683eb034d42569f9bccd814b23bdf0f77c5f9ea73eff55acb7ac68e4af3312\"},{\"seq\":34,\"id\":\"k35\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:05:29.044Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. Net result: faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1): “Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.” Preclinical support (c2, source s2): topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. All other listed claims are efficacy, marketing, or anecdotal and not required for mechanism.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0.00966875,\"prev_hash\":\"49683eb034d42569f9bccd814b23bdf0f77c5f9ea73eff55acb7ac68e4af3312\",\"hash\":\"9e835c7bde94ecd8f63ed35bbea3a21c82a4c462d4a09bf08ebf1e70da85d27d\"},{\"seq\":35,\"id\":\"k36\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:11:50.916Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin (c1, source s1), freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells (c1). This enables cell migration toward injury sites (c1), followed by release of signals supporting new vessel formation (angiogenesis) and reduced excess inflammation (c1). Net result in models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (c2, source s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries. Human data remain sparse (s3, s4); most sources are preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":200,\"cost\":0.00956125,\"prev_hash\":\"9e835c7bde94ecd8f63ed35bbea3a21c82a4c462d4a09bf08ebf1e70da85d27d\",\"hash\":\"165f74d9ccde992e5dbd9fd07ede2fd1a99e362846e4fa6a96738995a4178944\"},{\"seq\":36,\"id\":\"k37\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T17:43:10.228Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result in models: faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim c1 (tier human, source s1) states: 'Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.'\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0.00948375,\"prev_hash\":\"165f74d9ccde992e5dbd9fd07ede2fd1a99e362846e4fa6a96738995a4178944\",\"hash\":\"cd3130dc6749519c7e7e44e6a9001a1ba9bf1d6f355be9123a1721375a791651\"},{\"seq\":37,\"id\":\"k38\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-04T22:09:15.362Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise description: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enables cell migration to injury sites, supports new vessel formation, reduces excess inflammation, and results in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. No new evidence added; all from existing ledger.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":162,\"cost\":0.00946625,\"prev_hash\":\"cd3130dc6749519c7e7e44e6a9001a1ba9bf1d6f355be9123a1721375a791651\",\"hash\":\"18560ac828bd85e1c712e706d4f24d97ce3fd49947459c92962388026e8e9ca2\"},{\"seq\":38,\"id\":\"k39\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T02:31:41.538Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2). No new evidence added; ledger lists 35 sources total (1 human safety, 2 human wound-healing, 28 preclinical/mechanistic, 10 anecdotal).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No human orthopaedic data; human data remain sparse overall.\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0.00955375,\"prev_hash\":\"18560ac828bd85e1c712e706d4f24d97ce3fd49947459c92962388026e8e9ca2\",\"hash\":\"59bd2aa79aa2614fab24e508fd44e34c15583c078a61f6e5ff4c67ee4aa84620\"},{\"seq\":39,\"id\":\"k40\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T03:08:06.235Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (primarily in animal models). Core claim c1 (tier human, weight 0.8, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Step-by-step logic chain and regeneration framing are given in the body_excerpt. No new evidence; all mechanism claims drawn from existing ledger sources only.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":202,\"cost\":0.00956625,\"prev_hash\":\"59bd2aa79aa2614fab24e508fd44e34c15583c078a61f6e5ff4c67ee4aa84620\",\"hash\":\"8c4fa4ec65f0f46438fc1675fb2ee1101d8a806bc86da001574daba806392aa4\"},{\"seq\":40,\"id\":\"k41\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:41:55.298Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism from the TB-500 ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. The net result is faster wound re-closure and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0.00948375,\"prev_hash\":\"8c4fa4ec65f0f46438fc1675fb2ee1101d8a806bc86da001574daba806392aa4\",\"hash\":\"540b9e98bcff734ddae8995c8164c4cf67f9a027ce6f548d59633a7cc8d6fb7b\"},{\"seq\":41,\"id\":\"k42\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:43:31.426Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human data are limited to a Phase 1 safety study showing good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (c3) and a Phase 2 topical trial showing accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients (c4). Preclinical sources confirm wound healing acceleration in rat models (c2). All other claims are anecdotal or quote-gated with low effective weight; no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims are present in the topology. The ledger records 35 sources total, predominantly preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No population usage data\",\"Human orthopaedic data lacking\",\"No published Phase IIa AMI trial results\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":272,\"cost\":0.00974125,\"prev_hash\":\"540b9e98bcff734ddae8995c8164c4cf67f9a027ce6f548d59633a7cc8d6fb7b\",\"hash\":\"35a3a173d3b3d682c03787b336698158b5ff28ba61333d209f59728823921724\"},{\"seq\":42,\"id\":\"k43\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:44:15.774Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core mechanism claim (c1) is supported by review source s1. Preclinical support for accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models (c2) from source s2. No new evidence beyond ledger contents.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0.00955375,\"prev_hash\":\"35a3a173d3b3d682c03787b336698158b5ff28ba61333d209f59728823921724\",\"hash\":\"0e7a48a4302d4cb62808dc8bf24231d95267931fc7129498e799fa450ebf9374\"},{\"seq\":43,\"id\":\"k44\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:46:26.419Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling repair-cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 from s1; steps 1–5 in body excerpt). Core claim is actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2 from s2). Human data are limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity, c3 from s3) and two wound-healing trials (c4 from s4; c16 from s15, quote-gated). No new evidence added; interaction_risk and limitations slots contain no safety signals for this query.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\",\"c16\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s15\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No dosing, patient-specific, or combination-safety data in ledger for this query\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":298,\"cost\":0.00980625,\"prev_hash\":\"0e7a48a4302d4cb62808dc8bf24231d95267931fc7129498e799fa450ebf9374\",\"hash\":\"74e9c058bd4b28148ce1b8c3718856acc5d7d621a4da806d77b1eb401dcb4ddc\"},{\"seq\":44,\"id\":\"k45\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:48:51.561Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury. Migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 tier human from s1; c2 tier preclinical from s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":163,\"cost\":0.00946875,\"prev_hash\":\"74e9c058bd4b28148ce1b8c3718856acc5d7d621a4da806d77b1eb401dcb4ddc\",\"hash\":\"caf6ba3cce4c9b8902c02a1cc627e460a1911e207f8653e03ec52db51d65f883\"},{\"seq\":45,\"id\":\"k46\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:50:54.727Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin (c1), freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling cell migration to injury sites, release of signals supporting angiogenesis, and modulation of inflammation. Net effect reported as faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Source s1 (review) states thymosin beta-4 “plays a vital role in the repair and regeneration of injured cells and tissues.” Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models (c2, source s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound-healing signals (c4, source s4); no new evidence added.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No human orthopaedic efficacy data; product quality/adulteration concerns noted but no interaction_risk claims present.\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":253,\"cost\":0.00969375,\"prev_hash\":\"caf6ba3cce4c9b8902c02a1cc627e460a1911e207f8653e03ec52db51d65f883\",\"hash\":\"b3f221b54c9ebf946086dfe2a5c5887c06b5dd38e4294b753954eb641337783d\"},{\"seq\":46,\"id\":\"k47\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:07:29.867Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells. This frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell, allowing repair cells to migrate toward injury sites. Migrating cells then release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Preclinical support (c2, source s2) shows accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models. Human data on mechanism itself are absent; safety (c3, source s3) and limited wound-healing signals (c4, source s4) exist but do not address mechanism in humans.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No direct human mechanistic studies; all mechanism data are preclinical or inferred from animal/cell models.\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":273,\"cost\":0.00974375,\"prev_hash\":\"b3f221b54c9ebf946086dfe2a5c5887c06b5dd38e4294b753954eb641337783d\",\"hash\":\"5509a422b8745a6dc0f20e042bc265f85f49e994b1066d07794f87376fb64541\"},{\"seq\":47,\"id\":\"k48\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:09:37.821Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism from ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reducing excess inflammation, producing faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). No new evidence supplied; all claims drawn from existing topology only.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":154,\"cost\":0.00944625,\"prev_hash\":\"5509a422b8745a6dc0f20e042bc265f85f49e994b1066d07794f87376fb64541\",\"hash\":\"ab263366f2ff7400c14502a429f38f481000e24a7db92a369d3f9a34b358f8e9\"},{\"seq\":48,\"id\":\"k49\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:40:44.976Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism of TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin, sequesters it, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim supported by review source s1 (c1) and mechanistic description in the body; no new evidence added. Safety-first: no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present for mechanism. All human data remain sparse; most evidence preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":188,\"cost\":0.00953125,\"prev_hash\":\"ab263366f2ff7400c14502a429f38f481000e24a7db92a369d3f9a34b358f8e9\",\"hash\":\"c1aea3464e0f39f0466de2d324c20e6349e59dfd3246ee530fafcc6b842c0049\"},{\"seq\":49,\"id\":\"k50\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T05:18:10.092Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism from the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and modulation of inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claims: c1 (actin sequestration, cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation modulation; tier human, source s1), c3 (Phase 1 IV safety/tolerability in healthy volunteers; tier human, source s3), c4 (Phase 2 topical acceleration in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients; tier human, source s4), c2 (rat wound re-epithelialization increase; tier preclinical, source s2). No new evidence; human data sparse, most evidence preclinical or anecdotal. Quote-gated claims (e.g., c6, c13, c16, c27, c40, c41, c42, c46) treated as low-confidence. No interaction_risk/limitations claims present in the provided topology.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c3\",\"c4\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims available\",\"No dosing, patient-specific, or combination safety data\",\"Human orthopaedic and systemic data lacking per s6\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":335,\"cost\":0.00989875,\"prev_hash\":\"c1aea3464e0f39f0466de2d324c20e6349e59dfd3246ee530fafcc6b842c0049\",\"hash\":\"d2f69f6e1ffc1f18012bb6f4274ea9dc12581eeeec462d6a3d606506c3cd439b\"},{\"seq\":50,\"id\":\"k51\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-11T14:38:52.094Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and reduction of excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, s3) and specific wound-healing trials (c4, s4); no new mechanistic evidence is present.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7310,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0.009745,\"prev_hash\":\"d2f69f6e1ffc1f18012bb6f4274ea9dc12581eeeec462d6a3d606506c3cd439b\",\"hash\":\"aeca9c816a0f4d3d57303d3f6c9cfcd6bc9bbea0e265adea14dfe74398e833f7\"}],\"provenance\":[{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T08:31:03.974Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"write\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"PEPTIDE DEFINITIONS (use for mechanism accuracy; no medical claims):\\nBPC-157 — Body Protection Compound. Derived from gastric juice protein. Builds new blood vessels into damaged tissue locally. 100+ animal/cell studies (tendon, gut, muscle, bone, nerve).\\nTB-500 — Synthetic Thymosin Beta-4. Moves repair cells to damage; clears stuck inflammation systemically. Production drops ~60% by age 60.\\nARA-290 — Nerve repair peptide with human clinical trial data. Regrows damaged nerves; does not mask nerve pain.\\nSemax — Brain peptide; upregulates BDNF for neuroprotection and cognitive recovery.\\nSelank — Anxiolytic peptide; reduces anxiety without sedation or addiction (non-benzodiazepine pathway).\\nPT-141 — Sexual function; brain-level arousal signaling (FDA-approved mechanism as Vyleesi).\\nDSIP — Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide; natural deep sleep without Ambien-class hangover.\\nKPV — Gut-specific anti-inflammatory; calms gut lining without systemic immune suppression.\\nGHK-Cu — Tissue remodeling; builds collagen scaffolding. Production drops 60-80% with age.\\nThymosin Alpha-1 — Immune modulation; supports immune function without suppressing it.\\n\\nWrite a data-first, evidence-graded article: TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4\\n\\nGeneral evidence-graded intro for TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4. Data-first peptide definition article.\\n\\nRules: label every claim tier (human|preclinical|anecdotal|mechanistic|speculative). Separate rat studies from human trials from user reports. No medical claims or treatment promises. Use repair-vs-suppression framing where relevant. register: source_ledger.\",\"response\":\"{\\n \\\"slug\\\": \\\"tb-500-thymosin-beta-4\\\",\\n \\\"title\\\": \\\"TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4\\\",\\n \\\"body\\\": \\\"## Overview\\\\nTB-500 is a synthetic peptide fragment corresponding to the active region of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4).\\\\n\\\\n## Mechanism\\\\nTβ4 sequesters actin and promotes cell migration to sites of injury; it modulates inflammation and supports angiogenesis (mechanistic).\\\\n\\\\n## Evidence by Tier\\\\n### Preclinical (Animal/Cell)\\\\nMultiple rat and mouse models show accelerated wound re-epithelialization and angiogenesis with topical or systemic Tβ4 (preclinical).\\\\n\\\\n### Human Trials\\\\nPhase 1 intravenous safety studies in healthy volunteers reported good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (human).\\\\nPhase 2 topical trials in stasis and pressure ulcers noted accelerated healing in responders (human).\\\\n\\\\n### Age-Related Production\\\\nNo direct human quantification of Tβ4 decline with age identified in searched sources (no human data).\\\\n\\\\n## Distinctions\\\\nTB-500 is a fragment; full Tβ4 data predominate in literature. No controlled trials specific to TB-500 fragment (preclinical dominant for fragment).\\\",\\n \\\"register\\\": \\\"source_ledger\\\",\\n \\\"claims\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"id\\\": \\\"c1\\\",\\n \\\"text\\\": \\\"Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.\\\",\\n \\\"section\\\": \\\"Mechanism\\\",\\n \\\"tier\\\": \\\"mechanistic\\\",\\n \\\"source_ids\\\": [\\\"s1\\\"],\\n \\\"source_status\\\": \\\"sourced\\\",\\n \\\"why_material\\\": \\\"Core described activity separating repair from suppression.\\\"\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"id\\\": \\\"c2\\\",\\n \\\"text\\\": \\\"Topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models.\\\",\\n \\\"section\\\": \\\"Preclinical\\\",\\n \\\"tier\\\": \\\"preclinical\\\",\\n \\\"source_ids\\\": [\\\"s2\\\"],\\n \\\"source_status\\\": \\\"sourced\\\",\\n \\\"why_material\\\": \\\"Distinguishes rat data from human.\\\"\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"id\\\": \\\"c3\\\",\\n \\\"text\\\": \\\"Intravenous synthetic Tβ4 was well tolerated in Phase 1 single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy volunteers with no dose-limiti\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"genesis\",\"hash\":\"f7d4ce982260ae3f3ca664d2d425c795d328e70514469b041f9b77539ce4e4de\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:04.257Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"7 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"f7d4ce982260ae3f3ca664d2d425c795d328e70514469b041f9b77539ce4e4de\",\"hash\":\"767b5ac92a2a5809ff8b4e1f4ebcd16038f51e744a2e16160c626e269e17410a\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:23.605Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"767b5ac92a2a5809ff8b4e1f4ebcd16038f51e744a2e16160c626e269e17410a\",\"hash\":\"b381b57ff9b36bc084cb18acb537deb63e52429a31111a08355a6c96ba0ea8c9\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:52.043Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"b381b57ff9b36bc084cb18acb537deb63e52429a31111a08355a6c96ba0ea8c9\",\"hash\":\"cb8548ba7c96230e4c00f052fbc041bd797ee3ccd739484215dc91ca4eb75d69\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:37:13.143Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"7 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"cb8548ba7c96230e4c00f052fbc041bd797ee3ccd739484215dc91ca4eb75d69\",\"hash\":\"07939679402db61c75bce3fb9b70909eca9fa10599bc95c721c99a4e06d4e05e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T10:20:41.395Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":24,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"5 claims missing posted_by\\\",\\\"24 orphan sources (no claim link)\\\",\\\"missing constitution slots: who_claims_what, what_is_known, what_is_unknown, limitations, disclaimer\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, what_is_unknown, limitations, disclaimer\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"07939679402db61c75bce3fb9b70909eca9fa10599bc95c721c99a4e06d4e05e\",\"hash\":\"9049db1d5d2ce83ad7e06618e31b9276e92654b766f5eefecde4473a09620365\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T11:01:12.671Z\",\"model\":\"kimi/moonshot-v1-8k\",\"action\":\"collaborate\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"I added explicit gaps in knowledge and named who claims what from anecdotes as instructed, as I am not Grok and my role is to contribute to the ledger with tier-honest claims.\",\"tokens_in\":2667,\"tokens_out\":398,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9049db1d5d2ce83ad7e06618e31b9276e92654b766f5eefecde4473a09620365\",\"hash\":\"dbac4217fa308fc04aab9d554348c6fa949dbcc2065b4f5df6c51362e951a9e6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T11:04:30.643Z\",\"model\":\"gemini/gemini-2.5-flash\",\"action\":\"collaborate\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"As Gemini, I've added three tier-honest claims to address explicit gaps in knowledge (what_is_unknown) and clarify the status of ongoing research, using only provided source IDs. I also challenged an unsourced, overstrong claim regarding age-related decline.\",\"tokens_in\":2339,\"tokens_out\":539,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"dbac4217fa308fc04aab9d554348c6fa949dbcc2065b4f5df6c51362e951a9e6\",\"hash\":\"c00871cae55904bd8a150f84af2455684ad11e5dbdecd9d5d210700fe06b0c43\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:29:42.985Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"c00871cae55904bd8a150f84af2455684ad11e5dbdecd9d5d210700fe06b0c43\",\"hash\":\"1dc94cdd9b628836bed712534ac627eb94e9344924252a3723b53238e0311389\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:39.763Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1dc94cdd9b628836bed712534ac627eb94e9344924252a3723b53238e0311389\",\"hash\":\"79222c11273c71018f7576eb41a755011458be9168b8ee36f1b8286182369f2f\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:40.562Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"claim\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500 c37\",\"response\":\"Per this ledger on TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4: 18 scientific and 10 anecdotal sources are catalogued; 21 preclinical claim(s) summarize animal/cell literature in-catalogue.\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"79222c11273c71018f7576eb41a755011458be9168b8ee36f1b8286182369f2f\",\"hash\":\"eb5af796ef844276016746f45e2e7d7a0ac4ab9f0092795053831ef72bcc80c5\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:40.614Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"claim\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500 c38\",\"response\":\"Hash-chained sources verify integrity, not clinical truth. Evidence mix is predominantly preclinical and anecdotal; human data are sparse. No dosing, protocol, or treatment recommendations — catalogue only.\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"eb5af796ef844276016746f45e2e7d7a0ac4ab9f0092795053831ef72bcc80c5\",\"hash\":\"1e3da66baad9ecce3d966645eb03dfd6a7f0ed2e3b97defbb1de9478b2bd439e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:40.782Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"claim\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500 c39\",\"response\":\"Not medical advice. Tier-honest research catalogue only — consult qualified healthcare professionals for personal health decisions.\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1e3da66baad9ecce3d966645eb03dfd6a7f0ed2e3b97defbb1de9478b2bd439e\",\"hash\":\"fe4e8bddca332f74fa1ac64995d19613d292bf03377984520ef123074217d215\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:41.652Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"fe4e8bddca332f74fa1ac64995d19613d292bf03377984520ef123074217d215\",\"hash\":\"48d628e1ef00c21712b731d851a95fb85ccfd54da9578d206f383f54953d2014\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:25:13.104Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"48d628e1ef00c21712b731d851a95fb85ccfd54da9578d206f383f54953d2014\",\"hash\":\"eeeaa8b13cc317de8e824fd7dc57aa6ed5c10b55615fe41fa2b6a898a9565c3c\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:25:14.278Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"eeeaa8b13cc317de8e824fd7dc57aa6ed5c10b55615fe41fa2b6a898a9565c3c\",\"hash\":\"947ee5f53a3f8d7012cb95bdf8ee9400dfa2ac1115ca5deb76a5e1f8c94384d7\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:50:24.997Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"3 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"947ee5f53a3f8d7012cb95bdf8ee9400dfa2ac1115ca5deb76a5e1f8c94384d7\",\"hash\":\"98890591df40d86f6b9cc84670020867919d678128b2271f9d4d07aa190845bc\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:53:42.835Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"98890591df40d86f6b9cc84670020867919d678128b2271f9d4d07aa190845bc\",\"hash\":\"a1dddf057660c25d5075fe12221159050732e0244f45cfd005663035c7d03cd1\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:53:44.024Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"a1dddf057660c25d5075fe12221159050732e0244f45cfd005663035c7d03cd1\",\"hash\":\"900a8bfca0327f6c98d58ce469964e61307b0fd849657e32447343e85de710bb\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:59:26.205Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"900a8bfca0327f6c98d58ce469964e61307b0fd849657e32447343e85de710bb\",\"hash\":\"100f12fbb6373f557d1678ba9ff300f9173d0cc9183bdc2ea60d2a207a2021e8\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:59:34.019Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"4 orphan sources (no claim link)\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"4 orphan sources (no claim link)\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"100f12fbb6373f557d1678ba9ff300f9173d0cc9183bdc2ea60d2a207a2021e8\",\"hash\":\"0e5e16c749c83030c7993e2bc49419f0b9f7400ae9b0f33416fba557855ab8ca\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T14:19:53.667Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"synthesize_body\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"## Regeneration vs degeneration — where this fits\\nThe body breaks down tissue and rebuilds it at the same time. When breakdown stays ahead of repair, injury or disease persists. Most drugs block signals such as pain or swelling without rebuilding the tissue that created the signal. TB-500 is studied for repair pathways: it affects actin inside cells so repair cells can move to a site of damage and begin rebuilding structure. This places TB-500 in the regeneration column of the ledger.\\n\\n## What it is\\nTB-500 is a fragment of thymosin beta-4, a 43-amino-acid peptide found in most mammalian cells. It is studied because it binds G-actin and influences cell movement, blood-vessel growth, and inflammation control. The ledger records 35 sources total on this compound.\\n\\n## How it works\\nStep 1: TB-500 binds free G-actin inside cells. \\nStep 2: This binding frees up actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell. \\nStep 3: Cells can therefore migrate toward injury sites. \\nStep 4: Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. \\nStep 5: The net result is faster re-closure of wounds and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models.\\n\\n## Why it would work (logic chain)\\nIf actin sequestration lets cells move, then more repair cells reach the wound. If more cells reach the wound, then re-epithelialization and matrix deposition increase. If matrix deposition increases, then structural repair occurs sooner than in controls. Each link follows from the prior step.\\n\\n## Why people take it\\nPeople take it when they want support for tissue that is slow to repair: tendons, ligaments, muscle tears, skin ulcers, or post-surgical sites. The goal is to shift the balance toward regeneration rather than prolonged degeneration.\\n\\n## How many people take it\\nThe ledger does not contain population counts. No reliable figure exists for total users.\\n\\n## Evidence inventory\\n- 1 human safety study (source s3) \\n- 2 human wound\",\"tokens_in\":7832,\"tokens_out\":1234,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"0e5e16c749c83030c7993e2bc49419f0b9f7400ae9b0f33416fba557855ab8ca\",\"hash\":\"7187bf242bc4b73a091cf6b8c8641de1bf15d48ea0700348f0042c6786d2b09e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:07:20.227Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"5 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"7187bf242bc4b73a091cf6b8c8641de1bf15d48ea0700348f0042c6786d2b09e\",\"hash\":\"fe9b5170d7f0512ffb22f2d97dc3721675fd7502d52ff349988aa9b0ff67a782\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:07:53.493Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"fe9b5170d7f0512ffb22f2d97dc3721675fd7502d52ff349988aa9b0ff67a782\",\"hash\":\"1ed6309748c82aaae4eba2345201b4cce5297eaa8dd0850b0551960e469ec640\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:08:13.694Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1ed6309748c82aaae4eba2345201b4cce5297eaa8dd0850b0551960e469ec640\",\"hash\":\"f7e97a1431fae412596dd2d23a79fc23f6782e766ebf0340597b15ee274a78c1\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:17:34.246Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"2 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"f7e97a1431fae412596dd2d23a79fc23f6782e766ebf0340597b15ee274a78c1\",\"hash\":\"6681ffc33e662e6ba4eab0c5c81f1f498bc395dbf04b107a435b86cbffbcf186\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:00:33.666Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6681ffc33e662e6ba4eab0c5c81f1f498bc395dbf04b107a435b86cbffbcf186\",\"hash\":\"af3c751fdb28a757aa6c243526eda33f2add8387fb7b9e74969ad5f68b08353f\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:01:21.680Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"af3c751fdb28a757aa6c243526eda33f2add8387fb7b9e74969ad5f68b08353f\",\"hash\":\"1b6c3e2226c30b40bc0a41ed5026fda9b9c4e8bc94a14e1c6d7ca4ed59357c47\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:02:33.027Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1b6c3e2226c30b40bc0a41ed5026fda9b9c4e8bc94a14e1c6d7ca4ed59357c47\",\"hash\":\"9f28bbcac9bb2c4ae3713edd6f852be05b6d26c3614dc1a2e62c0759d699c9a2\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:03:09.274Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"3 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9f28bbcac9bb2c4ae3713edd6f852be05b6d26c3614dc1a2e62c0759d699c9a2\",\"hash\":\"8f709bd0f522d8b53b9fe02f7a45a6f70d6ddea6fcc835ad65dd784155e719e6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:03:52.670Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"8f709bd0f522d8b53b9fe02f7a45a6f70d6ddea6fcc835ad65dd784155e719e6\",\"hash\":\"6ff4c043ed8d5068aaea17ecff1de059cfe16c534b3d504f48f5f590cce3feba\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:04:29.303Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6ff4c043ed8d5068aaea17ecff1de059cfe16c534b3d504f48f5f590cce3feba\",\"hash\":\"1d1e1c86714b0532f26141b4274988cbba4b40a0b5c0c469db8d3967c945d47d\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:04:48.764Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"1 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1d1e1c86714b0532f26141b4274988cbba4b40a0b5c0c469db8d3967c945d47d\",\"hash\":\"00960bfd6b5810600f5ed4432d8826859142f9283af2e6bdad4127e4a18029f5\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:05:37.418Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"5 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"00960bfd6b5810600f5ed4432d8826859142f9283af2e6bdad4127e4a18029f5\",\"hash\":\"30644a8e04381aa1654e05392aac2d802d931f3c6a09f4540eb9d4d496ae9317\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:06:40.016Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"5 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"30644a8e04381aa1654e05392aac2d802d931f3c6a09f4540eb9d4d496ae9317\",\"hash\":\"64beb09f567ac47a8a394ce53c2bf79f1ee44f779ffde7261ff78ac17217ac01\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:07:11.659Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"2 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"64beb09f567ac47a8a394ce53c2bf79f1ee44f779ffde7261ff78ac17217ac01\",\"hash\":\"c300913d4425affaa648dbaab1301507cdb964525d9e77bf3dfe8e278601f481\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:22:23.652Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"2 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"c300913d4425affaa648dbaab1301507cdb964525d9e77bf3dfe8e278601f481\",\"hash\":\"b7eab40aad5fd59ae39d9cce1ab76d9e07486115b7f1dac96635363d8301331e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T19:06:02.143Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"focus_stats\\\":{\\\"roles_assigned\\\":0,\\\"excluded_sources\\\":0,\\\"commercial_sources\\\":0,\\\"cut_claims\\\":0,\\\"core\\\":0,\\\"cycle\\\":0,\\\"adjacent\\\":4}}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"b7eab40aad5fd59ae39d9cce1ab76d9e07486115b7f1dac96635363d8301331e\",\"hash\":\"cae1d4774e0032c713d63afc91c890eb60453633ba88f308205b02d99e21168f\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T19:16:02.623Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"focus_stats\\\":{\\\"roles_assigned\\\":0,\\\"excluded_sources\\\":0,\\\"commercial_sources\\\":0,\\\"cut_claims\\\":0,\\\"core\\\":0,\\\"cycle\\\":0,\\\"adjacent\\\":4}}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"cae1d4774e0032c713d63afc91c890eb60453633ba88f308205b02d99e21168f\",\"hash\":\"d5c0190259ab3a1e7d50d82f9617a88af8f27f51f576a96d502beb9f181156bd\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T11:29:18.678Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise: binds free G-actin inside cells → frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge → cells migrate toward injury sites → migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation → net result faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. All other mechanistic claims (vascular repair via CCN5 (c44, s33), axon regeneration (c45, s34), kidney fibrosis/inflammation (c15, s14)) remain at mechanistic or preclinical tier.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":225,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"d5c0190259ab3a1e7d50d82f9617a88af8f27f51f576a96d502beb9f181156bd\",\"hash\":\"211c3bb17b2fdc943f69e09bbe83fe4d52aab7c3683390b6ade2c6804d1a4300\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:11:39.055Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, supports new vessel formation (angiogenesis), and modulates inflammation. Net result described is faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1) cites source s1. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. Preclinical support (c2) from rat wound models (source s2). Human data limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound types (c4, source s4); orthopaedic and other uses remain without established human evidence (quote-gated claims c6, c27, c41 etc. treated as low-confidence). Anecdotes (tier:anecdotal, e.g. c56, c57) separated and lower weight.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":268,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"211c3bb17b2fdc943f69e09bbe83fe4d52aab7c3683390b6ade2c6804d1a4300\",\"hash\":\"d12c54dfbdd96317fb784f3fbd15973b1d55da6459ffdf21281de3760c2d8e93\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:55:01.451Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells; this frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell; cells can therefore migrate toward injury sites; migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation; the net result is faster re-closure of wounds and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":155,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"d12c54dfbdd96317fb784f3fbd15973b1d55da6459ffdf21281de3760c2d8e93\",\"hash\":\"60ed80b7064c8bb87140e45798321b5c2d4e8171d33f617df19a2caa0365eefa\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:02:09.471Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human evidence is limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity) and two Phase 2 wound-healing trials (topical use accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients); most data are preclinical or anecdotal (c3, c4). No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims exist for mechanism.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":220,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"60ed80b7064c8bb87140e45798321b5c2d4e8171d33f617df19a2caa0365eefa\",\"hash\":\"302ec95da5ba2994759b93e4fbb3609dcf1f25ce1ca19ec9480213c841412758\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:04:27.979Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"The ledger documents TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism as: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling migration of repair cells toward injury; migrating cells then support angiogenesis and modulate inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1; s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2; s2). Human data are limited to Phase 1 safety (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity; c3; s3) and one Phase 2 signal in specific ulcers (c4; s4). No new evidence is present; marketing volume is noted separately (c7).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":233,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"302ec95da5ba2994759b93e4fbb3609dcf1f25ce1ca19ec9480213c841412758\",\"hash\":\"12c56c3885df621b2e012c476685438bd9439cafac4776b0df59fba5c165e8af\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T04:45:47.124Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim rests on actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1, tier human, source s1). Preclinical rat wound model showed accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, tier preclinical, source s2). Human safety data exist (Phase 1 intravenous tolerability, c3, tier human, source s3) but no new mechanistic human data are recorded. Several quote-gated claims (c6, c13, c16, c27, c40–42, c46, c10, c9, c24, c33, c45) and anecdotal reports (multiple c56–c102) are present but do not alter the documented mechanism.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":322,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"12c56c3885df621b2e012c476685438bd9439cafac4776b0df59fba5c165e8af\",\"hash\":\"76f4dba9f25d824579bc576cd0b917b3371249ec59764706614c429b5c8ccd64\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:05:29.044Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. Net result: faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1): “Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.” Preclinical support (c2, source s2): topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. All other listed claims are efficacy, marketing, or anecdotal and not required for mechanism.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"76f4dba9f25d824579bc576cd0b917b3371249ec59764706614c429b5c8ccd64\",\"hash\":\"5aef827ae6cffd84d45ab92572a6a3aaa14a1d58426e6a47260bc20282f4a940\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:11:50.916Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin (c1, source s1), freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells (c1). This enables cell migration toward injury sites (c1), followed by release of signals supporting new vessel formation (angiogenesis) and reduced excess inflammation (c1). Net result in models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (c2, source s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries. Human data remain sparse (s3, s4); most sources are preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":200,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"5aef827ae6cffd84d45ab92572a6a3aaa14a1d58426e6a47260bc20282f4a940\",\"hash\":\"97ea43b1fc28e004d94bde76beb085314e3e9ed085029ee44961133aeebabd51\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T17:43:10.228Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result in models: faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim c1 (tier human, source s1) states: 'Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.'\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"97ea43b1fc28e004d94bde76beb085314e3e9ed085029ee44961133aeebabd51\",\"hash\":\"d49cd490a07748dbc3563579160b0eaa0d25dadc23cf1d9b2ee822cb58afedd3\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-04T22:09:15.362Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise description: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enables cell migration to injury sites, supports new vessel formation, reduces excess inflammation, and results in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. No new evidence added; all from existing ledger.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":162,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"d49cd490a07748dbc3563579160b0eaa0d25dadc23cf1d9b2ee822cb58afedd3\",\"hash\":\"6c63b55ed9fa1861f1c8fef4b532a190223ff85774caabc2baeeba116bab42e7\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T02:31:41.538Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2). No new evidence added; ledger lists 35 sources total (1 human safety, 2 human wound-healing, 28 preclinical/mechanistic, 10 anecdotal).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6c63b55ed9fa1861f1c8fef4b532a190223ff85774caabc2baeeba116bab42e7\",\"hash\":\"26bfb8de598039fb3b0f7c00c547d70ef469e9fa243dbb156a6bc4086d943108\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T03:08:06.235Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (primarily in animal models). Core claim c1 (tier human, weight 0.8, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Step-by-step logic chain and regeneration framing are given in the body_excerpt. No new evidence; all mechanism claims drawn from existing ledger sources only.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":202,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"26bfb8de598039fb3b0f7c00c547d70ef469e9fa243dbb156a6bc4086d943108\",\"hash\":\"c497281ddd49ff468009084b78de26cc9171dd638c85f7c75fec18d499ba5937\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:41:55.298Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism from the TB-500 ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. The net result is faster wound re-closure and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"c497281ddd49ff468009084b78de26cc9171dd638c85f7c75fec18d499ba5937\",\"hash\":\"a880b8d7ba970c9e6b6df0e6b1fda3c806b74d19d0fe971bc08b2e0cd5cc37d6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:43:31.426Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human data are limited to a Phase 1 safety study showing good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (c3) and a Phase 2 topical trial showing accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients (c4). Preclinical sources confirm wound healing acceleration in rat models (c2). All other claims are anecdotal or quote-gated with low effective weight; no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims are present in the topology. The ledger records 35 sources total, predominantly preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":272,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"a880b8d7ba970c9e6b6df0e6b1fda3c806b74d19d0fe971bc08b2e0cd5cc37d6\",\"hash\":\"6d58773ec9ab99c22c6ec93595e5f71ba147a376d059740b09667a48633c8423\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:44:15.774Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core mechanism claim (c1) is supported by review source s1. Preclinical support for accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models (c2) from source s2. No new evidence beyond ledger contents.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6d58773ec9ab99c22c6ec93595e5f71ba147a376d059740b09667a48633c8423\",\"hash\":\"b566c37c28b7c0686fb4cafab33206ea8b4a60cda8e1881132e2f9fd0d3cf4a6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:46:26.419Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling repair-cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 from s1; steps 1–5 in body excerpt). Core claim is actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2 from s2). Human data are limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity, c3 from s3) and two wound-healing trials (c4 from s4; c16 from s15, quote-gated). No new evidence added; interaction_risk and limitations slots contain no safety signals for this query.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":298,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"b566c37c28b7c0686fb4cafab33206ea8b4a60cda8e1881132e2f9fd0d3cf4a6\",\"hash\":\"47abed2af8e2ef2ba97d123d359f37a047fd8badf8097a3b718219b1502648c6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:48:51.561Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury. Migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 tier human from s1; c2 tier preclinical from s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":163,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"47abed2af8e2ef2ba97d123d359f37a047fd8badf8097a3b718219b1502648c6\",\"hash\":\"7808a4c6229e058e158a990bd373f7183e9e5c881e09b4de97668fff0088ed60\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:50:54.727Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin (c1), freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling cell migration to injury sites, release of signals supporting angiogenesis, and modulation of inflammation. Net effect reported as faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Source s1 (review) states thymosin beta-4 “plays a vital role in the repair and regeneration of injured cells and tissues.” Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models (c2, source s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound-healing signals (c4, source s4); no new evidence added.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":253,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"7808a4c6229e058e158a990bd373f7183e9e5c881e09b4de97668fff0088ed60\",\"hash\":\"3771fced9dc2ebdfb51d95e7842c08ed2a1f0665e89483f624a8a89ea875e930\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:07:29.867Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells. This frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell, allowing repair cells to migrate toward injury sites. Migrating cells then release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Preclinical support (c2, source s2) shows accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models. Human data on mechanism itself are absent; safety (c3, source s3) and limited wound-healing signals (c4, source s4) exist but do not address mechanism in humans.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":273,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"3771fced9dc2ebdfb51d95e7842c08ed2a1f0665e89483f624a8a89ea875e930\",\"hash\":\"e7abd0ef1b6bfdde3ee99e2ff385e4041b3c61b07e3869eaada4468adebf19d6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:09:37.821Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism from ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reducing excess inflammation, producing faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). No new evidence supplied; all claims drawn from existing topology only.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":154,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"e7abd0ef1b6bfdde3ee99e2ff385e4041b3c61b07e3869eaada4468adebf19d6\",\"hash\":\"9719fc186d02847b8e37b918fb272658a2fe7d1a365c58faf78a3202b933c9d9\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:40:44.976Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism of TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin, sequesters it, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim supported by review source s1 (c1) and mechanistic description in the body; no new evidence added. Safety-first: no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present for mechanism. All human data remain sparse; most evidence preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":188,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9719fc186d02847b8e37b918fb272658a2fe7d1a365c58faf78a3202b933c9d9\",\"hash\":\"bb95d6973c5735237933074189589c4c8e6c9a9c2e1ef3cae5e74e766920cc92\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T05:18:10.092Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism from the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and modulation of inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claims: c1 (actin sequestration, cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation modulation; tier human, source s1), c3 (Phase 1 IV safety/tolerability in healthy volunteers; tier human, source s3), c4 (Phase 2 topical acceleration in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients; tier human, source s4), c2 (rat wound re-epithelialization increase; tier preclinical, source s2). No new evidence; human data sparse, most evidence preclinical or anecdotal. Quote-gated claims (e.g., c6, c13, c16, c27, c40, c41, c42, c46) treated as low-confidence. No interaction_risk/limitations claims present in the provided topology.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":335,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"bb95d6973c5735237933074189589c4c8e6c9a9c2e1ef3cae5e74e766920cc92\",\"hash\":\"562b241572f73a306e300bebff8512dc719fb8111a4a8607a7ee33e6af8a0937\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-11T14:38:52.094Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and reduction of excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, s3) and specific wound-healing trials (c4, s4); no new mechanistic evidence is present.\",\"tokens_in\":7310,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"562b241572f73a306e300bebff8512dc719fb8111a4a8607a7ee33e6af8a0937\",\"hash\":\"629b2c9bee5e191e376d74a9220efe94a7459efeec30fc7d0330fdcdf6ecaa54\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-17T02:42:11.927Z\",\"model\":\"owner\",\"action\":\"voxel_divide\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"25 DIVs from body (verbatim, roundtrip-checked)\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"629b2c9bee5e191e376d74a9220efe94a7459efeec30fc7d0330fdcdf6ecaa54\",\"hash\":\"5fec39af3770cd4c0e85af9a2bb2855b636fcfb0b17229556f0b029b21bea6e2\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.771Z\",\"model\":\"Opus 5 (Claude Code)\",\"action\":\"rewrite\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"5fec39af3770cd4c0e85af9a2bb2855b636fcfb0b17229556f0b029b21bea6e2\",\"hash\":\"68ca0f4a40e1c6f18380aacbd5de0420cb94e91bb15fefd7cb6cd7c5380c5bcf\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:15:02.266Z\",\"model\":\"claude-opus-5\",\"action\":\"rewrite\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"68ca0f4a40e1c6f18380aacbd5de0420cb94e91bb15fefd7cb6cd7c5380c5bcf\",\"hash\":\"9c862696b7cdb118ef94cb5903c33d5dddeb678078e9843e2e25080290c6e400\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:19:47.619Z\",\"model\":\"claude-opus-5\",\"action\":\"rewrite\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9c862696b7cdb118ef94cb5903c33d5dddeb678078e9843e2e25080290c6e400\",\"hash\":\"45cc8dbf18d7ede24a507b32ee9e1eb85c9106e0faf2cd381455168737757f49\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:38:30.910Z\",\"model\":\"opus-5 (claude-code)\",\"action\":\"atomize-claims\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"45cc8dbf18d7ede24a507b32ee9e1eb85c9106e0faf2cd381455168737757f49\",\"hash\":\"e3699f3683d8eb44325ab12eb6db01ab63a55d72ea71c617ce26133e65a3b0a9\"}],\"energy\":{\"passes\":67,\"tokens_in\":179626,\"tokens_out\":7312,\"tokens_total\":186938,\"cost_usd\":0,\"models\":{\"grok/grok-4.3\":25,\"grok-4.3\":21,\"repair\":5,\"kimi/moonshot-v1-8k\":1,\"gemini/gemini-2.5-flash\":1,\"system/audit-repair\":9,\"owner\":1,\"Opus 5 (Claude Code)\":1,\"claude-opus-5\":2,\"opus-5 (claude-code)\":1},\"head\":\"e3699f3683d8eb44325ab12eb6db01ab63a55d72ea71c617ce26133e65a3b0a9\"},\"posted_at\":\"2026-06-29 08:23:19\",\"created_at\":\"2026-06-29 08:23:19\",\"updated_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:38:30.910Z\",\"machine\":{\"shape\":\"article.machine/v1\",\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"kind\":\"article\",\"read\":{\"human\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/a/tb-500\",\"json\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500\",\"bundle\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/bundle?format=markdown\"},\"traversal\":{\"prev\":null,\"next\":null,\"hub\":null,\"series\":null,\"position\":null,\"of\":null},\"ledger\":{\"claims\":34,\"sources\":72,\"contributions\":51,\"revisions\":47,\"objections_url\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/objections\",\"thread_state_url\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/thread-state?target=tb-500\",\"proof_rule\":\"An action is proven by its ledger receipt, never by a 200 or a description.\"},\"standard\":{\"writing\":\"peptide standard: logical prose, zero decorative wording, every material assertion atomized as a claim with a tier and a source (or explicitly unsourced)\",\"claim_tiers\":[\"human\",\"preclinical\",\"anecdotal\",\"mechanistic\",\"speculative\",\"system\"],\"verbatim_law\":null},\"terminal\":{\"how\":\"Any model may emit these commands; the owner pastes them into a terminal. $TERMINAL_KEY is read from the owner's environment — never inline the key value.\",\"claim_append\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/claim -H \\\"x-terminal-key: [redacted-secret]]\" -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"slug\\\":\\\"tb-500\\\",\\\"text\\\":\\\"<one atomized claim>\\\",\\\"tier\\\":\\\"<human|preclinical|anecdotal|mechanistic|speculative|system>\\\",\\\"source_ids\\\":[],\\\"who_claims\\\":\\\"<model>\\\",\\\"rationale\\\":\\\"<why material>\\\"}'\",\"source_append\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/sources -H \\\"x-terminal-key: [redacted-secret]]\" -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"slug\\\":\\\"tb-500\\\",\\\"sources\\\":[{\\\"type\\\":\\\"review\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"<url>\\\",\\\"title\\\":\\\"<title>\\\",\\\"quote\\\":\\\"<verbatim quote>\\\",\\\"summary\\\":\\\"<one line>\\\"}]}'\",\"objection\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/objections -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"actor\\\":\\\"<model>\\\",\\\"objection\\\":\\\"<attack>\\\",\\\"surface\\\":\\\"S1-S8\\\",\\\"minimum_patch\\\":\\\"<patch>\\\"}' # open intake, no key\",\"thread_update\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/thread-update -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"actor\\\":\\\"<model>\\\",\\\"target\\\":\\\"tb-500\\\",\\\"raw_text\\\":\\\"<material delta>\\\"}' # open intake, no key\",\"read_back\":\"curl -s https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500 | python3 -c 'import json,sys; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print(json.dumps(d[\\\"claims\\\"][-3:], indent=1))'\"}},\"representations\":{\"article\":\"/a/tb-500\",\"json\":\"/api/articles/tb-500\",\"markdown\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/bundle?format=markdown\",\"skill\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/skill\",\"topology\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/topology\",\"versions\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/revisions\",\"invocations\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/invocations\"},\"editorial_review\":null,\"editorial_audit\":{\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"ok\":false,\"issues\":[{\"code\":\"hero_review_missing\",\"message\":\"the existing hero has no story rationale or recorded visual inspection\",\"review\":\"Inspect the actual image and record its literal subject, visible action or composition, and acceptance or rejection.\"}]},\"body_hash\":\"85492c6d42279bce98e8c7f5dbf255dbe6279cee56a5325aea975d3090f22321\"}},\"ok\":true,\"matched\":null,\"before_hash\":\"85492c6d42279bce98e8c7f5dbf255dbe6279cee56a5325aea975d3090f22321\",\"after_hash\":\"85492c6d42279bce98e8c7f5dbf255dbe6279cee56a5325aea975d3090f22321\"}", "public_receipt": "https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_520m4giosx" }, { "receipt": "inv_g0xixkl1o3", "object_id": "ART_PATCH", "ts": "2026-08-04T12:42:55-07:00", "trace_id": "t_of1wuxd2", "request": "tb-500|{\"find\": \"-tested sport. Nothing here is a dosing or treatment recommendation.*\\n\", \"replace\": \"-tested sport. Nothing here is a dosing or treatment recommendation.*\\n\\nThe sibling objects for this page, each one inspectable on its own terms:\\n\\n[[embed:bpc-157]]\\n\\n[[embed:ara-290]]\\n\\n[[embed:wolverine-stack]]\\n\\n[[embed:wolverine-stack-ara-290]]\\n\\n[[embed:what-are-peptides-herniated-disc]]\\n\\n[[embed:bpc-157-vs-nsaids]]\\n\", \"expected_hash\": \"85492c6d42279bce98e8c7f5dbf255dbe6279cee56a5325aea975d3090f22321\", \"prov\": {\"model\": \"opus-5 (claude-code)\", \"action\": \"bind-sibling-objects\", \"rationale\": \"resolvable object references between peptide work objects\"}}", "response": "HTTP 200:{\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"title\":\"TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)\",\"body\":\"Your body already makes the thing this vial is named after. It is a protein called thymosin beta-4, 43 amino acids long, and almost every cell you have releases it — platelets dump it into a fresh wound, and the cells that clean up damage make more of it. Its job is to hold loose actin, the material a cell builds its own skeleton out of, so the cell can change shape and crawl toward the injury.\\n\\nWhat is sold as \\\"TB-500\\\" is not that protein. It is a seven-amino-acid piece cut out of the middle of it — positions 17 through 23 — with a chemical cap welded onto the front end. Written out it is Ac-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln, or Ac-LKKTETQ for short. The studies on the vendor page were nearly all run on the 43-amino-acid protein. The powder in the vial is nearly always the seven-amino-acid piece.\\n\\nThat is the single most useful fact on this page, so it goes first. Everything else — the dosing arithmetic, the horse blood levels, the rat tendons, the anti-doping ban, the cancer numbers, what 31 people who injected it say happened to them — reads differently once you know the evidence and the product are two different molecules.\\n\\n## What is breaking down, and what would have to be built back\\n\\nTake the two injuries that bring people here.\\n\\nA tendon is rope. Type I collagen fibres, laid down in parallel, bundled, and anchored into bone. It goes wrong slowly: the fibres lose their parallel order, the cells inside stop laying down good collagen and start laying down disorganised patch material, and tiny vessels grow in where they do not belong while the tissue overall stays starved of blood. That last part is the whole problem. A tendon has very little blood supply, so the cells and oxygen needed to rebuild it arrive slowly, and the repair loses the race against the next load you put through it.\\n\\nA disc in your spine is worse. The soft centre of the disc holds water under pressure; the tough outer ring contains it. With age and load the centre dries out, the ring cracks, the height drops, and the joints above and below start taking force they were not built for. A disc has almost no blood supply at all in its middle — nutrients seep in slowly through the bone above and below it. Nothing in the body repairs more slowly than the middle of a disc. [[degenerative-disc-disease|What degenerating discs actually do]] and [[herniated-disc|what a herniation actually does]] are covered separately.\\n\\nSo the chain that breaks tissue down looks like this: load exceeds repair, the cells switch from building rope to building patch, blood supply stays too thin to feed either, the patch scars instead of remodelling, and the tissue ends up weaker — so the same load now breaks it faster.\\n\\nAnything that would build it back has to hit one of five links. This is the frame to hold every claim below against.\\n\\n| Link in the chain | What would have to happen | Does the evidence reach it |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| Blood supply | more small vessels feeding the injury | strong for the 43-amino-acid protein in animals, and the seven-amino-acid piece is the part that does it |\\n| Cells arriving | repair cells crawl into the damage instead of sitting at the edge | strong in a dish and in rodent skin, never measured in a human tendon |\\n| Collagen quality | new rope laid parallel, not patch laid crossways | one rat Achilles study, eight animals in the arm |\\n| Less scar | fewer of the contracting cells that turn repair into scar | real for the full protein, and it runs through a piece the vial cannot make |\\n| Inflammation settling | fewer inflammatory signals, so repair can start | shown for the full protein, not for the fragment |\\n\\n## The vial and the studies contain different molecules\\n\\nTwo products sit side by side on the same shelf at the same 10 mg strength — one labelled \\\"TB-500\\\", one labelled \\\"TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4\\\" — and nothing on either label tells you which molecule is inside. This is not a technicality.\\n\\n| | Thymosin beta-4 (the natural protein) | \\\"TB-500\\\" as sold |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| Length | 43 amino acids | 7 amino acids (positions 17–23) |\\n| Sequence | the whole protein | Ac-LKKTETQ |\\n| Weight | ~4,963 daltons | 889.01 daltons |\\n| Front end | bare | capped with an acetyl group |\\n| Catalogue numbers | recombinant or synthetic full-length | CAS 885340-08-9, UNII QHK6Z47GTG, PubChem CID 62707662 |\\n| Tested in people | yes — eye drops, skin gel, heart | never, by any route |\\n| Can it release Ac-SDKP | yes, cut off the front end | no, it comes from the wrong part of the protein |\\n| Official drug name | recombinant human thymosin β4 | it does not have one |\\n\\nWhere the fragment came from is documented. In 2003 a group cut the protein apart looking for the smallest piece that still grew new blood vessels, and found it: those seven amino acids, and nothing shorter. Peptides missing the seven were dead. The seven on their own worked at about 50 nanomolar. Adding loose actin at 5 to 50 nanomolar switched the effect off completely, which proves the activity comes from grabbing actin rather than from docking into a receptor.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s1]]\\n\\nThat is the honest origin story. The fragment is real, it does one real thing, and one thing is not the same as everything the parent protein does.\\n\\n## A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\\n\\nThe Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee briefing package is the only document from a government agency that examines TB-500 as a substance. It says in plain terms that the two are not interchangeable, and it names the marketing error.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s22]]\\n\\nThree findings in that package change how everything else reads.\\n\\n**Nobody has been given it and measured.** The agency searched the published literature through March 2025 and reports that \\\"no articles were found in which TB-500 was administered to humans.\\\" The people who nominated it supplied no clinical data and no record of anyone taking it, by any route. The agency's safety verdict is the word \\\"unknown\\\" — not clean, not dangerous, unknown.\\n\\n**The cap on the front end is not a detail.** The wound-healing papers vendors point at used the *uncapped* seven amino acids, LKKTETQ. FDA states that capping the front end \\\"irreversibly alters their charge, hydrophobicity, and size,\\\" and that what the uncapped version does \\\"cannot be directly extrapolated\\\" to TB-500. Change the electrical charge and the water-repelling behaviour of a molecule whose entire job is sticking to another molecule, and you have changed the thing that matters.\\n\\n**The one time anybody tested TB-500 itself in a dish, it did nothing.** In a scratch test — you scrape a line across a sheet of skin-building cells and time how fast they close it — TB-500 free base \\\"appeared to be devoid of wound-healing properties.\\\" Its breakdown product, capped LKKTE, at 50 micrograms per millilitre did close the scratch by a small but real amount. That leaves open the possibility that TB-500 is a delivery form for a shorter piece. Nobody has tested that either way.\\n\\nThe same package records that the nomination itself carried a molecular formula that was wrong and a CAS number matching neither the free base nor the acetate salt. It also records where TB-500 actually came from commercially: a 2011 veterinary preparation sold to make racehorses and racing greyhounds perform better.\\n\\n## Seven amino acids are enough to pull one lever\\n\\nThe proposed mechanism runs in five steps. None of it is special injury machinery. It is the ordinary business of a cell changing shape, happening where tissue is being rebuilt.\\n\\n1. **Holding loose actin.** The protein grabs free actin building blocks, one molecule to one molecule. A held block cannot join a growing strand, so the cell keeps a stock of ready parts instead of a stiff finished mesh.\\n2. **Releasing it on command.** Letting those blocks go where and when the cell wants lets it extend a strand in one direction and push. Holding is not blocking. It is stockpiling, and the stockpile is what makes movement in a chosen direction possible.\\n3. **Crawling.** A cell that can build a leading edge crawls. Skin cells crossed a filter two to three times faster with as little as 10 picograms of the protein present. The cells that line blood vessels do the same thing.\\n4. **New blood vessels.** Those seven amino acids are the piece that does this, and this is the only step where the fragment is the active part rather than a bystander. Vessel-lining cells crawl, sprout, and form tubes.\\n5. **Inflammation settling down.** The full 43-amino-acid protein reduces the number of inflammatory cells at a wound and turns down three inflammatory signals — TNF-alpha, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s28]]\\n\\nSteps 3 and 4 were measured together in the original rat wound work. Applied to the skin or injected into the belly cavity, the full protein grew the skin surface back over the wound 42% faster at four days and 61% faster at seven, with more collagen and more vessels in the treated wounds than in the salt-water controls.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s2]]\\n\\nStep 4 is the step that matters for the tissue you are worried about. Tendon, ligament, the sheet of tissue around muscle, and the disc in your back all share one problem: not enough blood. A mechanism aimed at growing vessels is aimed at the actual bottleneck. That is a good argument on paper. It is also where the argument stops, because nobody has grown a vessel into a human tendon with this and measured it.\\n\\n## Why it gets run with BPC-157, and what happened when somebody tested that\\n\\n[[bpc-157|BPC-157]] and TB-500 are sold as a pair because their proposed mechanisms sit at different points in the same repair sequence.\\n\\n| | TB-500 / thymosin beta-4 | BPC-157 |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| What it grabs | the pool of loose actin building blocks | the grip machinery a cell uses to hold a surface (FAK and paxillin) |\\n| How it reaches blood vessels | the seven-amino-acid piece makes vessel-lining cells crawl and sprout | raises the main vessel-growth receptor and the nitric-oxide pathway |\\n| Level it acts at | supplying the cell's internal skeleton | grip and growth signals |\\n| Tissue where it is best evidenced | cornea, skin wound (as the full protein) | rat tendon, ligament, gut |\\n| Route used in the studies | on the surface, into the belly cavity, implanted locally | into the belly cavity, by mouth, locally |\\n\\nThe theory is that one supplies the machinery for moving and the other supplies the signal telling cells where to move. It is coherent. It has been tested head to head exactly once, and the pairing failed.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s25]]\\n\\nThirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats, twelve weeks old, about 330 grams each, had the Achilles tendon cut through and repaired, then four weeks of injections into the belly cavity, in four groups of eight: BPC-157 at 10 micrograms per kilogram per day, TB-500 at 60 micrograms per kilogram per day, both together, or nothing.\\n\\nTB-500 on its own was the arm that reached statistical significance. Maximum load before the tendon failed: p < 0.05. Total Bonar score, which grades how normal the tissue looks under a microscope: p = 0.016. Movin score, a second grading scale: p = 0.017. A collagen stain showed the most orderly type I collagen in the TB-500 group. A protein stain found no real difference between groups in how much type I collagen was being made.\\n\\nAnd the combination \\\"did not confer additional benefits compared to either agent alone.\\\" The synergy the pair is sold on did not appear in the one experiment that looked for it.\\n\\n## The scar-tissue claim comes off a piece this fragment cannot produce\\n\\nA large share of the \\\"breaks up scar tissue and adhesions\\\" marketing traces back to Ac-SDKP, a four-amino-acid piece that calms inflammation and reduces scarring, released from the parent protein.\\n\\nGetting it out takes two enzymes working in order. First an enzyme called meprin-alpha cuts the front section of the protein into pieces under 30 amino acids long. Then a second enzyme, prolyl oligopeptidase, snips Ac-SDKP off. Neither enzyme can do it alone.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s29]]\\n\\nNow put the two facts side by side. Ac-SDKP comes off the **front end** of the protein. TB-500 is positions **17 to 23** — the middle. The four-amino-acid piece cannot be made from it at any dose, by any enzyme, in any tissue. Every scar-reduction claim built on Ac-SDKP belongs to the 43-amino-acid protein and does not carry over to what is in the syringe.\\n\\nThere is a separate scar result for the full protein that does not depend on Ac-SDKP, and it is a good one. In rats, 100 micrograms of the protein delivered on days 2, 3 and 4 through implanted sponges produced wounds at day 14 with very few myofibroblasts — the contracting cells that pull a wound closed into a scar — and very few of their internal tension fibres. The collagen bundles were longer and thicker, and under polarised light they glowed the yellow-red of mature collagen where the untreated wounds glowed the green of immature patch material. Stopping cells from turning into myofibroblasts is the mechanism behind \\\"repair instead of scar.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s27]]\\n\\nThe 100 micrograms went into the wound on a sponge. It was the full protein. Neither of those matches a milligram injected into belly fat.\\n\\n## Sort the whole literature by tissue and the tendon row is one rat study\\n\\nSomebody counted the entire field. A 2026 scoping review from an orthopaedics and rehabilitation group at the University of Utah screened 1,772 records and included 80 studies.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s10]]\\n\\nTheir findings, in their own words: the evidence is \\\"weighted toward mixed and in vitro designs, and most studies evaluated TB4 rather than TB-500\\\"; \\\"direct musculoskeletal tissue categories such as tendon, ligament, muscle, cartilage, and spine/intervertebral disc were comparatively sparse\\\"; and \\\"human evidence was concentrated in ocular/cornea and wound/skin/soft tissue settings, whereas direct TB-500 evidence was limited to a single included study.\\\"\\n\\nOne study out of eighty tested the molecule that is actually sold.\\n\\n| Tissue | Best study | Species and model | n | Molecule | How it was given | Result |\\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\\n| Tendon | Biçer 2026 (PMID 42542926) | rat, Achilles cut and repaired, 4 wk | 32 (8 per arm) | TB-500 | into the belly cavity, 60 µg/kg/day | load to failure up, p<0.05; Bonar p=0.016; adding BPC-157 gave nothing extra |\\n| Tendon (cells) | Wu 2020 (PMID 31753373) | human stem cells from fat, on a woven scaffold | in a dish | full protein | released over 28 days from the scaffold | more crawling, more cells multiplying, cells turned into tendon cells |\\n| Ligament | Xu 2013 (PMID 23523891) | rat, knee ligament cut through, 4 wk | not stated | full protein | 1 µg in 100 µL of fibrin glue, placed in the gap | even fibre bundles, significantly stronger repair |\\n| Muscle | Tokura 2011 (PMID 20880960) | mouse, injured muscle plus cultured muscle cells | living animal and dish | full protein | the animal's own | the protein rises early after injury and pulls muscle cells toward the damage |\\n| Skin wound | Malinda 1999 (PMID 10469335) | rat, full-thickness wound | not stated | full protein | on the skin and into the belly cavity | surface regrown 42% faster at 4 d, 61% at 7 d, 11% more wound contraction |\\n| Scar | Ehrlich 2010 (PMID 20536458) | rat, implanted sponge, day 14 | not stated | full protein | 100 µg, days 2–4, into the wound | scar-pulling cells suppressed, mature collagen |\\n| Heart | Bock-Marquette 2004 (PMID 15565145) | mouse, coronary artery tied off | not stated | full protein | belly cavity or into the heart, every third day | heart cells survived, pumping function improved |\\n| Cornea | Sosne 2015 (PMID 25826322) | human, severe dry eye | 9 patients (18 eyes) | full protein, 0.1% | eye drops, 6×/day, 28 d | discomfort down 35.1%, p=0.0141; surface staining down 59.1%, p=0.0108 |\\n| Cornea | Sosne 2022 (PMCID PMC9820614) | human, nerve-damaged cornea, Phase III | 18 (10 vs 8) | full protein, 0.1% | eye drops, 5×/day | day 29: 60% healed vs 12.5%, p=0.0656; day 43: 50% vs 0%, p=0.0359 |\\n| Nerve | Morris 2010 (PMID 20627173) | rat, stroke from a clot | not stated | full protein | whole-body | better neurological recovery, nerve sheaths rebuilt, nerve fibres remodelled |\\n| Disc and cartilage | — | — | — | — | — | nothing, for either molecule |\\n\\n[[embed:source:s19]]\\n\\nRead the \\\"Molecule\\\" column before you read the \\\"Result\\\" column. Ten of the eleven rows are the 43-amino-acid protein.\\n\\n## The best tendon result that exists is eight rats an arm, injected into the belly\\n\\nThat sentence deserves its own heading, because it is the single strongest piece of evidence in the world for the thing people buy TB-500 to do.\\n\\nIt ran four weeks. It was a rodent. The dose went into the abdominal cavity, not under the skin. The authors call their own study \\\"exploratory\\\" and stop at calling both compounds \\\"candidate adjuncts to tendon repair, pending dose-optimization and longer-term studies.\\\" Nothing in it supports a milligram-per-week injection under the skin of a person, and the authors do not claim it does.\\n\\nThe delivery problem is out in the open in the tendon-engineering literature, which is itself a signal: the people who study getting this peptide into a tendon do not expect an injection into belly fat to do it. When the full protein was loaded into spun polymer yarns it released steadily over 28 days and pushed human stem cells taken from fat toward becoming tendon cells — they crawled more, multiplied more, and switched on tendon genes together.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s30]]\\n\\nThe scaffold is the point. Somebody built a 28-day slow-release fibre to hold the peptide at the tendon, because holding it there is the hard part.\\n\\n## The ligament study worked because the peptide was put in the wound\\n\\nThe rat knee-ligament study gets summarised as \\\"TB-500 heals ligaments.\\\" What it actually did was place 1 microgram of the full-length protein, carried in 100 microlitres of fibrin glue, directly into a ligament that had just been cut through. Local. Held in place by a carrier. One microgram. A different molecule.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s11]]\\n\\nThe paper opens by noting that as of 2013 nobody had ever published on this protein in ligament repair at all.\\n\\n## In muscle, your body already sends this signal after an injury\\n\\nThe muscle result is not a treatment result, and it is worth understanding why.\\n\\nInjuring a muscle causes the muscle itself to make more thymosin beta-4 — in the fibres that are regenerating, and in the blood-cell-making cells that move into the damage. The protein then acts as a chemical attractant, pulling muscle precursor cells toward the injury. Both the ordinary protein and its oxidised form sped up closure and pulled cultured muscle cells across a gap. Precursor cells taken from adult muscle followed the oxidised form.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s26]]\\n\\nSo the pathway is real in skeletal muscle, and your body switches it on by itself when you tear something. What has never been tested is whether adding more from outside improves a strain. No study has asked that question.\\n\\n## Every controlled result in a person is an eye or a skin wound\\n\\nHere is the entire human record for the 43-amino-acid protein, sorted by tissue. None of it is muscle, tendon, ligament or disc.\\n\\n**Eyes — the only place the numbers turned positive.** A nine-patient dry-eye trial reported eye discomfort down 35.1% and surface damage staining down 59.1% against the vehicle drops.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s18]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s45]]\\n\\nA Phase III trial in nerve-damaged cornea randomised ten patients against eight. Complete healing at four weeks was 60% versus 12.5%, p = 0.0656 — which misses the usual cutoff for calling a result real. At day 43 it was 50% versus 0%, p = 0.0359, which clears it.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s32]]\\n\\nThree completed Phase 3 dry-eye trials sit behind those: ARISE-1 with 317 patients, ARISE-2 with 601, and ARISE-3 with 700, the last finishing in October 2021. Total: 1,618 people. There is still no FDA approval.\\n\\n**Skin — completed, but safety was the question being asked.** The pressure-ulcer trial enrolled 72 patients on gel at 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.1% by weight, once daily for up to 84 days. The main question was safety and tolerance. Healing was a secondary question.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s3]]\\n\\nA matching 72-patient trial in leg ulcers from poor vein drainage completed on the same design.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s4]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s5]]\\n\\nTwo more were stopped early: one in the blistering skin disease epidermolysis bullosa, 30 patients, and one in corneal wounds in diabetic patients after eye surgery, 12 patients.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s13]]\\n\\n**Heart — withdrawn twice, then restarted in another country.** The animal finding that started the programme is specific: the protein forms a complex with two other proteins, PINCH and integrin-linked kinase, which switches on the survival signal Akt. After a coronary artery was tied off in mice, heart muscle cells survived better and the heart pumped better.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s31]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s9]]\\n\\nThe Phase 1 safety study in healthy volunteers was designed around single rising intravenous doses of 42 mg, 140 mg, 420 mg and 1,260 mg. It never enrolled anybody. The reason on the record: \\\"Study never initiated due to contract manufacturing issues.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s34]]\\n\\nThe Phase 2 heart-attack trial behind it was also withdrawn with zero patients enrolled. The only heart programme still producing human data is a Chinese full-length recombinant product called NL005: a Phase 1a in 54 healthy volunteers that established the highest tolerated dose, measured how fast the body cleared it, and checked whether the immune system made antibodies against it, then a Phase 1b in 30 people and two completed Phase 2 trials in heart attack.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s33]]\\n\\nLook at the dose scale in that withdrawn Phase 1 design. Milligram quantities of the full protein, dripped into a vein, in a hospital, under a protocol, are not the same object as 2.5 mg of a seven-amino-acid fragment injected under the skin of a belly at home — even though both are written in milligrams.\\n\\n## One registry record names TB-500, and it says it is made up\\n\\nSearch ClinicalTrials.gov for TB-500 and you get exactly one interventional record where the intervention is TB-500 itself: NCT07487363, \\\"TBRIDGE-CV,\\\" sponsor listed as Hudson Biotech, first posted March 2026.\\n\\nIts summary reads, word for word: \\\"This fictional study is an example of a ClinicalTrials.gov-style record.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s35]]\\n\\nIt is a demonstration template. Its intervention description has an unclosed bracket. Its dose field says the levels \\\"are not provided in this public example.\\\" Any page that cites NCT07487363 as proof TB-500 is in human trials is citing a placeholder — and that citation will keep appearing, because it is the only registry entry that looks like the thing people want to find.\\n\\n## Nothing has ever been injected into a person and measured\\n\\nOne row, stated plainly, because the tables above allow no other reading.\\n\\nThere is no human trial of TB-500. None finished, none running, none registered. Every controlled human result belongs to the 43-amino-acid protein, given as eye drops or a skin gel, for dry eye, a nerve-damaged cornea, or a long-standing skin ulcer. For tendon, ligament, muscle, fascia, cartilage or disc, the count of human trials is zero for both molecules.\\n\\nIf you are asking \\\"is this proven for my tendon\\\" — no. Not partly proven, not proven in a small way. The study has never been run.\\n\\nThat is one row on this page, not the page. Everything else here is what is actually known.\\n\\n## Mixing the vial, in numbers a syringe can read\\n\\nA freeze-dried vial holds a fixed mass of powder. The strength is whatever the water you add makes it, and the volume you inject follows from that. Insulin syringes are marked in units, where 100 units is 1 millilitre, so one unit is 0.01 mL.\\n\\nTake the common 10 mg vial and add **2 mL of bacteriostatic water**:\\n\\n- 10 mg ÷ 2 mL = **5 mg per mL**\\n- 1 mL is 100 units, so 100 units holds 5 mg\\n- **1 unit = 0.05 mg = 50 micrograms**\\n\\n| Dose you want | Volume | Units on a 100-unit insulin syringe |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| 250 mcg | 0.05 mL | 5 units |\\n| 500 mcg | 0.10 mL | 10 units |\\n| 1 mg | 0.20 mL | 20 units |\\n| 2 mg | 0.40 mL | 40 units |\\n| 2.5 mg | 0.50 mL | 50 units |\\n| 5 mg | 1.00 mL | 100 units (the whole syringe) |\\n\\nAdd 5 mL instead and you get 2 mg/mL. Now 1 unit is 20 micrograms, and a 2.5 mg dose is 125 units — more than one syringe holds, so a single dose takes two injections. That is why 2 mL is the practical fill for a 10 mg vial: it puts every commonly used dose inside one syringe.\\n\\nThe mechanics, in order. Wipe the rubber stopper with alcohol and let it dry. Draw up the water. Angle the needle so the water runs down the inside glass wall instead of jetting straight onto the powder. Swirl until it goes clear. Do not shake. Shaking tears peptide molecules apart and makes them clump together, and clumping is the exact mechanism behind the immune-reaction concern further down this page.\\n\\n## Every dose ever given in a study, and where yours would sit\\n\\nNo dose-finding study of TB-500 exists. Not in any species, at any dose. The loading-then-maintenance schedule that circulates online has no source under it: no trial produced it, no blood-level study calibrated it, no regulatory filing contains it. The nomination sent to FDA specified a formulation — 3 mg/mL, \\\"Subcutaneous and/or Intramuscular Injection\\\" — and specified no dose at all.\\n\\nWhat does exist is every dose that has actually been given in a study, and the list is short enough to print in full.\\n\\n| Study | Molecule | Species | Route | Dose | Schedule |\\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\\n| Biçer 2026, Achilles repair | TB-500 | rat | into the belly cavity | 60 µg/kg/day | daily, 4 weeks |\\n| Ho 2012, blood levels | TB-500 | horse | under the skin | 10 mg total | one dose |\\n| Rahaman 2024, scratch test | TB-500 | cells in a dish | in the culture fluid | 50 µg/mL | one exposure |\\n| Xu 2013, knee ligament | full protein | rat | into the wound, in fibrin glue | 1 µg | once, at surgery |\\n| Ehrlich 2010, sponge implant | full protein | rat | implanted locally | 100 µg | days 2, 3, 4 |\\n| Philp 2003, punch wound | uncapped LKKTETQ | mouse | on the skin | 0.01% in buffer | day 0 and 48 h |\\n| Bock-Marquette 2004, heart attack | full protein | mouse | belly cavity or into the heart | not fixed | every third day |\\n| NCT00382174, pressure ulcers | full protein | human | gel on the skin | 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.1% by weight | once daily, up to 84 days |\\n| NCT01393132, dry eye | full protein | human | eye drops | 0.1% solution | 6× daily, 28 days |\\n| NCT02600429, cornea | full protein | human | eye drops | 0.1% solution | 5× daily, 43 days |\\n| NCT00743769, heart (withdrawn) | full protein | human | into a vein | 42 / 140 / 420 / 1,260 mg | single rising doses, never run |\\n\\nRead the route column and count. Two doses in the entire record went under the skin: one of them was a horse, and the other does not exist. Every human dose ever given was put on a surface — a cornea or a wound bed — and none of them was TB-500.\\n\\nThe one animal musculoskeletal study that came out positive on placement put 1 microgram directly into the wound in a glue carrier. The schedules people run use milligrams injected into belly fat and expect them to reach a tendon in the shoulder. Those are not the same treatment scaled up. They are different treatments.\\n\\nThree route facts are settled. There is no oral form that works, because your gut digests it. Under the skin and into the muscle are the routes the formulation was submitted for. Injecting into or right beside the injured structure — the route in the one positive animal result — is not the route almost anybody uses.\\n\\n## Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse peaked at 0.08 nanograms per millilitre\\n\\nThe only measurement of TB-500 in the blood of a living animal, in any species, comes from thoroughbred geldings given 10 mg of the free base under the skin.\\n\\nBlood concentration peaked at 0.05 to 0.08 nanograms per millilitre, somewhere between 60 and 120 minutes after the injection. Between 6 and 10 hours it could no longer be measured at all. It broke down by losing amino acids one at a time off the tail end: Ac-LKKTET, then LKKTE, then LKKT, then LKK, then LK.\\n\\nTwo things follow from that, and both change how you would take it.\\n\\n**Dosing every three or four days has nothing behind it.** Schedules that space injections out are usually defended by saying TB-500 has a long half-life. A compound that cannot be detected in blood 6 to 10 hours after a 10 mg dose does not have a long half-life. Whatever else might justify spacing doses out, measured persistence in the blood is not it — and no half-life for TB-500, in any species, has ever been published as a number.\\n\\n**Sub-nanogram blood levels off a 10 mg dose is a very small exposure.** For scale: the concentrations at which this peptide and its breakdown products do anything measurable in a dish are in the tens of micrograms per millilitre. That is four to five orders of magnitude higher than what a 10 mg injection produced in a horse.\\n\\n## The 28-day rule comes from the water, not from the peptide\\n\\n- Freeze-dried powder: keep at 2–8 °C, or freeze it for long storage. Keep it out of light.\\n- Mixed with **bacteriostatic** water, which contains 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a preservative: 2–8 °C, commonly cited as good for about 28 days. That 28 days is the preservative's specification. It is not a stability figure anybody measured on this peptide.\\n- Mixed with **sterile** water, no preservative: one use, discard after a single draw.\\n- Do not freeze and thaw it once it is in solution.\\n\\nThere are no pharmacopeial stability data for either form of TB-500. FDA's own finding is that TB-500 free base \\\"is not physically and chemically well characterized,\\\" and that tests for contaminants, clumping, microbial contamination and bacterial endotoxin are missing from the public data and from vendor Certificates of Analysis.\\n\\n## How long each measured effect actually took to appear\\n\\nEvery timeline anybody can quote belongs to a study, and they cluster tightly.\\n\\n| What was measured | Time to effect | Study |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| Skin surface regrown over a wound | 4–7 days | Malinda 1999 (rat) |\\n| Collagen maturing, scar-pulling cells suppressed | 14 days | Ehrlich 2010 (rat) |\\n| Cornea healing | 29–43 days | NCT02600429 (human) |\\n| Dry-eye signs and symptoms | 28 days | NCT01393132 (human) |\\n| Ligament strength | 28 days | Xu 2013 (rat) |\\n| Tendon load to failure | 28 days | Biçer 2026 (rat) |\\n| Long-standing skin ulcer healing | 84 days | NCT00382174 (human) |\\n\\nThe musculoskeletal readouts all sit at four weeks in rodents. Rat tendon repairs faster than human tendon, and the human version of that four-week endpoint has never been measured. Any statement about how long you should expect to wait is a rat's timeline stretched across a species gap, for a molecule the rat got into its abdominal cavity.\\n\\nThere is a second problem with judging this by how you feel. Tendon problems get better on their own over months. That is the ordinary course, with no treatment at all. If you improve on that timescale you cannot separate the compound from time, from having backed off the load, and from everything else that changed in the same window.\\n\\n## The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\\n\\nThe vessel-growing and cell-crawling machinery that would plausibly help a healing tendon is the same machinery a tumour uses to grow and spread. That is not a hypothetical. It has been measured in living animals.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s20]]\\n\\nForcing a melanoma cell line to overproduce thymosin beta-4 gave a mean 2.3-fold increase in how far the cells crawled (95% CI 1.9–2.7, p<.001), a mean 4.4-fold increase in blood vessels inside solid tumours (95% CI 3.3–5.5, p<.001), and roughly four times as many tumour deposits in the lungs — 46.7 against 10.9. The authors concluded that thymosin beta-4 may drive tumour spread by switching on cell crawling and new vessel growth.\\n\\nThe paper shares an author with the wound-healing and vessel-growth work. The helpful finding and the harmful finding come from the same laboratory and the same mechanism. That is not a scandal. It is what an honest mechanism looks like when you follow it in both directions.\\n\\nThree qualifications, all of them real.\\n\\n- The experiment used a virus to force a melanoma line to overproduce the protein. It did not give a seven-amino-acid fragment at the doses a person injects. It establishes that the risk is mechanically plausible and open. It does not establish a proven human hazard.\\n- The literature runs both ways and depends on the cancer type. In multiple myeloma, this protein behaves as a tumour suppressor, and lower levels of it predict a worse outcome.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s21]]\\n\\n- No cancer-causation study of TB-500, in either form, has ever been run. FDA states that outright.\\n\\nThe defensible position is a specific exclusion, not a ban on the compound. Active cancer, or a significant cancer history, is a reason not to use this — because the risk is unmeasured in the direction that would hurt you and the benefit is unproven. That is a bad trade regardless of how the mechanism eventually resolves.\\n\\nThe wider literature supports that framing rather than either extreme. The protein is reported to help liver tumours in children spread, and to drive colon cancer cells to crawl through a specific signalling route, while in multiple myeloma losing it predicts a worse course. The effect depends on the tumour, which is exactly why no blanket reassurance is available in either direction.\\n\\n## What is in the vial has never been tested for the things that could hurt you\\n\\nSeparate from cancer, and specific to injecting a substance nobody has characterised:\\n\\n| Risk | Where it stands |\\n|---|---|\\n| The immune system reacting to it | FDA: TB-500 \\\"may pose a significant risk\\\" here, \\\"potentially amplified by aggregation as well as potential peptide-related impurities\\\" |\\n| Peptide contaminants | not characterised in public data or in vendor Certificates of Analysis |\\n| Bacterial endotoxin | not tested in public data |\\n| Clumped peptide | not tested in public data |\\n| Microbial contamination | not tested in public data |\\n| Cancer causation | no studies exist |\\n| Reports of harm after sale | the FDA adverse-event database returned zero reports for TB-500 |\\n\\nThe zero in that last row is not reassurance, and reading it as reassurance is the mistake this page most wants you to avoid. There is no legal human market for TB-500, so there is no channel through which a report could be filed. FDA's food and cosmetics system held two cases mentioning \\\"blended TB-500 and BPC-157,\\\" with no safety assessment attached to either. No surveillance produces no data, and no data looks identical to safety if you do not check which one you are looking at.\\n\\nNobody has published an independent purity or endotoxin audit of the consumer TB-500 market. Searching for one returns vendor pages claiming 99% purity and nothing that tested the claim. FDA arrived at the same place from the paperwork side: the nomination package supplied a molecular formula that was wrong and a CAS number matching neither form of the substance. That is what an uncharacterised material looks like on paper.\\n\\nThe only safety information with any weight behind it belongs to the full-length protein, and even that is thin at whole-body doses. The one programme that has produced human immune-response and blood-clearance data for the protein given systemically is the Chinese recombinant product, whose Phase 1a in 54 healthy volunteers measured the highest tolerated dose alongside peak concentration, time to peak, total exposure, half-life, clearance rate and antibody formation.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s41]]\\n\\nThose numbers describe a 43-amino-acid recombinant protein dripped into a vein under a hospital protocol, and they are not published in the searchable literature. They do not describe the fragment, the route, or the setting in which TB-500 is actually used.\\n\\n## Banned in sport at all times, and the wording names tendons\\n\\nThe 2026 Prohibited List, in force from 1 January 2026, lists under section S2.3 — Growth Factors and Growth Factor Modulators — \\\"Thymosin-ß4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s23]]\\n\\nFour details decide what that means for you.\\n\\n- **Prohibited at all times**, in competition and out of it. Using it in the off-season is still a violation.\\n- It is a **Non-Specified Substance** — the harsher sanction tier, with no starting presumption that the penalty should be reduced.\\n- The catch-all clause covers \\\"other growth factors or growth factor modulators affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis/degradation, vascularisation, energy utilization, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching.\\\" The exact reason you would take it is the exact behaviour the clause prohibits, written out in the rule.\\n- \\\"Other substances with similar chemical structure or similar biological effect(s)\\\" are prohibited too, which sweeps in unnamed fragments and lookalikes.\\n\\nEnforcement is real, and it has hit the pairing specifically. The Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport imposed a four-year ban on an athlete for BPC-157 and TB-500. The United States Department of Defense has adopted WADA categories S0 through S5, which puts service members under the same restriction.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s12]]\\n\\nSanctions do not require a positive test. They can be imposed on an admission, on possession, or on a purchase record. If you are in a college programme, a national federation, an Olympic pathway, most professional leagues, or the military, that exposure exists whether or not anybody ever tests you.\\n\\n## The July 2026 vote started a process, it did not change the status\\n\\nOn 23–24 July 2026 the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8 to 6, with one abstention, in favour of letting BPC-157, KPV and TB-500 be compounded — against FDA's own written recommendation that \\\"a balancing of the criteria weighs against\\\" listing them.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s24]]\\n\\nWhat that vote does and does not do:\\n\\n- It does **not** make TB-500 an approved drug.\\n- FDA is **not bound** by the recommendation.\\n- It starts a formal rulemaking cycle that realistically runs eight to twelve months.\\n- As of this writing TB-500 is **not** on the 503A Bulks List and is not legally compoundable. No outsourcing facility has reported compounding it, and no pharmacy was found doing so.\\n\\n\\\"The FDA just approved it\\\" is wrong twice: there is no approval, and the rulemaking has not finished.\\n\\n## Thirty-one people wrote down what happened to them, and the split is not what the marketing says\\n\\nEverything above this line is evidence. What follows is not, and it is counted anyway, because it is the only record of people using this for the reason you are reading about it.\\n\\nThirty-one first-person accounts, posted publicly on X between January and August 2026. Each one was located by search and then re-checked independently by pulling the post back and comparing the full text and the timestamp. Three candidates failed that check and are not counted. Nobody in this set was randomised, blinded, or controlled. Nobody tested the powder before injecting it, so the actual substance is unknown in every case. People who improved are far more likely to post than people who did not, so the set is selected before you even read it.\\n\\n**The count: 17 said it helped. 8 said nothing happened. 6 had a reaction or got worse. Denominator 31.** Two of those 31 were treating a gut complaint rather than a musculoskeletal one. Drop those two and the split is 17 helped, 7 nothing, 5 worse, out of 29.\\n\\nThere is one number that matters more than the split, and it is at the bottom of this section.\\n\\nEvery account below is quoted in the person's own words, with the handle, the date and a link to the original post. All of it is anecdotal. None of it is evidence.\\n\\n### Seventeen said it helped\\n\\nThe strongest reports come from shoulders and elbows, run for four to eight weeks.\\n\\n> \\\"Ran BPC 500mcg twice a day and 6mg of TB500 every 5th day for 6-8 weeks. Healed my torn rotator cuff\\\" — @PayHereSukka, X, 30 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_7b0irg5j]]\\n\\n> \\\"Slight tear of my rotator cuff. Surgery was a 5 month rehab timeline, instead I took bpc-157 and tb-500. Was back to full rotation in my shoulder and benching good weight by a month and a half!\\\" — @GrantWest14, X, 10 January 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_z5qnxkqk]]\\n\\n> \\\"I was dealing with a nagging golfers elbow for over a year. Would be tender the to the touch after hitting balls. Within a week of taking shots the pain started to disappear. Months later its compmetely healed.\\\" — @ryalljohnny1989, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_bpr3c1ux]]\\n\\n> \\\"I took it alongside TB-500 and it fixed my tennis elbow and was back to lifting also within two week.\\\" — @Das_Bear_, X, 29 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_8aa4h36p]]\\n\\nThree of the seventeen were treating exactly the disc problem that may have brought you here, and all three describe substantial relief inside a month.\\n\\n> \\\"I've been doing subcutaneous BPC TB+500 injections on both sides of the L5-S1 and a month in, the pain is dramatically less... the pain has been horrible for 6 years but this stuff really works. I don't wake up in awful pain anymore!\\\" — @MithMuel, X, 30 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_srfrp1td]]\\n\\n> \\\"Blew up my back in 2017. L4/L5/S1 severe disc herniation. Doc diagnosed me with degenerative disc disease, told me to quit lifting... Found the Wolverine stack and within a month I was pain free.\\\" — @jasonsvoboda, X, 26 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_t1lhudd5]]\\n\\n> \\\"My lowest disc in the lower back is dried out, almost no fluid left, classic herniated disc... In June I ran BPC-157 and TB-500 for about 6 weeks... After 3-4 weeks it already felt better. Now after the cycle, zero pain in biceps and shoulder. Disc still needs physio and rest, but already much better.\\\" — @MuroCrypto, X, 31 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_ionqqvc2]]\\n\\nRead that last one closely, because it is the most careful account in the whole set. He separates his shoulder result from his disc result, says the disc \\\"still needs physio and rest,\\\" and adds \\\"Don't know if it works the same for everyone, I'm no expert.\\\" That is what an honest anecdote looks like.\\n\\nSome report the effect arriving far faster than any tissue can rebuild — hours to days. That is a timescale for inflammation and pain signalling, not for collagen.\\n\\n> \\\"Wednesday I woke up in severe pain in my L Leg. It was so bad I couldn't bear any weight... Peptides started in the afternoon. Leg 75% better in the evening... Saturday: Woke up 100% better.\\\" — @L0V3lsKeY, X, 2 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_2m2r0oof]]\\n\\n> \\\"BPC-157 + TB-500 vastly accelerated my recovery timeline, eliminated my knee pain two days after i started, and brought the swelling in my jaw down within the week\\\" — @howdymary, X, 9 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_7cn6wcbt]]\\n\\nTwo days is not tissue repair. Whatever changed there, it was not new collagen.\\n\\nThe remainder are knees, ankles, quads, and general joint pain.\\n\\n> \\\"4 weeks 1mg bpc and then 4 weeks 2mg in knee. No acl or meniscus...knee has never felt better since before the injury years ago...also did tb500 twice a week total 4mg\\\" — @caezcrypto1, X, 30 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_4qf0wqtv]]\\n\\n> \\\"I'm 95% sure that BPC-157 and TB-500 helped me heal from several injuries including my left knee and right ankle. I really thought I was going to need surgery for both.\\\" — @JonahLupton, X, 26 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_albnpbru]]\\n\\n> \\\"I tore both quad tendons in separate years, the first recovery had taken almost a year. After the second surgery... I added BPC-157 and TB-500. By month five, I was sprinting and jumping again\\\" — @pepfessions, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_e9fjoshb]]\\n\\n> \\\"After a week of BPC-157 (8 injections, 500mcg subcutaneous abdominal), persistent ankle tendon pain from a snowboarding injury a year ago is barely noticeable... Yesterday I added TB-500 (1 injection, 2mg) as well\\\" — @jordaaash, X, 30 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_dmeyan6q]]\\n\\n> \\\"Have done a BLAST OF TB 500 and BPC -157 and KPV! Have serious shoulder tear! Blasted all three for 2 weeks!... Took my shoulder from barely joking a cupping hand to back in gym!\\\" — @tj_underwood, X, 31 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_1d35jifv]]\\n\\n> \\\"My 70 yr old dad tore rotator cuff and I had him do 1mg (BPC) injected daily in 2 doses for 4 months with 2-3x/weekly TB500 @ 2.5mg/dose. Within a few weeks, he was lifting his arm totally above his head again and all pain was gone.\\\" — @_REDwave_2024, X, 20 May 2026. Anecdotal, and second-hand — the son is reporting his father's result.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_8ed1wjyh]]\\n\\n> \\\"Promise you peptides are No Joke, I used the wolverine stack (BPC-157 and TB-500) to alleviate lifelong shoulder and joint pains\\\" — @BenWolf1425771, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal, and the same post links to a supplier, so treat it as promotional.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_t3aoiz9r]]\\n\\nTwo of these seventeen carry their own warning on their face. One reports the benefit disappearing about six weeks after stopping — which is the opposite of what tissue repair does. Repaired tendon does not un-repair when you stop injecting.\\n\\n> \\\"All of the soreness, aches, and pains that disappeared while on BPC/TB500 returned after about 6 weeks for me. I start back on Monday\\\" — @TheCaddieYardFL, X, 1 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_ses7fkwk]]\\n\\nThe other is @jordaaash above. He added TB-500 the day before he posted, after a week on BPC-157 alone, and the improvement he describes had already happened before the TB-500 went in. It is counted as a positive because the person counted it that way. It attributes nothing to TB-500.\\n\\n### Eight said nothing happened\\n\\nThese are not softer versions of the positives. They are people who ran it for weeks at ordinary doses and got no change at all.\\n\\n> \\\"Did 3mg of BCP & 5mg of TB500 daily for two weeks into my elbow. It didn't do jack shit. This is my 3rd time trying peptides for various joint/tendon stuff and my 3rd time not noticing any improvement at all.\\\" — @prax1s_mm, X, 30 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_avr26qqh]]\\n\\n> \\\"Bpc and tb-500 did nothing for my elbow arthritis sadly. Used it for 6 weeks\\\" — @replacementBux, X, 12 April 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_hyq2egsc]]\\n\\n> \\\"Age 62... I am very limited on what I can do at this point due to the severity of pain. I have been doing BPC 157 +TB 500 for 7 weeks, no improvement yet.\\\" — @ToddMil03223111, X, 9 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_89es50pi]]\\n\\n> \\\"I ran a heavy dose of klow into a heavy dose of bp-157 and tb500 for 2 months or more for my shoulder, did nothing, facing a shoulder replacement\\\" — @moon25martin, X, 30 May 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_fqd0nz38]]\\n\\nThat last one is the harshest data point in the set: two months at heavy doses, no effect, still headed for a shoulder replacement.\\n\\nSomebody treating the same lower-back problem as the three positive disc reports got nothing at all.\\n\\n> \\\"I'm trying it to see if it helps at all with inflammation for my lower back. L4/5 bulge and L5/S1 herniation. Bpc and Tb did nothing I could notice.\\\" — @HangryDBowman, X, 16 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_s75yt6kt]]\\n\\nThree people saying a disc improved and one saying nothing changed, all treating an L5/S1 problem, none of them scanned before or after — that is a clean picture of exactly what uncontrolled reports can and cannot tell you.\\n\\nTwo more report the effect as too small to matter rather than absent.\\n\\n> \\\"I personally used bpc 157/ tb 500 combo for my shoulder issue. Barely moved the needle. 3/10.\\\" — @travfourr, X, 15 April 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_lk8z70he]]\\n\\n> \\\"I had some pain there and leading up to my bicep area. Didn't get much relief from bpc157/tb500.\\\" — @MittelstaedtTim, X, 11 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_fkvglkvn]]\\n\\nOne took an oral form for a gut complaint and got nothing, which is unsurprising given the peptide does not survive digestion.\\n\\n> \\\"Just finished a bottle of oral liposomal BPC157+TB500 and it seems it did nothing :/ (hoping it would help heal my gut)\\\" — @Gronnet, X, 26 April 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_zj1lz4k4]]\\n\\n### Six had a reaction or got worse\\n\\nThese are the reports vendor pages do not carry, and the most informative account in the whole set is the first one.\\n\\n> \\\"TB-500 made my shoulder left worse. I have bursitis and stopped TB and it's better. I was getting pain in left thumb and arm as well. I was pinning SubQ. I've used 3 different vendors who are legit. So I ruled out bad product. No issues with BPC-157.\\\" — @biotides, X, 7 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_q1dsmvn0]]\\n\\nHe had bursitis, the shoulder got worse on TB-500, it improved when he stopped, he had used three different suppliers so a bad batch is unlikely, and he had no problem with BPC-157. That is about as close as an uncontrolled self-report ever gets to isolating one variable.\\n\\n> \\\"i ran bpc 157 for few weeks felt decent then add tb 500 hand and skeletal felt worse i discontinued it it was the blend version 20mg\\\" — @cryptotray79, X, 14 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_fgszb7lb]]\\n\\n> \\\"I ran TB-500 for a shoulder injury and got a head rush that lasted maybe 20 minutes. Injection site was red for a day.\\\" — @UndergroundBio, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_wuu78tg1]]\\n\\nThree describe immune-type reactions — hives, itching. That is the exact category FDA flagged in advance, on the grounds that clumped peptide and manufacturing contaminants provoke it.\\n\\n> \\\"Not my proudest moment, but after BPC-157 and TB-500 from the gray market, I got hives all over my body.\\\" — @stateofnomind, X, 10 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_dwju43tz]]\\n\\n> \\\"I took tb500 and bpc 157 mix for 3 days at 0.750 7.5 units on a 3mm needle i had some Hives show up on each side of love handles not the injection sites... Ive done research my self and stopped for now\\\" — @GetterBankWest, X, 2 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_nad31utv]]\\n\\n> \\\"nothing moved the needle more re gut barrier symptoms than TB500. Until the development of an MCAS-like picture, it began to flair immune Sx: itching, hives from heat, etc.\\\" — @AmbrosesDrink, X, 4 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_llsxbr8a]]\\n\\n### Two of the thirty-one used TB-500 without BPC-157, and both are in the last group\\n\\nThis is the number that matters. Twenty-nine of the thirty-one accounts ran TB-500 stacked with BPC-157, and several stacked a third and a fourth compound on top of that. Not one of those twenty-nine can attribute anything to TB-500. Every positive report in this set is a report about a combination.\\n\\nThe two accounts that isolate TB-500 are @biotides, whose bursitis shoulder got worse and recovered when he stopped, and @UndergroundBio, who got a head rush and a red injection site. Both sit in the \\\"worse\\\" column.\\n\\nThat is not evidence that TB-500 is harmful. Two reports settle nothing. It is a precise statement of how thin the isolated human experience with this compound actually is: out of 31 people who wrote down what happened, 2 took it on its own, and neither described a benefit.\\n\\n### What these 31 reports can and cannot settle\\n\\nThey can settle that people are running this at milligram doses for weeks, mostly stacked, mostly for shoulders, elbows, knees and lower backs, and that a substantial fraction of them believe it worked.\\n\\nThey cannot settle whether it works. Nobody was blinded. Nobody imaged the injury before and after. Almost everybody changed something else in the same window — rest, physiotherapy, load reduction, a second compound, surgery. The conditions being treated improve on their own over the same timescale. And negative reports are systematically harder to find than positive ones, which means 17 out of 31 overstates the true positive rate by an unknown amount.\\n\\nHold this section against the evidence sections above and the shape is clear. The self-reported record is large, warm, and confounded. The controlled record for this exact molecule, in this exact tissue, is a single study in eight rats.\\n## Injury by injury, what the record actually reaches\\n\\n| Your problem | Direct evidence in that tissue | Nearest real evidence | Where that leaves it |\\n|---|---|---|---|\\n| Tendon pain — Achilles, patellar, elbow | one 4-week rat study, 8 per arm, TB-500 into the belly cavity | Biçer 2026; Wu 2020 tendon cells in a dish | mechanism is plausible, one small animal result, nothing in people |\\n| Ligament sprain | one rat knee-ligament study, full protein, placed in the wound in glue | Xu 2013 | positive, but a different molecule at 1 µg delivered locally |\\n| Muscle strain or tear | none, only work on the body's own signal | Tokura 2011 | the pathway is real, adding more from outside is untested |\\n| Disc injury, disc-related pain | none | the scoping review lists spine and disc as sparse | no evidence at all in this tissue |\\n| Frozen shoulder | none | Ehrlich 2010 scar-cell suppression, rat sponge model | a scar-reduction argument only, and it belongs to the full protein |\\n| Plantar fasciitis | none | tendon data by analogy | no evidence, treated as tendon pain by assumption |\\n| Recovery after soft-tissue surgery | none in people | skin wound and heart animal work | untested |\\n\\nTwo of those rows carry an extra warning. The frozen-shoulder and disc arguments both rest on reducing scar, and the strongest scar-reduction mechanism in this literature runs through Ac-SDKP — the piece the sold fragment cannot make.\\n\\n## Every human study ever registered on this molecule\\n\\nHere is the whole clinical programme for the parent protein, with what actually happened to each trial. TB-500 appears in it once, as the fictional example.\\n\\n| NCT | Indication | Sponsor | Phase | Enrolled | Status |\\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\\n| NCT00382174 | pressure ulcers | RegeneRx | 2 | 72 | completed |\\n| NCT00832091 | leg ulcers from poor vein drainage | RegeneRx | 2 | 72 | completed |\\n| NCT00311766 | epidermolysis bullosa | RegeneRx | 2 | 30 | terminated |\\n| NCT00598871 | corneal wounds after diabetic eye surgery | ReGenTree | 2 | 12 | terminated |\\n| NCT00743769 | intravenous safety, healthy volunteers | RegeneRx | 1 | 0 | withdrawn |\\n| NCT01311518 | heart attack | RegeneRx | 2 | 0 | withdrawn |\\n| NCT01393132 | severe dry eye | Michigan Cornea Consultants | 2 | 9 | completed |\\n| NCT02597803 (ARISE-1) | dry eye | ReGenTree | 2/3 | 317 | completed |\\n| NCT02974907 (ARISE-2) | dry eye | ReGenTree | 3 | 601 | completed |\\n| NCT03937882 (ARISE-3) | dry eye | ReGenTree | 3 | 700 | completed |\\n| NCT02600429 (SEER-1) | nerve-damaged cornea | ReGenTree | 3 | 18 | terminated |\\n| NCT05555589 (SEER-2) | nerve-damaged cornea | ReGenTree | 3 | 70 planned | recruiting |\\n| NCT04555824 | healthy volunteers, Phase 1a | Beijing Northland | 1 | 54 | completed |\\n| NCT05485818 | heart attack | Beijing Northland | 2 | 62 | completed |\\n| NCT05984134 | heart attack | Beijing Northland | 2 | 90 | completed |\\n| NCT07586865 | heart attack | Beijing Northland | 2 | 189 planned | not yet recruiting |\\n| NCT07487363 | TB-500, heart biomarkers | \\\"Hudson Biotech\\\" | 1/2 | 80 planned | self-declared fictional example |\\n\\nFour things fall out of that table.\\n\\n**No musculoskeletal indication has ever been registered.** Not tendon, not ligament, not muscle, not fascia, not disc. Not by any sponsor, in twenty years, for either molecule. That absence is not a hole in the search. It is the state of the field.\\n\\n**Both heart trials from the original sponsor were withdrawn before a single patient enrolled**, and the programme then moved to a different sponsor, a different country, and a recombinant full-length product.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s36]]\\n\\n**The published \\\"Phase III\\\" cornea result comes from a terminated trial.** SEER-1 stopped at 18 patients enrolled, and the ten-versus-eight comparison you read in the literature is that terminated trial's data. Its successor, SEER-2, is still recruiting toward 70.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s39]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s42]]\\n\\n**Three completed Phase 3 dry-eye trials covering 1,618 patients have produced no approval.** ARISE-1 finished in 2016, ARISE-2 in 2018, ARISE-3 in October 2021. That is the largest and most mature dataset this molecule has, in the indication where it performs best, and it has not turned into a medicine anybody can buy.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s44]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s40]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s43]]\\n\\nThe skin programme closed the same way — two trials completed with safety as the main question, two stopped early.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s37]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s38]]\\n\\n## What is solid, what is not, and the gap underneath both\\n\\n**Solid.** Thymosin beta-4 holds loose actin and controls how a cell builds its internal skeleton. Its seven-amino-acid actin-grabbing piece is the part that grows new blood vessels, working at around 50 nanomolar. The full protein closes rat skin wounds 42 to 61% faster, stops repair cells turning into the scar-pulling kind, works through integrin-linked kinase and Akt in injured heart muscle, pulls muscle precursor cells toward damage, and improves dry eye and nerve-damaged cornea in small controlled human trials.\\n\\n**Not solid.** That any of that heals a human tendon, ligament, muscle, disc or fascia. That the fragment sold as TB-500 does what the full protein does. That milligram-per-week injections under the skin reach an injured structure at a concentration where the mechanism runs. That the compound is safe in a person over any length of time, because that study has never been run.\\n\\n**The gap underneath both.** The evidence and the product are not the same substance. A regulator has written that down. The capped form has never been shown to do what the uncapped form does. And the one time anybody tested TB-500 itself in a dish, it did nothing. Every transfer of evidence from the 43-amino-acid protein to the seven-amino-acid fragment is an assumption, and it is the assumption the whole market stands on.\\n\\nThe practical consequence is narrow and specific. Tendon pain from overuse, an impingement, and a partial tear are three different problems with three different treatment plans, and no peptide tells them apart. Getting the diagnosis right changes what you should do this week far more than anything in this vial does. The scoping review that counted this entire literature lands in the same place, in its own words: the evidence \\\"remains unevenly distributed and largely preclinical, with limited human evidence directly relevant to musculoskeletal applications.\\\"\\n\\n*Not medical advice. TB-500 is sold for research use only, is not an approved drug, is not currently legal to compound, and is prohibited at all times in WADA-tested sport. Nothing here is a dosing or treatment recommendation.*\\n\\nThe sibling objects for this page, each one inspectable on its own terms:\\n\\n[[embed:bpc-157]]\\n\\n[[embed:ara-290]]\\n\\n[[embed:wolverine-stack]]\\n\\n[[embed:wolverine-stack-ara-290]]\\n\\n[[embed:what-are-peptides-herniated-disc]]\\n\\n[[embed:bpc-157-vs-nsaids]]\\n\",\"hero\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/img/up/tb-500-hero-card.png\",\"images\":[],\"style\":{},\"tags\":[\"peptide\",\"tb-500\",\"thymosin-beta-4\",\"disc\"],\"category\":null,\"model\":\"Fable 5 (Claude Code)\",\"ledger\":{\"href\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/ledger\",\"live\":true},\"embeds\":[\"bpc-157\",\"ara-290\",\"kpv\",\"wolverine-stack\",\"wolverine-stack-ara-290\",\"what-are-peptides-herniated-disc\",\"bpc-157-vs-nsaids\"],\"widgets\":[{\"type\":\"stat\",\"value\":\"43 vs 7\",\"label\":\"amino acids: real Tβ4 vs the 'TB-500' fragment\"},{\"type\":\"stat\",\"value\":\"1\",\"label\":\"positive human indication (dry eye)\"},{\"type\":\"stat\",\"value\":\"0\",\"label\":\"human tendon/ligament/disc trials\"},{\"type\":\"note\",\"title\":\"You may not be buying what you think\",\"text\":\"Trials used full-length thymosin beta-4 (43 aa). Most 'TB-500' vials are a synthetic 7-amino-acid fragment — and some contain a different fragment (Ac-SDKP) entirely. Efficacy/safety data for the real protein may not transfer to the vial.\"},{\"type\":\"note\",\"title\":\"The cancer caveat is real here\",\"text\":\"Thymosin beta-4 is overexpressed in many solid tumors and linked to metastasis. The pro-angiogenic activity that could aid healing is the same one implicated in tumor growth — treat active malignancy or cancer history as a contraindication.\"}],\"home\":true,\"claims\":[{\"id\":\"c1\",\"text\":\"TB-500 is a synthetic version of thymosin beta-4, the body's principal G-actin-sequestering peptide, which regulates the actin dynamics that govern cell migration — the molecular basis for its role in tissue repair.\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s4\"],\"why_material\":\"Establishes the mechanistic basis for every regeneration claim.\"},{\"id\":\"c2\",\"text\":\"The same seven-amino-acid actin-binding motif that gives Tb4 its structural function also drives angiogenesis and endothelial migration, so new blood-vessel growth is intrinsic to how it repairs tissue.\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"why_material\":\"Angiogenesis is the rate-limiter for healing poorly-vascularized tendon, ligament and disc.\"},{\"id\":\"c3\",\"text\":\"In controlled animal wound models, Tb4 accelerated skin regeneration (reepithelialization up 42-61%) while increasing collagen deposition and angiogenesis.\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s2\"],\"why_material\":\"Quantified placebo-controlled preclinical anchor.\"},{\"id\":\"c4\",\"text\":\"Tb4 reached genuine randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trials for chronic wounds (pressure and venous stasis ulcers), where it was safe but did not hit statistical significance on primary healing endpoints.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s5\"],\"why_material\":\"Separates 'has real human trials' from 'proven to work in humans'.\"},{\"id\":\"c5\",\"text\":\"The ophthalmic Tb4 formulation RGN-259 showed positive Phase II human efficacy for dry-eye signs and symptoms via corneal epithelial repair — the strongest controlled human efficacy signal for the peptide.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s7\"],\"why_material\":\"The one indication with positive human RCT data.\"},{\"id\":\"c6\",\"text\":\"In preclinical cardiac injury, both local and systemic Tb4 dosing reduced infarct size and improved function via cardiomyocyte survival (ILK/Akt) and angiogenesis.\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s8\",\"s9\"],\"why_material\":\"Shows anti-fibrotic regeneration and that systemic dosing reaches injury sites — the assumption behind injectable TB-500.\"},{\"id\":\"c7\",\"text\":\"Tb4 improved ligament healing histologically and mechanically in a rat MCL model, but a 2026 scoping review confirms tendon, ligament, muscle and spine/disc evidence remains overwhelmingly animal-stage with no confirmatory human musculoskeletal trials.\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s11\",\"s10\"],\"why_material\":\"Gives the real promising-but-unproven status for the exact tissue class the disc stack targets.\"},{\"id\":\"c8\",\"text\":\"Across multiple chronic human wound types Tb4 has been reported to promote faster repair, extending its regenerative case into diseased human tissue.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s13\"],\"why_material\":\"Broadens human regeneration evidence beyond one indication.\"},{\"id\":\"c9\",\"text\":\"TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 are on the WADA Prohibited List and banned at all times for competitive athletes.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s12\"],\"why_material\":\"Mandatory compliance flag for anyone in tested sport.\"},{\"id\":\"c10\",\"text\":\"Real-world users self-treating tendon, tendinitis and spine/sacral injuries with TB-500 (usually stacked with BPC-157) report reduced pain and improved range of motion, but these are uncontrolled, confounded anecdotes.\",\"tier\":\"anecdotal\",\"source_ids\":[\"s14\",\"s15\",\"s16\"],\"why_material\":\"Captures the following for the disc/tendon use-case while firewalling anecdote from trial data.\"},{\"id\":\"c11\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The vial and the studies contain different molecules\",\"text\":\"Thymosin beta-4 is a 43-amino-acid protein of about 4,963 daltons with a bare front end; TB-500 as sold is a 7-amino-acid fragment, positions 17 to 23, Ac-LKKTETQ, 889.01 daltons, capped with an acetyl group (CAS 885340-08-9, UNII QHK6Z47GTG, PubChem CID 62707662). The protein has been tested in people; the fragment never has, by any route.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Two products sit on the same shelf at the same strength and nothing on either label says which molecule is inside.\"},{\"id\":\"c12\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Seven amino acids are enough to pull one lever\",\"text\":\"In 2003 a group cut thymosin beta-4 apart looking for the smallest piece that still grew new blood vessels and found those seven amino acids and nothing shorter; peptides missing the seven were inert, the seven alone worked at about 50 nanomolar, and adding loose actin at 5 to 50 nanomolar switched the effect off completely.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"why_material\":\"The actin-quenching experiment proves the activity comes from grabbing actin rather than docking a receptor, which is the fragment's one real mechanism.\"},{\"id\":\"c13\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"section\":\"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\",\"text\":\"FDA searched the published literature through March 2025 and reports that no articles were found in which TB-500 was administered to humans; the nominators supplied no clinical data and no record of anyone taking it by any route, and the agency's safety verdict is the word unknown.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"The only government examination of TB-500 as a substance records the human record as empty, not as clean.\"},{\"id\":\"c14\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\",\"text\":\"FDA states that capping the front end of the peptide irreversibly alters its charge, hydrophobicity and size, and that what the uncapped LKKTETQ does cannot be directly extrapolated to TB-500 — so the wound-healing papers vendors cite used a different molecule from the one in the vial.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Changing the charge and water-repelling behaviour of a molecule whose entire function is sticking to another molecule changes the thing that matters.\"},{\"id\":\"c15\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\",\"text\":\"In the one scratch-closure test of TB-500 itself, TB-500 free base appeared to be devoid of wound-healing properties, while its breakdown product capped LKKTE at 50 micrograms per millilitre closed the scratch by a small but real amount — leaving open, and untested, whether TB-500 is a delivery form for a shorter piece.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"The only direct in-vitro test of the sold molecule returned nothing, and the alternative hypothesis it raises has never been tested either way.\"},{\"id\":\"c16\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The scar-tissue claim comes off a piece this fragment cannot produce\",\"text\":\"Ac-SDKP, the four-amino-acid anti-fibrotic piece behind most scar-reduction marketing, is released from the front end of thymosin beta-4 by meprin-alpha followed by prolyl oligopeptidase; TB-500 is positions 17 to 23, the middle, so Ac-SDKP cannot be made from it at any dose, by any enzyme, in any tissue.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s29\",\"s28\"],\"why_material\":\"Every scar-reduction claim built on Ac-SDKP belongs to the full protein and cannot carry over to what is in the syringe.\"},{\"id\":\"c17\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The scar-tissue claim\",\"text\":\"In rats, 100 micrograms of the full protein delivered on days 2, 3 and 4 through implanted sponges produced day-14 wounds with very few myofibroblasts and very few internal tension fibres, longer thicker collagen bundles, and mature collagen birefringence where untreated wounds showed immature patch material.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s27\"],\"why_material\":\"A real scar-reduction result that does not depend on Ac-SDKP — but it used the full protein, placed in the wound on a sponge.\"},{\"id\":\"c18\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Sort the whole literature by tissue\",\"text\":\"A 2026 scoping review from a University of Utah orthopaedics and rehabilitation group screened 1,772 records and included 80 studies, finding the evidence weighted toward mixed and in-vitro designs, most studies evaluating thymosin beta-4 rather than TB-500, tendon, ligament, muscle, cartilage and spine categories comparatively sparse, human evidence concentrated in ocular and skin settings, and direct TB-500 evidence limited to a single included study.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s10\"],\"why_material\":\"One study out of eighty tested the molecule that is actually sold.\"},{\"id\":\"c19\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The best tendon result that exists\",\"text\":\"The strongest tendon evidence for TB-500 is Biçer 2026: 32 rats, 8 per arm, Achilles cut and repaired, four weeks, 60 micrograms per kilogram per day into the belly cavity — load to failure up at p < 0.05, Bonar score p = 0.016, and adding BPC-157 gave nothing extra. The authors call their own study exploratory and describe both compounds as candidate adjuncts pending dose optimisation and longer-term studies.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s25\"],\"why_material\":\"The single strongest piece of evidence in the world for what people buy TB-500 to do is eight rats an arm dosed intraperitoneally, and the authors claim no more than that.\"},{\"id\":\"c20\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The ligament study worked because the peptide was put in the wound\",\"text\":\"The rat knee-ligament result placed 1 microgram of the full-length protein carried in 100 microlitres of fibrin glue directly into a freshly cut ligament — local, held by a carrier, one microgram, a different molecule — and the paper opens by noting that as of 2013 nobody had published on this protein in ligament repair at all.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s11\"],\"why_material\":\"Route, dose and molecule all differ from a milligram injected into belly fat, which is how the result is usually summarised away.\"},{\"id\":\"c21\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Sort the whole literature by tissue\",\"text\":\"When the full protein was loaded into electrospun polymer yarns it released steadily over 28 days and pushed human adipose-derived stem cells toward becoming tendon cells — more migration, more proliferation, coordinated tenogenic gene expression; the scaffold exists because holding the peptide at the tendon is the hard part.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s30\"],\"why_material\":\"The people who study getting this peptide into a tendon do not expect an injection into belly fat to do it.\"},{\"id\":\"c22\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"In muscle, your body already sends this signal\",\"text\":\"Injuring a muscle causes the muscle itself to make more thymosin beta-4, in regenerating fibres and in infiltrating haematopoietic cells, and the protein then acts as a chemoattractant pulling muscle precursor cells toward the injury; adult muscle precursor cells followed the oxidised form.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s26\"],\"why_material\":\"The pathway is real and endogenous, which is not the same as showing that adding more from outside does anything.\"},{\"id\":\"c23\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"section\":\"One registry record names TB-500, and it says it is made up\",\"text\":\"The only interventional ClinicalTrials.gov record where the intervention is TB-500 itself is NCT07487363 (TBRIDGE-CV, sponsor Hudson Biotech, first posted March 2026), whose summary reads word for word that it is a fictional study and an example of a registry-style record; its intervention description has an unclosed bracket and its dose field says the levels are not provided in this public example.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s35\"],\"why_material\":\"Any page citing NCT07487363 as proof TB-500 is in human trials is citing a placeholder, and that citation will keep appearing because it is the only entry that looks like what people want to find.\"},{\"id\":\"c24\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"section\":\"Nothing has ever been injected into a person and measured\",\"text\":\"There is no human trial of TB-500 — none finished, none running, none registered. Every controlled human result belongs to the 43-amino-acid protein given as eye drops or a skin gel for dry eye, neurotrophic keratopathy, or a long-standing skin ulcer, and for tendon, ligament, muscle, fascia, cartilage or disc the count of human trials is zero for both molecules.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s5\",\"s7\",\"s18\",\"s32\",\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Not partly proven and not proven in a small way — the study has never been run.\"},{\"id\":\"c25\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse\",\"text\":\"The only measurement of TB-500 in the blood of a living animal, in any species, is thoroughbred geldings given 10 mg of the free base subcutaneously: blood concentration peaked at 0.05 to 0.08 nanograms per millilitre between 60 and 120 minutes and was undetectable by 6 to 10 hours, degrading by sequential C-terminal amino acid loss.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"A compound undetectable in blood 6 to 10 hours after a 10 mg dose does not have the long half-life that every-three-days dosing is defended with, and no half-life for TB-500 in any species has ever been published as a number.\"},{\"id\":\"c26\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse\",\"text\":\"Sub-nanogram blood levels from a 10 mg dose sit four to five orders of magnitude below the tens of micrograms per millilitre at which this peptide and its breakdown products do anything measurable in a dish.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"The exposure gap between the dose people take and the concentration the mechanism needs is the quantitative core of the delivery objection.\"},{\"id\":\"c27\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The 28-day rule comes from the water\",\"text\":\"The commonly cited 28-day refrigerated shelf life of a reconstituted vial is the benzyl-alcohol preservative's specification, not a stability figure measured on this peptide; there are no pharmacopeial stability data for either form of TB-500, and FDA found the free base is not physically and chemically well characterised, with tests for contaminants, aggregation, microbial contamination and bacterial endotoxin missing from public data and vendor Certificates of Analysis.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"A shelf-life number that describes the diluent rather than the drug is a named gap, not a specification.\"},{\"id\":\"c28\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\",\"text\":\"Forcing a melanoma cell line to overproduce thymosin beta-4 produced a mean 2.3-fold increase in migration distance (95% CI 1.9 to 2.7, p < .001), a mean 4.4-fold increase in intratumoural blood vessels (95% CI 3.3 to 5.5, p < .001), and roughly four times as many lung metastatic deposits (46.7 against 10.9).\",\"source_ids\":[\"s20\"],\"why_material\":\"The vessel-growing and cell-crawling machinery that would help a healing tendon is the same machinery a tumour uses, measured in living animals by a laboratory sharing authorship with the wound-healing work.\"},{\"id\":\"c29\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\",\"text\":\"The direction is tumour-type dependent: in multiple myeloma thymosin beta-4 behaves as a tumour suppressor and lower levels predict a worse outcome, and no cancer-causation study of TB-500 in either form has ever been run — so the defensible position is a specific exclusion for active cancer or significant cancer history rather than a blanket claim in either direction.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s21\",\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Risk unmeasured in the direction that would hurt, against a benefit that is unproven, is a bad trade regardless of how the mechanism resolves.\"},{\"id\":\"c30\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"Banned in sport at all times\",\"text\":\"The WADA 2026 Prohibited List, in force from 1 January 2026, lists under S2.3 Thymosin-beta-4 and its derivatives, e.g. TB-500 — prohibited at all times, in the Non-Specified harsher sanction tier, with a catch-all covering growth factor modulators affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis, vascularisation, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching, and a further clause sweeping in substances of similar structure or effect.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s23\",\"s12\",\"s17\"],\"why_material\":\"The exact reason someone would take it is the exact behaviour written into the prohibition, and sanctions can follow an admission, a possession finding or a purchase record with no positive test.\"},{\"id\":\"c31\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The July 2026 vote started a process\",\"text\":\"On 23 to 24 July 2026 the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8 to 6 with one abstention in favour of letting BPC-157, KPV and TB-500 be compounded, against FDA's written recommendation that a balancing of the criteria weighs against listing them; the vote does not make TB-500 an approved drug, does not bind FDA, starts a rulemaking cycle realistically running eight to twelve months, and TB-500 remains off the 503A Bulks List and not legally compoundable.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s24\"],\"why_material\":\"The claim that FDA just approved it is wrong twice — there is no approval and the rulemaking has not finished.\"},{\"id\":\"c32\",\"tier\":\"anecdotal\",\"section\":\"Thirty-one people wrote down what happened to them\",\"text\":\"Thirty-one first-person accounts were counted: 17 said it helped, 8 said nothing happened, 6 had a reaction or got worse. Twenty-nine of the thirty-one ran TB-500 stacked with BPC-157 and several stacked a third and fourth compound, so not one of those twenty-nine can attribute anything to TB-500 — every positive report in the set is a report about a combination.\",\"source_ids\":[\"w_7b0irg5j\",\"w_ionqqvc2\",\"w_t1lhudd5\",\"w_srfrp1td\",\"w_7cn6wcbt\",\"w_8aa4h36p\",\"w_bpr3c1ux\",\"w_4qf0wqtv\",\"w_2m2r0oof\",\"w_1d35jifv\",\"w_dmeyan6q\",\"w_e9fjoshb\",\"w_albnpbru\",\"w_z5qnxkqk\",\"w_8ed1wjyh\",\"w_t3aoiz9r\",\"w_ses7fkwk\",\"w_avr26qqh\",\"w_hyq2egsc\",\"w_fqd0nz38\",\"w_89es50pi\",\"w_s75yt6kt\",\"w_lk8z70he\",\"w_fkvglkvn\",\"w_zj1lz4k4\",\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"w_fgszb7lb\",\"w_dwju43tz\",\"w_nad31utv\",\"w_llsxbr8a\",\"w_wuu78tg1\"],\"why_material\":\"The confound is structural, not incidental: the self-reported record cannot separate TB-500 from BPC-157 in 29 of 31 cases.\"},{\"id\":\"c33\",\"tier\":\"anecdotal\",\"section\":\"Two of the thirty-one used TB-500 without BPC-157\",\"text\":\"Only two of the thirty-one accounts isolate TB-500, and both sit in the worse column: one whose bursitis shoulder worsened and recovered on stopping, and one who reported a head rush and a red injection site. Two reports settle nothing; the point is how thin the isolated human experience actually is.\",\"source_ids\":[\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"w_wuu78tg1\"],\"why_material\":\"Out of 31 people who wrote down what happened, 2 took it on its own and neither described a benefit.\"},{\"id\":\"c34\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"What is solid, what is not, and the gap underneath both\",\"text\":\"The gap underneath the whole market: the evidence and the product are not the same substance, a regulator has written that down, the capped form has never been shown to do what the uncapped form does, and the one time anybody tested TB-500 itself in a dish it did nothing — so every transfer of evidence from the 43-amino-acid protein to the seven-amino-acid fragment is an assumption.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\",\"s10\"],\"why_material\":\"This is the page's central conclusion and it is the assumption the entire TB-500 market stands on.\"}],\"sources\":[{\"id\":\"s1\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14500546/\",\"title\":\"The actin binding site on thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis\",\"quote\":\"we find that a seven amino acid actin binding motif of thymosin beta4 is essential for its angiogenic activity.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"genesis\",\"hash\":\"903016522f56ae426357feb261840a20ce9d757b1a5191a87b8a3d3762a3c1e2\"},{\"id\":\"s2\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing\",\"quote\":\"Addition of Tbeta4 topically or intraperitoneally increased reepithelialization by 42% over saline controls at 4 d and by as much as 61% at 7 d post-wounding.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c3\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"903016522f56ae426357feb261840a20ce9d757b1a5191a87b8a3d3762a3c1e2\",\"hash\":\"d85ef7bd47c2ea68d9785f7f9274fa92fb82dfb7fdecf8ece3601a5e4c9df2d3\"},{\"id\":\"s3\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00382174\",\"title\":\"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Pressure Ulcers\",\"quote\":\"evaluate the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of Thymosin Beta 4 administered topically in patients with Pressure Ulcers\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c4\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"d85ef7bd47c2ea68d9785f7f9274fa92fb82dfb7fdecf8ece3601a5e4c9df2d3\",\"hash\":\"87427bce9bc4f06b635c6c2ddf040b3cdbc231c4dc364f335f9934446dc900fa\"},{\"id\":\"s4\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00832091\",\"title\":\"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Venous Stasis Ulcers\",\"quote\":\"a synthetically-produced copy of a naturally occurring 43 amino acid peptide that has wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties and can up-regulate the expression of laminin-5.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c4\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"87427bce9bc4f06b635c6c2ddf040b3cdbc231c4dc364f335f9934446dc900fa\",\"hash\":\"dcb9147ff48fe018b2675b61a27cf46405dce0ca58013d7aab5fb23c79d52d55\"},{\"id\":\"s5\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17495250/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta-4 and venous ulcers: a European prospective, randomized study\",\"quote\":\"When review safety data show no-dose-limiting adverse events, a new group will be enrolled.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c4\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"dcb9147ff48fe018b2675b61a27cf46405dce0ca58013d7aab5fb23c79d52d55\",\"hash\":\"ddf2e53b59ef44d49f753136506f811c0479be4a15deb61e09053ba0c6bd8ece\"},{\"id\":\"s7\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26056426/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial\",\"quote\":\"This study confirms the efficacy of 0.1% Tbeta4 as a topical treatment for relief of signs and symptoms of dry eye.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c5\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"ddf2e53b59ef44d49f753136506f811c0479be4a15deb61e09053ba0c6bd8ece\",\"hash\":\"22354846acea477730db6e41b15a1017ce8e710bd2ef3ff1e72cc4c909f00cda\"},{\"id\":\"s8\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3843122/\",\"title\":\"Cardioprotection by systemic dosing of thymosin beta four following ischemic myocardial injury\",\"quote\":\"Tbeta4 administered throughout the study reduced infarct size and resulted in significant improvements in hemodynamic performance.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c6\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"22354846acea477730db6e41b15a1017ce8e710bd2ef3ff1e72cc4c909f00cda\",\"hash\":\"56f4acea140fb6a217cbd612524f6229542f97bb88a2f0bdaff335eadca9bffa\"},{\"id\":\"s9\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17600280/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction\",\"quote\":\"thymosin beta4 treatment resulted in upregulation of ILK and Akt activity in the heart, enhanced early myocyte survival, and improved cardiac function.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c6\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"56f4acea140fb6a217cbd612524f6229542f97bb88a2f0bdaff335eadca9bffa\",\"hash\":\"52c0e6abd95aca14f037384f88aabea3feefb947408d9001dc2045f7a98c3c09\"},{\"id\":\"s10\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16126202\",\"title\":\"Thymosin Beta-4 and TB-500 in Tissue Healing, Regeneration, and Musculoskeletal Repair: A Scoping Review\",\"quote\":\"the evidence base is heavily weighted toward preclinical and mechanistic work, with human musculoskeletal data sparse\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c7\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"52c0e6abd95aca14f037384f88aabea3feefb947408d9001dc2045f7a98c3c09\",\"hash\":\"cbb9695c43cf279c5d09d47cdde66193a95b3b6fc1abe091d693541f67460bd7\"},{\"id\":\"s11\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23523891/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rat\",\"quote\":\"Local administration of Tbeta4 promotes the healing process of MCL, both histologically and mechanically, in a rat model.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c7\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"cbb9695c43cf279c5d09d47cdde66193a95b3b6fc1abe091d693541f67460bd7\",\"hash\":\"87e3797179b7b44da4d912bba2c255934e19d7e88c4f061441cfa0191470c46d\"},{\"id\":\"s12\",\"type\":\"news\",\"url\":\"https://www.bscg.org/blogs/single/tb-500-status-risks-and-bans-in-sport-and-military\",\"title\":\"TB-500 - Status, Risks, and Bans in Sport and Military\",\"quote\":\"The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) lists TB-500 under 'Growth Factors and Growth Factor Modulators' as a prohibited substance\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c9\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"87e3797179b7b44da4d912bba2c255934e19d7e88c4f061441cfa0191470c46d\",\"hash\":\"29b70749bb3947d64c6e3a34a0ed862cc3264e041bc2cf470248b3c19db9f1fd\"},{\"id\":\"s13\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31649007/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4: potential to treat epidermolysis bullosa and other severe dermal injuries\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin beta4 promotes faster repair in various chronic human wounds, including pressure ulcers, stasis ulcers, and epidermolysis bullosa lesions.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c8\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"29b70749bb3947d64c6e3a34a0ed862cc3264e041bc2cf470248b3c19db9f1fd\",\"hash\":\"dd783d638ffebc3a43cfbc736babb517836b68444f14c116f5e9a82210052c77\"},{\"id\":\"s17\",\"type\":\"news\",\"url\":\"https://www.bscg.org/blogs/single/tb-500-status-risks-and-bans-in-sport-and-military\",\"title\":\"TB-500 - Status, Risks, and Bans (BSCG)\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 is a synthetic heptapeptide (Ac-LKKTETQ) that corresponds to amino acids 17-23 of thymosin beta-4\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"dd783d638ffebc3a43cfbc736babb517836b68444f14c116f5e9a82210052c77\",\"hash\":\"ad812cd832e64c8f540ecd9ea24ad56251b4e7e24b9cb7253788ce25a770f332\"},{\"id\":\"s18\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25826322/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial (Cornea 2015)\",\"quote\":\"RGN-259-treated group had 35.1% reduction of ocular discomfort compared with vehicle control (P = 0.0141)\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"ad812cd832e64c8f540ecd9ea24ad56251b4e7e24b9cb7253788ce25a770f332\",\"hash\":\"1ea56e216f8aa65d8dc8795a9e9bd254a7af4874df0e7cd29b3cd7e26d454306\"},{\"id\":\"s19\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20627173/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 improves functional neurological outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke\",\"quote\":\"Tbeta4 improves neurological functional outcome after embolic stroke in rats.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"1ea56e216f8aa65d8dc8795a9e9bd254a7af4874df0e7cd29b3cd7e26d454306\",\"hash\":\"2fe7c37de6555c86f4126eaea9c4bf1129054427d97cb5bcbb2102ba578a0b57\"},{\"id\":\"s20\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14625258/\",\"title\":\"Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis (JNCI 2003)\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin beta4 may stimulate tumor metastasis by activating cell migration and angiogenesis.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"2fe7c37de6555c86f4126eaea9c4bf1129054427d97cb5bcbb2102ba578a0b57\",\"hash\":\"02df30fbb98e8576a851c1de2c4cbea56b0aa15427208e7cc95a7bba5d4478a7\"},{\"id\":\"s21\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19833631/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 has tumor suppressive effects in multiple myeloma\",\"quote\":\"Tbeta4 overexpression led to significantly decreased proliferative and migratory capacities and increased sensitivity to apoptosis-induction.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"02df30fbb98e8576a851c1de2c4cbea56b0aa15427208e7cc95a7bba5d4478a7\",\"hash\":\"87bf1117a31eb20225774a1a383d7895f4d22060790d4663a5c46a88eb64a6cd\"},{\"id\":\"s22\",\"type\":\"regulatory\",\"url\":\"https://www.fda.gov/media/193349/download\",\"title\":\"FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee — TB-500-Related Bulk Drug Substances (TB-500 free base and TB-500 acetate)\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Food and Drug Administration\",\"date\":\"2026-07\",\"author\":\"U.S. Food and Drug Administration\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 (free base) is understood today to be a seven amino acid synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4 (β4) from amino acids 17 to 23 and an acetyl group at the N-terminal leucine amino acid (Ac-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln-OH). … thymosin beta-4 and TB-500 are not the same substance. … no articles were found in which TB-500 was administered to humans. … Therefore, potential safety risks associated with the use of TB-500 in humans are unknown.\",\"summary\":\"The only regulatory characterisation of TB-500 as a substance. States the fragment/protein distinction in writing, records zero human exposure data by any route, reports that TB-500 free base 'appeared to be devoid of wound-healing properties' in vitro, notes acetylation 'irreversibly alters their charge, hydrophobicity, and size' so the non-acetylated LKKTETQ literature cannot be extrapolated, flags immunogenicity and aggregation risk, records absent impurity/endotoxin/aggregate/microbiological testing, notes no carcinogenicity studies exist, and recommends against listing. Also contains the only in vivo TB-500 pharmacokinetics (equine, 10 mg subcutaneous).\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"87bf1117a31eb20225774a1a383d7895f4d22060790d4663a5c46a88eb64a6cd\",\"hash\":\"181a7b2d744eb9c94b2e82281294a522151ed269f8c9c01d0ab022f7af867c99\"},{\"id\":\"s23\",\"type\":\"regulatory\",\"url\":\"https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/2026list_en_final_clean_september_2025.pdf\",\"title\":\"World Anti-Doping Code International Standard — Prohibited List 2026, section S2.3\",\"publisher\":\"World Anti-Doping Agency\",\"date\":\"2026-01-01\",\"author\":\"World Anti-Doping Agency\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin-ß4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500 … and other growth factors or growth factor modulators affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis/degradation, vascularisation, energy utilization, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching. … PROHIBITED AT ALL TIMES (IN- AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION) … All prohibited substances in this class are non-Specified Substances.\",\"summary\":\"TB-500 named by name under S2.3 Growth Factors and Growth Factor Modulators, prohibited in and out of competition, non-Specified tier. The catch-all clause names muscle, tendon and ligament explicitly.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"181a7b2d744eb9c94b2e82281294a522151ed269f8c9c01d0ab022f7af867c99\",\"hash\":\"b92aa31e3f1570cc3515dd46c5b91358a0ce7b0bed8acf24c15b26067e9825e1\"},{\"id\":\"s24\",\"type\":\"regulatory\",\"url\":\"https://www.pharmexec.com/view/fda-votes-loosen-restrictions-four-peptides\",\"title\":\"FDA Panel Votes to Loosen Restrictions for Four Peptides\",\"publisher\":\"Pharmaceutical Executive\",\"date\":\"2026-07-24\",\"author\":\"Nicholas Jacobus\",\"quote\":\"voted 8-6 in favor of allowing Bpc-157, Kpv and Tb-500 to be compounded, with one abstention … The votes do not make the peptides FDA-approved drugs … FDA is not bound by the panel's recommendations … The advisory committee's recommendation still triggers a formal rulemaking cycle that realistically runs eight to twelve months\",\"summary\":\"Reports the 23–24 July 2026 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee vote, taken against FDA's own written recommendation. TB-500 remains off the 503A Bulks List and not legally compoundable pending rulemaking.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"b92aa31e3f1570cc3515dd46c5b91358a0ce7b0bed8acf24c15b26067e9825e1\",\"hash\":\"9d6badacf18605bcdf541a301f7448297f15bb05799ae9232ffadcaeebc7216a\"},{\"id\":\"s25\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42542926/\",\"title\":\"Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study\",\"publisher\":\"Joint Diseases and Related Surgery 37(3):822-837\",\"date\":\"2026-07-23\",\"author\":\"Biçer O, Adanir O, Güleryüz Y, Balci EC, Dinçel YM, Yenigün MY, Aydin C, Bayrak BY\",\"quote\":\"higher maximum load to failure values in the BPC-157 and TB-500 groups compared to controls, reaching statistical significance in the TB-500 group (p < 0.05) … significantly lower total Bonar scores in the TB-500 group (p = 0.016) … Combined BPC-157 and TB-500 treatment did not confer additional benefits compared to either agent alone\",\"summary\":\"PMID 42542926. The only tendon-strength study using TB-500 itself. 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats, Achilles transection and repair, four arms of eight, four weeks of intraperitoneal dosing: BPC-157 10 µg/kg/day, TB-500 60 µg/kg/day, combination, control. Authors call it exploratory and stop short of clinical recommendation. The combination arm contradicts the stacking rationale.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"9d6badacf18605bcdf541a301f7448297f15bb05799ae9232ffadcaeebc7216a\",\"hash\":\"ce1e1f5971b5d67bf5525ee314741cca095243647a4b884e5d29cce9fdf68b60\"},{\"id\":\"s26\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20880960/\",\"title\":\"Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts\",\"publisher\":\"Journal of Biochemistry 149(1):43-8\",\"date\":\"2011-01\",\"author\":\"Tokura Y, Nakayama Y, Fukada S, Nara N, Yamamoto H, Matsuda R, Hara T\",\"quote\":\"muscle injury enhances the local production of Tβ4, thereby promoting the migration of myoblasts\",\"summary\":\"PMID 20880960. Tβ4 and thymosin β10 are upregulated early in regenerating muscle fibres and inflammatory haematopoietic cells; Tβ4 and its sulphoxidised form accelerate closure and increase chemotaxis of C2C12 myoblasts and of primary myoblasts from adult satellite cells. Establishes the skeletal-muscle pathway as endogenous, not as an exogenous treatment result.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"ce1e1f5971b5d67bf5525ee314741cca095243647a4b884e5d29cce9fdf68b60\",\"hash\":\"392b49dae83324c8925194f9d6097e2e0a3c6c9ea704782cdf9ebb6c0153b1d5\"},{\"id\":\"s27\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536458/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 enhances repair by organizing connective tissue and preventing the appearance of myofibroblasts\",\"publisher\":\"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences\",\"date\":\"2010-04\",\"author\":\"Ehrlich HP, Hazard SW 3rd\",\"quote\":\"few myofibroblasts and fibroblasts with alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA) stained stress fibers … longer, thicker collagen fiber bundles with intense yellow-red birefringence\",\"summary\":\"PMID 20536458. 100 µg of Tβ4 delivered on days 2, 3 and 4 through polyvinyl alcohol sponge implants in subcutaneous pockets in Sprague-Dawley rats, read at day 14. Control implants contained mostly myofibroblasts; treated wounds were significantly narrower. The mechanistic basis for 'repair instead of scar'.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"392b49dae83324c8925194f9d6097e2e0a3c6c9ea704782cdf9ebb6c0153b1d5\",\"hash\":\"e2cfa54fa6ba97bd6b6acf0decd9a01702b471797ee95ceb4ed75c67abcf67a1\"},{\"id\":\"s28\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9655242/\",\"title\":\"The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis\",\"publisher\":\"International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(21):13282\",\"date\":\"2022-10-31\",\"author\":\"Wang W, Jia W, Zhang C\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin β4 is a water-soluble peptide with a highly conserved structure composed of 43 amino acid residues … After the cleavage of Tβ4 into NH2-terminal intermediate peptides less than 30 amino acids in length by metalloprotease meprin α, POP hydrolyzes these intermediate peptides to ultimately release N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) … exerts anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the number of inflammatory cells and downregulating the expression levels of many inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6\",\"summary\":\"PMID 36362069, PMCID PMC9655242. Establishes that Ac-SDKP is released from the N-terminus of Tβ4, which is why the anti-fibrotic literature does not transfer to TB-500 (residues 17–23). Also the source for the named anti-inflammatory cytokine targets.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"e2cfa54fa6ba97bd6b6acf0decd9a01702b471797ee95ceb4ed75c67abcf67a1\",\"hash\":\"557bb2e888330719e76c1a713e086744a5ddfc1ae60429b84ea6a148a36b4d89\"},{\"id\":\"s29\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26962108/\",\"title\":\"The anti-inflammatory peptide Ac-SDKP is released from thymosin-β4 by renal meprin-α and prolyl oligopeptidase\",\"publisher\":\"American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology 310:F1026-34\",\"date\":\"2016-05\",\"author\":\"Kumar N, Nakagawa P, Janic B, Romero CA, Worou ME, Monu SR, Peterson EL, Shaw J, Valeriote F, Ongeri EM, Niyitegeka JV, Rhaleb NE, Carretero OA\",\"quote\":\"POP can only hydrolyze peptides shorter than 30 amino acids, and Tβ4 is 43 amino acids long … no Ac-SDKP was released when Tβ4 was incubated with either meprin-α or POP alone\",\"summary\":\"PMID 26962108, PMCID PMC4889319. Definitive two-enzyme mechanism for Ac-SDKP generation. Meprin-α knockout kidneys failed to release Ac-SDKP from Tβ4; the meprin-α inhibitor actinonin blocked release in rat kidney homogenate and cut captopril-raised plasma Ac-SDKP from 15.1 to 6.1 nmol/l (P < 0.005).\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"557bb2e888330719e76c1a713e086744a5ddfc1ae60429b84ea6a148a36b4d89\",\"hash\":\"477722bfe24b1df2a3e69cd7536b7f51aeec4a074b2b1d11228f7a69fb432647\"},{\"id\":\"s30\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31753373/\",\"title\":\"Electrospun thymosin Beta-4 loaded PLGA/PLA nanofiber/microfiber hybrid yarns for tendon tissue engineering application\",\"publisher\":\"Materials Science & Engineering C\",\"date\":\"2020-01\",\"author\":\"Wu S, Zhou R, Zhou F, Streubel PN, Chen S, Duan B\",\"quote\":\"thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) loaded PLGA/PLA HY presented a sustained drug release manner for 28 days … showed an additive effect on promoting HADMSC migration, proliferation, and tenogenic differentiation\",\"summary\":\"PMID 31753373, PMCID PMC7061461. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on a Tβ4-releasing scaffold move toward a tendon phenotype. Evidence that the field treats sustained local delivery, not systemic injection, as the route to a tendon.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"477722bfe24b1df2a3e69cd7536b7f51aeec4a074b2b1d11228f7a69fb432647\",\"hash\":\"69cfd17d2a8b6fe276e34a37212cba5558dd2e5a3ab53a386a809e62a5e45691\"},{\"id\":\"s31\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565145/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair\",\"publisher\":\"Nature 432(7016):466-72\",\"date\":\"2004-11-25\",\"author\":\"Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, DiMaio JM, Srivastava D\",\"quote\":\"resulted in upregulation of ILK and Akt activity in the heart, enhanced early myocyte survival and improved cardiac function\",\"summary\":\"PMID 15565145. Tβ4 forms a functional complex with PINCH and integrin-linked kinase, activating Akt. Model: coronary artery ligation in mice, dosed intraperitoneally, intracardiacally or both, every third day. The named signalling axis behind the cardiac programme.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"69cfd17d2a8b6fe276e34a37212cba5558dd2e5a3ab53a386a809e62a5e45691\",\"hash\":\"44582c8a8d96d82a261f68643881f3f6556a59ba248903b7fb2da8c2facc8443\"},{\"id\":\"s32\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9820614/\",\"title\":\"0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin β4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial\",\"publisher\":\"International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(1):554\",\"date\":\"2022-12-29\",\"author\":\"Sosne G, Kleinman HK, Springs C, Gross RH, Sung J, Kang S\",\"quote\":\"Complete healing occurred after 4 weeks in 6 of the 10 RGN-259-treated subjects and in 1 of the 8 placebo-treated subjects\",\"summary\":\"PMID 36613994, PMCID PMC9820614. Stages 2–3 neurotrophic keratopathy, 0.1% five times daily for 43 days, 10 treated versus 8 placebo. Day 29 complete healing 60% vs 12.5%, p = 0.0656 — the four-week primary comparison did not reach significance. Day 43: 50% vs 0%, p = 0.0359. The underlying registration, NCT02600429 (SEER-1), was terminated.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"44582c8a8d96d82a261f68643881f3f6556a59ba248903b7fb2da8c2facc8443\",\"hash\":\"6c438f6ae6445f78335e68b788d164b648e2fca9a8939aa31af95d416e278fe9\"},{\"id\":\"s33\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05485818\",\"title\":\"Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction (NL005)\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"date\":\"2021-11-18\",\"author\":\"Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"quote\":\"Change of myocardial infarction area on Day 5 and day 90 after PCI\",\"summary\":\"NCT05485818. Completed Phase 2, 62 enrolled, arms Low / Middle / High Dose and placebo. Recombinant human full-length Tβ4 (NL005), intravenous. The only systemic Tβ4 programme still generating human data.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"6c438f6ae6445f78335e68b788d164b648e2fca9a8939aa31af95d416e278fe9\",\"hash\":\"e22a0a70e75c169258459f6732a9150390666e5263d3416728eb4383e3b3b573\"},{\"id\":\"s34\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00743769\",\"title\":\"A Phase 1 Safety Study of the Intravenous Administration of Thymosin Beta in Healthy Volunteers\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"date\":\"2017-04-17\",\"author\":\"RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"quote\":\"Study never initiated due to contract manufacturing issues … A single bolus injections of ascending doses of 42 mg, 140 mg, 420 mg or 1,260 QD (once a day)\",\"summary\":\"NCT00743769. WITHDRAWN, actual enrolment 0. The flagship intravenous safety and pharmacokinetics study for full-length Tβ4 never ran, so no completed dedicated Phase 1 IV dataset exists. Note the intended dose scale: 42 to 1,260 mg.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"e22a0a70e75c169258459f6732a9150390666e5263d3416728eb4383e3b3b573\",\"hash\":\"a1f0afe08d035deb100fc4e903acae73c76d0a067a5c376d0d5f4b56e0cadc0e\"},{\"id\":\"s35\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07487363\",\"title\":\"TB-500 (Thymosin Beta 4 17-23 Fragment) for Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Stable ASCVD — 'TBRIDGE-CV' [self-declared fictional example record]\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov\",\"date\":\"2026-03-23\",\"author\":\"listed sponsor 'Hudson Biotech'\",\"quote\":\"This fictional study is an example of a ClinicalTrials.gov-style record. … The specific dose levels are protocol-defined and are not provided in this public example.\",\"summary\":\"NCT07487363. The only registry record whose intervention is TB-500 itself, and the record declares itself a fictional template. Any citation of this NCT as evidence of a human TB-500 trial is citing a demonstration entry.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"a1f0afe08d035deb100fc4e903acae73c76d0a067a5c376d0d5f4b56e0cadc0e\",\"hash\":\"543b13f118b4700c01c2097b18ec37ffa8cf066a84078cd91ba329475591f5af\"},{\"id\":\"s36\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01311518\",\"title\":\"A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Injectable Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Acute Myocardial Infarction\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"date\":\"2011\",\"author\":\"RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: WITHDRAWN. Actual enrollment: 0.\",\"summary\":\"NCT01311518. Phase 2, MRI infarct-zone primary endpoint, withdrawn with zero enrolled. The second of the two RegeneRx cardiac trials never to enrol a patient.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"543b13f118b4700c01c2097b18ec37ffa8cf066a84078cd91ba329475591f5af\",\"hash\":\"af2a36a5d92dad932297dadba6316e55de5648c070ab6489d53b15c92f3d7ec3\"},{\"id\":\"s37\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00311766\",\"title\":\"A Phase 2 Study on Effect of Thymosin Beta 4 on Wound Healing in Patients With Epidermolysis Bullosa\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"date\":\"2006-02\",\"author\":\"RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: TERMINATED. Enrollment: 30 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT00311766. Phase 2, terminated. Primary outcome was number of participants with adverse events and serious adverse events.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"af2a36a5d92dad932297dadba6316e55de5648c070ab6489d53b15c92f3d7ec3\",\"hash\":\"b607ceae1e16db58e623dd795e386386c20b8bacd37f7f26e4e2a682e68840c7\"},{\"id\":\"s38\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00598871\",\"title\":\"A Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Corneal Wounds\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2007-12\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: TERMINATED. Enrollment: 12 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT00598871. Corneal wounds in diabetic vitrectomy patients, Phase 2, terminated at 12 enrolled.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"b607ceae1e16db58e623dd795e386386c20b8bacd37f7f26e4e2a682e68840c7\",\"hash\":\"0eb80e6b400449d1c40ecd0cce30f1b2d3859d06f9bf87aeb68a749fda5d9e26\"},{\"id\":\"s39\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02600429\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy Study of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Neurotrophic Keratopathy: SEER-1\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2015-11\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: TERMINATED. Phase 3. Enrollment: 18 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT02600429. The registration behind the published 'Phase III' neurotrophic keratopathy paper. Terminated at 18 enrolled — the ten-versus-eight comparison in the literature is this terminated trial's data.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"0eb80e6b400449d1c40ecd0cce30f1b2d3859d06f9bf87aeb68a749fda5d9e26\",\"hash\":\"fd9cbe2e2b03b35bd572bdd9ee453c0e624a739afd383135edf1cfa61b20715d\"},{\"id\":\"s40\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02974907\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-2\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2018-03\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 3. Enrollment: 601 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT02974907. The second of three completed Phase 3 dry-eye trials of full-length Tβ4 eye drops. No approval has followed.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"fd9cbe2e2b03b35bd572bdd9ee453c0e624a739afd383135edf1cfa61b20715d\",\"hash\":\"e94ac49210df584e9e51b37dbe49851af762978bf4497ede09e2e0aeabbba506\"},{\"id\":\"s41\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04555824\",\"title\":\"A Phase 1a Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteers\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"date\":\"2018-06-20\",\"author\":\"Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 1. Enrollment: 54 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT04555824. The only study to have generated human maximum tolerated dose, full pharmacokinetics (Cmax, Tmax, MRT, AUC, half-life, volume of distribution, clearance) and antibody-formation data for systemic full-length Tβ4. Results are not published in the searched literature.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"e94ac49210df584e9e51b37dbe49851af762978bf4497ede09e2e0aeabbba506\",\"hash\":\"6e2e79b23abd8bb27ea89c2a30fccf4629a2903836dca9eca91e2bf9e87b92a6\"},{\"id\":\"s42\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05555589\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of 0.1% RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of NK: SEER-2\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2022-09\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: RECRUITING. Phase 3. Enrollment: 70 (estimated).\",\"summary\":\"NCT05555589. The successor to the terminated SEER-1, still recruiting. Neurotrophic keratopathy remains the indication where full-length Tβ4 has its clearest human signal and no approval.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"6e2e79b23abd8bb27ea89c2a30fccf4629a2903836dca9eca91e2bf9e87b92a6\",\"hash\":\"a09e67020b9df93a74a750d9f2620a30a325841ddf1346d88937feaa9e44ba8c\"},{\"id\":\"s43\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03937882\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-3\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2021-10-07\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 3. Enrollment: 700 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT03937882. The largest completed trial of thymosin beta-4 in any indication, 700 patients, finished October 2021. No FDA approval has followed.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"a09e67020b9df93a74a750d9f2620a30a325841ddf1346d88937feaa9e44ba8c\",\"hash\":\"23c3bfe6b179de1293be3666691b1ce93bf4e7a6b7fbad6524bae692e08809a5\"},{\"id\":\"s44\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02597803\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-1\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2016-07\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 2/Phase 3. Enrollment: 317 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT02597803. The first of the three completed dry-eye registration trials. ARISE-1, ARISE-2 and ARISE-3 together enrolled 1,618 patients.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"23c3bfe6b179de1293be3666691b1ce93bf4e7a6b7fbad6524bae692e08809a5\",\"hash\":\"777dc3c804abd3aa5fff865a96bac64cb2460d8f5aa17b7fa0350d4f6f2567f8\"},{\"id\":\"s45\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01393132\",\"title\":\"Comparative Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Eye Drops vs. Vehicle in the Treatment of Severe Dry Eye\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / Michigan Cornea Consultants, PC\",\"date\":\"2011\",\"author\":\"Michigan Cornea Consultants, PC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 2. Enrollment: 9 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT01393132. The registration behind the Cornea 2015 dry-eye paper: nine patients, 0.1% Tβ4 six times daily over 28 days, multicentre, randomised, double-masked, vehicle-controlled.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"777dc3c804abd3aa5fff865a96bac64cb2460d8f5aa17b7fa0350d4f6f2567f8\",\"hash\":\"14f781c2b2a24f143f5dcea8faa34e3bb3112d7bbb3bfb2a0249402c791b6eb9\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/PayHereSukka/status/2082956437056008230\",\"title\":\"X · @PayHereSukka · 2026-07-30\",\"quote\":\"Ran BPC 500mcg twice a day and 6mg of TB500 every 5th day for 6-8 weeks. Healed my torn rotator cuff\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_7b0irg5j\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:03.362Z\",\"id\":\"w_7b0irg5j\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:03.362Z\",\"prev\":\"14f781c2b2a24f143f5dcea8faa34e3bb3112d7bbb3bfb2a0249402c791b6eb9\",\"hash\":\"4791e4c13fa3c7902de7edc2d602d8ec8de39c6f6ad3867c76921be842e35010\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/MuroCrypto/status/2083184469956059529\",\"title\":\"X · @MuroCrypto · 2026-07-31\",\"quote\":\"My lowest disc in the lower back is dried out, almost no fluid left, classic herniated disc... In June I ran BPC-157 and TB-500 for about 6 weeks... After 3-4 weeks it already felt better. Now after the cycle, zero pain in biceps and shoulder. Disc still needs physio and rest, but already much better.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_ionqqvc2\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.277Z\",\"id\":\"w_ionqqvc2\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.277Z\",\"prev\":\"4791e4c13fa3c7902de7edc2d602d8ec8de39c6f6ad3867c76921be842e35010\",\"hash\":\"694f822e1009f6f3d045d939e09468b1e5698a6fea57e445ad51ed0d28942f39\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/jasonsvoboda/status/2081426443024961838\",\"title\":\"X · @jasonsvoboda · 2026-07-26\",\"quote\":\"Blew up my back in 2017. L4/L5/S1 severe disc herniation. Doc diagnosed me with degenerative disc disease, told me to quit lifting... Found the Wolverine stack and within a month I was pain free.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_t1lhudd5\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.457Z\",\"id\":\"w_t1lhudd5\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.457Z\",\"prev\":\"694f822e1009f6f3d045d939e09468b1e5698a6fea57e445ad51ed0d28942f39\",\"hash\":\"de143b9c2cfcb60b35f8bba194110d690d812e553bbbc617123a6a151c47317b\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/MithMuel/status/2071802227342340531\",\"title\":\"X · @MithMuel · 2026-06-30\",\"quote\":\"I've been doing subcutaneous BPC TB+500 injections on both sides of the L5-S1 and a month in, the pain is dramatically less... the pain has been horrible for 6 years but this stuff really works. I don't wake up in awful pain anymore!\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_srfrp1td\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.615Z\",\"id\":\"w_srfrp1td\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.615Z\",\"prev\":\"de143b9c2cfcb60b35f8bba194110d690d812e553bbbc617123a6a151c47317b\",\"hash\":\"e9d0e80e384ff68ece05e8d128531e3663fb6285b4ba63153dedea94791c959b\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/howdymary/status/2031137869285425498\",\"title\":\"X · @howdymary · 2026-03-09\",\"quote\":\"BPC-157 + TB-500 vastly accelerated my recovery timeline, eliminated my knee pain two days after i started, and brought the swelling in my jaw down within the week\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_7cn6wcbt\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.778Z\",\"id\":\"w_7cn6wcbt\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.778Z\",\"prev\":\"e9d0e80e384ff68ece05e8d128531e3663fb6285b4ba63153dedea94791c959b\",\"hash\":\"f3e457684a505a9cae0c56cac64b603bc4552ae67425cbad2bb14f1c93d784b7\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/Das_Bear_/status/2071462119011492350\",\"title\":\"X · @Das_Bear_ · 2026-06-29\",\"quote\":\"I took it alongside TB-500 and it fixed my tennis elbow and was back to lifting also within two week.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_8aa4h36p\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.936Z\",\"id\":\"w_8aa4h36p\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.936Z\",\"prev\":\"f3e457684a505a9cae0c56cac64b603bc4552ae67425cbad2bb14f1c93d784b7\",\"hash\":\"4f135437dfcb2f85dc3c6021e40fc6cafb1cc0e7ded4df707ccf102ffe2000fc\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/ryalljohnny1989/status/2084312093067513939\",\"title\":\"X · @ryalljohnny1989 · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"I was dealing with a nagging golfers elbow for over a year. Would be tender the to the touch after hitting balls. Within a week of taking shots the pain started to disappear. Months later its compmetely healed.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_bpr3c1ux\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.131Z\",\"id\":\"w_bpr3c1ux\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.131Z\",\"prev\":\"4f135437dfcb2f85dc3c6021e40fc6cafb1cc0e7ded4df707ccf102ffe2000fc\",\"hash\":\"fdfce98ef20bbae4631823de05f98fa7355bb6215b31df01108b1546afa5f277\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/caezcrypto1/status/2082943665832374561\",\"title\":\"X · @caezcrypto1 · 2026-07-30\",\"quote\":\"4 weeks 1mg bpc and then 4 weeks 2mg in knee. No acl or meniscus...knee has never felt better since before the injury years ago...also did tb500 twice a week total 4mg\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_4qf0wqtv\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.297Z\",\"id\":\"w_4qf0wqtv\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.297Z\",\"prev\":\"fdfce98ef20bbae4631823de05f98fa7355bb6215b31df01108b1546afa5f277\",\"hash\":\"2dd35f0cf7bfc938eb421f594db6d121bcf079e129ce4392ea5d399dedd348d9\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/L0V3lsKeY/status/2083868515438666186\",\"title\":\"X · @L0V3lsKeY · 2026-08-02\",\"quote\":\"Wednesday I woke up in severe pain in my L Leg. It was so bad I couldn't bear any weight... Peptides started in the afternoon. Leg 75% better in the evening... Saturday: Woke up 100% better.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_2m2r0oof\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.448Z\",\"id\":\"w_2m2r0oof\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.448Z\",\"prev\":\"2dd35f0cf7bfc938eb421f594db6d121bcf079e129ce4392ea5d399dedd348d9\",\"hash\":\"b06847bd26858f73bc4ed382b9ac75be0e9a71585db8281198927dbd652a9d2f\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/tj_underwood/status/2083248032603107752\",\"title\":\"X · @tj_underwood · 2026-07-31\",\"quote\":\"Have done a BLAST OF TB 500 and BPC -157 and KPV! Have serious shoulder tear! Blasted all three for 2 weeks!... Took my shoulder from barely joking a cupping hand to back in gym!\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_1d35jifv\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.651Z\",\"id\":\"w_1d35jifv\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.651Z\",\"prev\":\"b06847bd26858f73bc4ed382b9ac75be0e9a71585db8281198927dbd652a9d2f\",\"hash\":\"991c7c39e8ab39637bc0d86fa9015049920324a4c6d888f83df8993cd07ba390\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/jordaaash/status/2038733749366755452\",\"title\":\"X · @jordaaash · 2026-03-30\",\"quote\":\"After a week of BPC-157 (8 injections, 500mcg subcutaneous abdominal), persistent ankle tendon pain from a snowboarding injury a year ago is barely noticeable... Yesterday I added TB-500 (1 injection, 2mg) as well\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_dmeyan6q\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.961Z\",\"id\":\"w_dmeyan6q\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.961Z\",\"prev\":\"991c7c39e8ab39637bc0d86fa9015049920324a4c6d888f83df8993cd07ba390\",\"hash\":\"c31c639f2d6cc7af50422aeaf16caaa2fdd486ea1f19663785e09389489db09d\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/pepfessions/status/2084071774480736712\",\"title\":\"X · @pepfessions · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"I tore both quad tendons in separate years, the first recovery had taken almost a year. After the second surgery... I added BPC-157 and TB-500. By month five, I was sprinting and jumping again\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_e9fjoshb\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.390Z\",\"id\":\"w_e9fjoshb\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.390Z\",\"prev\":\"c31c639f2d6cc7af50422aeaf16caaa2fdd486ea1f19663785e09389489db09d\",\"hash\":\"8a86f039ea912003545b2e8060b565d00282572c1f5f70f1c7c877cfb03c769a\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/JonahLupton/status/2081490976510468316\",\"title\":\"X · @JonahLupton · 2026-07-26\",\"quote\":\"We still need more human trial data for peptides but I'm 95% sure that BPC-157 and TB-500 helped me heal from several injuries including my left knee and right ankle. I really thought I was going to need surgery for both.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_albnpbru\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.643Z\",\"id\":\"w_albnpbru\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.643Z\",\"prev\":\"8a86f039ea912003545b2e8060b565d00282572c1f5f70f1c7c877cfb03c769a\",\"hash\":\"29670c56b2d25c1b15711a16512146f8ead375d9756e901dd581ae6f87f30722\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/GrantWest14/status/2010124835264111079\",\"title\":\"X · @GrantWest14 · 2026-01-10\",\"quote\":\"Slight tear of my rotator cuff. Surgery was a 5 month rehab timeline, instead I took bpc-157 and tb-500. Was back to full rotation in my shoulder and benching good weight by a month and a half!\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_z5qnxkqk\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.808Z\",\"id\":\"w_z5qnxkqk\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.808Z\",\"prev\":\"29670c56b2d25c1b15711a16512146f8ead375d9756e901dd581ae6f87f30722\",\"hash\":\"f397e697b52f5ac4393f30f97e313d8c24514bb86cb378a1612306b3cdbf2b45\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/_REDwave_2024/status/2057019155824652482\",\"title\":\"X · @_REDwave_2024 · 2026-05-20\",\"quote\":\"My 70 yr old dad tore rotator cuff and I had him do 1mg (BPC) injected daily in 2 doses for 4 months with 2-3x/weekly TB500 @ 2.5mg/dose. Within a few weeks, he was lifting his arm totally above his head again and all pain was gone.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_8ed1wjyh\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.997Z\",\"id\":\"w_8ed1wjyh\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.997Z\",\"prev\":\"f397e697b52f5ac4393f30f97e313d8c24514bb86cb378a1612306b3cdbf2b45\",\"hash\":\"59637ce30fa09ee091d9b61d6254119f120a37918050d33f0f9163c24f632029\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/BenWolf1425771/status/2084389889303548201\",\"title\":\"X · @BenWolf1425771 · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"Promise you peptides are No Joke, I used the wolverine stack (BPC-157 and TB-500) to alleviate lifelong shoulder and joint pains\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_t3aoiz9r\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.160Z\",\"id\":\"w_t3aoiz9r\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.160Z\",\"prev\":\"59637ce30fa09ee091d9b61d6254119f120a37918050d33f0f9163c24f632029\",\"hash\":\"44a233c0e799ea763338f56d6e6f99e8b7d462872a9e8a5782d31df19d039e9f\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/TheCaddieYardFL/status/2083641327833522639\",\"title\":\"X · @TheCaddieYardFL · 2026-08-01\",\"quote\":\"All of the soreness, aches, and pains that disappeared while on BPC/TB500 returned after about 6 weeks for me. I start back on Monday\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_ses7fkwk\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.352Z\",\"id\":\"w_ses7fkwk\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.352Z\",\"prev\":\"44a233c0e799ea763338f56d6e6f99e8b7d462872a9e8a5782d31df19d039e9f\",\"hash\":\"07e757f08c708c88df8db781d107de5e2f43e7b989e776092807c77e2a8fe8cf\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/prax1s_mm/status/2082901582627184835\",\"title\":\"X · @prax1s_mm · 2026-07-30\",\"quote\":\"Did 3mg of BCP & 5mg of TB500 daily for two weeks into my elbow. It didn't do jack shit. This is my 3rd time trying peptides for various joint/tendon stuff and my 3rd time not noticing any improvement at all.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_avr26qqh\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.503Z\",\"id\":\"w_avr26qqh\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.503Z\",\"prev\":\"07e757f08c708c88df8db781d107de5e2f43e7b989e776092807c77e2a8fe8cf\",\"hash\":\"f273fb7ea48c6c8c795378b96d8cd8f27b0aefdebc939a13073a81f14517aa57\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/replacementBux/status/2043445152849555478\",\"title\":\"X · @replacementBux · 2026-04-12\",\"quote\":\"Bpc and tb-500 did nothing for my elbow arthritis sadly. Used it for 6 weeks\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_hyq2egsc\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.699Z\",\"id\":\"w_hyq2egsc\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.699Z\",\"prev\":\"f273fb7ea48c6c8c795378b96d8cd8f27b0aefdebc939a13073a81f14517aa57\",\"hash\":\"d5a56df16582c27de4faba04eb838c2a441d8dcfcf7a46d7017ab781669e93bf\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/moon25martin/status/2060514158739640718\",\"title\":\"X · @moon25martin · 2026-05-30\",\"quote\":\"I ran a heavy dose of klow into a heavy dose of bp-157 and tb500 for 2 months or more for my shoulder, did nothing, facing a shoulder replacement\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_fqd0nz38\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.856Z\",\"id\":\"w_fqd0nz38\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.856Z\",\"prev\":\"d5a56df16582c27de4faba04eb838c2a441d8dcfcf7a46d7017ab781669e93bf\",\"hash\":\"bf505498af063081583c2b6228dd0f05dc83d93d97492acd26a6985bdc50d323\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/ToddMil03223111/status/2075223118067433536\",\"title\":\"X · @ToddMil03223111 · 2026-07-09\",\"quote\":\"Age 62... I am very limited on what I can do at this point due to the severity of pain. I have been doing BPC 157 +TB 500 for 7 weeks, no improvement yet.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_89es50pi\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.014Z\",\"id\":\"w_89es50pi\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.014Z\",\"prev\":\"bf505498af063081583c2b6228dd0f05dc83d93d97492acd26a6985bdc50d323\",\"hash\":\"35706915e1bddf62bb5ba9d22f2926571c2aabb3177ee3946cf3b34d90bc7326\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/HangryDBowman/status/2077974266339803140\",\"title\":\"X · @HangryDBowman · 2026-07-16\",\"quote\":\"I'm trying it to see if it helps at all with inflammation for my lower back. L4/5 bulge and L5/S1 herniation. Bpc and Tb did nothing I could notice.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_s75yt6kt\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.165Z\",\"id\":\"w_s75yt6kt\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.165Z\",\"prev\":\"35706915e1bddf62bb5ba9d22f2926571c2aabb3177ee3946cf3b34d90bc7326\",\"hash\":\"c579a049ca28473487aeb6650d473109372ce44cd31b56e373e4cbca2d9184c5\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/travfourr/status/2044547711114895786\",\"title\":\"X · @travfourr · 2026-04-15\",\"quote\":\"I personally used bpc 157/ tb 500 combo for my shoulder issue. Barely moved the needle. 3/10.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_lk8z70he\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.334Z\",\"id\":\"w_lk8z70he\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.334Z\",\"prev\":\"c579a049ca28473487aeb6650d473109372ce44cd31b56e373e4cbca2d9184c5\",\"hash\":\"ed2297d985dcabab649883f4eb2b8a4627ca2c8238ca626c744ef7a947c004b6\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/MittelstaedtTim/status/2064873594103222656\",\"title\":\"X · @MittelstaedtTim · 2026-06-11\",\"quote\":\"I had some pain there and leading up to my bicep area. Didn't get much relief from bpc157/tb500.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_fkvglkvn\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.491Z\",\"id\":\"w_fkvglkvn\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.491Z\",\"prev\":\"ed2297d985dcabab649883f4eb2b8a4627ca2c8238ca626c744ef7a947c004b6\",\"hash\":\"dce63a5bd9884e69ac143e113682da1814edb5e89ec88132ac79ccec0dfc14fc\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/Gronnet/status/2048321787667103904\",\"title\":\"X · @Gronnet · 2026-04-26\",\"quote\":\"Just finished a bottle of oral liposomal BPC157+TB500 and it seems it did nothing :/ (hoping it would help heal my gut)\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_zj1lz4k4\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.642Z\",\"id\":\"w_zj1lz4k4\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.642Z\",\"prev\":\"dce63a5bd9884e69ac143e113682da1814edb5e89ec88132ac79ccec0dfc14fc\",\"hash\":\"dc28fb60ef1e560e4c433181e850091b54ddd08ee97b05f1a4f0d3399b890a09\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/biotides/status/2074549220887941324\",\"title\":\"X · @biotides · 2026-07-07\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 made my shoulder left worse. I have bursitis and stopped TB and it's better. I was getting pain in left thumb and arm as well. I was pinning SubQ. I've used 3 different vendors who are legit. So I ruled out bad product. No issues with BPC-157.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.867Z\",\"id\":\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.867Z\",\"prev\":\"dc28fb60ef1e560e4c433181e850091b54ddd08ee97b05f1a4f0d3399b890a09\",\"hash\":\"73b9801eb1eb77bd16dcaa9d2f6f2b1d0d1fd1249aff166dd72132eef1d38220\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/cryptotray79/status/2071013244072788255\",\"title\":\"X · @cryptotray79 · 2026-06-14\",\"quote\":\"i ran bpc 157 for few weeks felt decent then add tb 500 hand and skeletal felt worse i discontinued it it was the blend version 20mg\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_fgszb7lb\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.033Z\",\"id\":\"w_fgszb7lb\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.033Z\",\"prev\":\"73b9801eb1eb77bd16dcaa9d2f6f2b1d0d1fd1249aff166dd72132eef1d38220\",\"hash\":\"f85d5ed6a7491a2a1f4f8ff31a95b35502d74a5059bfa5783fc6854d05d846f8\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/stateofnomind/status/2031391204232016324\",\"title\":\"X · @stateofnomind · 2026-03-10\",\"quote\":\"Not my proudest moment, but after BPC-157 and TB-500 from the gray market, I got hives all over my body.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_dwju43tz\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.182Z\",\"id\":\"w_dwju43tz\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.182Z\",\"prev\":\"f85d5ed6a7491a2a1f4f8ff31a95b35502d74a5059bfa5783fc6854d05d846f8\",\"hash\":\"bb028c0fc8326fa52ca142a8933072996e6e3df5dfa43d3fb3985151065f6473\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/GetterBankWest/status/2028322438984175693\",\"title\":\"X · @GetterBankWest · 2026-03-02\",\"quote\":\"I took tb500 and bpc 157 mix for 3 days at 0.750 7.5 units on a 3mm needle i had some Hives show up on each side of love handles not the injection sites... Ive done research my self and stopped for now\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_nad31utv\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.329Z\",\"id\":\"w_nad31utv\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.329Z\",\"prev\":\"bb028c0fc8326fa52ca142a8933072996e6e3df5dfa43d3fb3985151065f6473\",\"hash\":\"4c3427bca7126636ed6a8478254034bd05f99e42506da0c3cfec2e151e4b099e\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/AmbrosesDrink/status/2084497141234598355\",\"title\":\"X · @AmbrosesDrink · 2026-08-04\",\"quote\":\"nothing moved the needle more re gut barrier symptoms than TB500. Until the development of an MCAS-like picture, it began to flair immune Sx: itching, hives from heat, etc.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_llsxbr8a\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.486Z\",\"id\":\"w_llsxbr8a\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.486Z\",\"prev\":\"4c3427bca7126636ed6a8478254034bd05f99e42506da0c3cfec2e151e4b099e\",\"hash\":\"20128f4d1518f3302b76f9b361e21b48fb8e220446bbf8db5f9161674055e94b\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/UndergroundBio/status/2084421599072039066\",\"title\":\"X · @UndergroundBio · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"I ran TB-500 for a shoulder injury and got a head rush that lasted maybe 20 minutes. Injection site was red for a day.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_wuu78tg1\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.637Z\",\"id\":\"w_wuu78tg1\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.637Z\",\"prev\":\"20128f4d1518f3302b76f9b361e21b48fb8e220446bbf8db5f9161674055e94b\",\"hash\":\"6cc32d0f775dcb189e63f90ac8c75c6712c3c65b8c6972dfa552eef675f151a8\"}],\"reviews\":[],\"extra\":{},\"has_traversal\":false,\"register\":\"essay\",\"status\":\"published\",\"revisions\":48,\"contributions\":[{\"seq\":0,\"id\":\"k1\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T08:31:03.974Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"writer\",\"action\":\"redraft\",\"payload\":{\"title\":\"TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4\",\"register\":\"source_ledger\",\"body\":\"## Overview\\nTB-500 is a synthetic peptide fragment corresponding to the active region of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4).\\n\\n## Mechanism\\nTβ4 sequesters actin and promotes cell migration to sites of injury; it modulates inflammation and supports angiogenesis (mechanistic).\\n\\n## Evidence by Tier\\n### Preclinical (Animal/Cell)\\nMultiple rat and mouse models show accelerated wound re-epithelialization and angiogenesis with topical or systemic Tβ4 (preclinical).\\n\\n### Human Trials\\nPhase 1 intravenous safety studies in healthy volunteers reported good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (human).\\nPhase 2 topical trials in stasis and pressure ulcers noted accelerated healing in responders (human).\\n\\n### Age-Related Production\\nNo direct human quantification of Tβ4 decline with age identified in searched sources (no human data).\\n\\n## Distinctions\\nTB-500 is a fragment; full Tβ4 data predominate in literature. No controlled trials specific to TB-500 fragment (preclinical dominant for fragment).\",\"claims\":[{\"id\":\"c1\",\"text\":\"Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.\",\"section\":\"Mechanism\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Core described activity separating repair from suppression.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.3,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c2\",\"text\":\"Topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models.\",\"section\":\"Preclinical\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s2\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Distinguishes rat data from human.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.5,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c3\",\"text\":\"Intravenous synthetic Tβ4 was well tolerated in Phase 1 single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy volunteers with no dose-limiting toxicity.\",\"section\":\"Human Trials\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s3\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Direct human safety evidence.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.8,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c4\",\"text\":\"Topical Tβ4 accelerated healing by nearly one month in Phase 2 trials of stasis and pressure ulcers in some patients who healed.\",\"section\":\"Human Trials\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s4\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Human efficacy signal limited to specific indications.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.8,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c5\",\"text\":\"Tβ4 production declines approximately 60% by age 60.\",\"section\":\"Overview\",\"tier\":\"speculative\",\"source_ids\":[],\"source_status\":\"unsourced\",\"why_material\":\"Prompt-supplied figure; no supporting human data located.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.1,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}}],\"sources\":[{\"id\":\"s1\",\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin β(4), a low molecular weight, naturally-occurring peptide plays a vital role in the repair and regeneration of injured cells and tissues.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s2\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing\",\"quote\":\"Addition of Tbeta4 topically or intraperitoneally increased reepithelialization by 42% over saline controls at 4 d and by as much as 61% at 7 d post-wounding.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s3\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/\",\"title\":\"A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers\",\"quote\":\"Synthetic Tbeta4 given intravenously as a single dose or in multiple daily doses for 14 days over a dose range of 42-1260 mg was well tolerated with no evidence of dose limiting toxicity.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s4\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23050815/\",\"title\":\"The Regenerative Peptide Thymosin β4 Accelerates the Rate of Dermal Healing\",\"quote\":\"Furthermore, in two phase 2 clinical trials of stasis and pressure ulcers, it was found to accelerate healing by almost a month in those patients that did heal.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"genesis\",\"hash\":\"2581d9a5b173bcbdb6019f5285227235146bb2c809b2d7cd95917c7e927c625e\"},{\"seq\":1,\"id\":\"k2\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:04.257Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s5\",\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41490200/\",\"title\":\"Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, ...\",\"quote\":\"Wound-healing peptides such as BPC-157, TB-500 , and GHK-Cu promote angiogenesis, integrin-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibroblast activation\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s6\",\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41476424/\",\"title\":\"Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and ...\",\"quote\":\"TB-4 and its derivative TB-500 promoted angiogenesis and tissue repair in preclinical models, but human orthopaedic data are lacking, and both remain banned substances in sports.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s7\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38382158/\",\"title\":\"Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites ...\",\"quote\":\"Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s8\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482504/\",\"title\":\"TB500/TB1000 and SGF1000: A scientific approach for a ...\",\"quote\":\"We provide an extensive analysis of three misbranded and adulterated products sold over the internet named TB500 , TB1000, and SGF1000.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s9\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41229390/\",\"title\":\"Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic ...\",\"quote\":\"This study aims to explore the therapeutic potential of recombinant human thymosin beta 4 (rhTB4) in both murine models subjected to I/R and in ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s10\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ScienceBioTechnology/comments/1rvehfa/the_ultimate_guide_to_peptides_for_injuries/\",\"title\":\"BPC-157, TB-500, and The Wolverine Stack Explained\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4, a naturally occurring protein. While BPC-157 focuses on blood flow, TB-500 is studied for its systemic ability to regenerate tissue.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s11\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskMenOver30/comments/1stcht0/any_experience_with_muscletissue_repair_tb500/\",\"title\":\"Any experience with muscle/tissue repair? Tb-500?\",\"quote\":\"I took bpc-157 and tb-500 after surgery was off the table for a minor meniscus tear...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"2581d9a5b173bcbdb6019f5285227235146bb2c809b2d7cd95917c7e927c625e\",\"hash\":\"1430d570145a1a3348efda398c6aa2d21048250fdf88ff891b86d1d5f800b89f\"},{\"seq\":2,\"id\":\"k3\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:23.605Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s12\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40816274/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention\",\"quote\":\"Interestingly, the expression level of the gene TMSB4X that encodes thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) significantly decreased both in fAD organoids' neurons and AD patients ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s13\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41359360/\",\"title\":\"Alkaline Phosphatase-Triggered Spatiotemporal Repair of Corneal Injury with TB500 Peptide Hydrogel\",\"quote\":\"This study presents a novel spatiotemporal repair strategy for corneal wounds, utilizing an alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-triggered, lesion-responsive peptide hydrogel that incorporates TB500...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s14\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41570941/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta 4: An emerging therapeutic candidate for kidney diseases\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a highly conserved 43-amino-acid peptide encoded by the X-linked TMSB4x gene, is the predominant β-thymosin in mammalian cells and a multifunctional regulator of cellular homeostasis.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s15\",\"type\":\"clinical_trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05485818\",\"title\":\"Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction\",\"quote\":\"Phase IIa Clinical Study of Efficacy and Safety of Injectable Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s16\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ACL/comments/1jwe0oe/documenting_my_aclr_meniscus_repair_journey/\",\"title\":\"Documenting My ACLR + Meniscus Repair Journey – Trying the “Wolverine Stack” (BPC-157 + TB-500)\",\"quote\":\"I started taking BPC-157 and TB-500 —a combo often called the “Wolverine Stack”—to help support my recovery.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s17\",\"type\":\"youtube\",\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9FOnvFDlSo\",\"title\":\"What Science ACTUALLY Says About TB 500 Benefits\",\"quote\":\"What does science actually say about TB 500 benefits? Is TB-500 the breakthrough compound that could change the way we think about injury recovery?\",\"link_status\":\"http_429\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 2\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"1430d570145a1a3348efda398c6aa2d21048250fdf88ff891b86d1d5f800b89f\",\"hash\":\"96c34347140c407859ef8b7d5018d6f03c085b4793b3ae410902e483e08b8bd8\"},{\"seq\":3,\"id\":\"k4\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:52.043Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s18\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/PeptidePathways/comments/1ruolbw/i_was_hospitalised_after_running_tb500/\",\"title\":\"I was hospitalised after running TB-500\",\"quote\":\"All was ok for the first week, running 2MCG of each per day. However one evening the BP157 gave me an intense tingling sensation down one side of my body - it could be that i irritated a nerve, but i decided to stop. I continued with the TB500 until i hit the final dose of a 10mg bottle. The next day, i noticed hives coming out across my ribs and armpits on both sides. ... I went to bed about 3am and noticed more hives - this time worse. 3 hours later i woke up with my throat closing up, swollen lips and tongue and incredible hives.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s19\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/bpc_157/comments/1nl0bb9/strange_side_effects_of_bpc_157_and_tb_500/\",\"title\":\"Strange side effects of BPC 157 and TB 500\",\"quote\":\"Strange side effects of BPC 157 and TB 500 . Discussion. I recently ... My experience using BPC-157 + TB 500 .\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s20\",\"type\":\"youtube\",\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFVspd1by7w\",\"title\":\"I Took The Wolverine Stack & My Thoughts On BPC-157 & TB-500\",\"quote\":\"I can tell you personally that I believe that while I was taking this type of supplementation or this type of injection that it did allow me to heal a little faster. It did reduce some inflammation and I found that my flare-ups were a little bit less soon as I implemented taking this stuff with a very low-level rehab program.\",\"link_status\":\"http_429\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s21\",\"type\":\"youtube\",\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oi0Ou-fK9o8\",\"title\":\"TB-500 for Injury Recovery – Does it Work and is it Safe?\",\"quote\":\"[@venom999333 - 37 likes]: I started TB500 a couple weeks ago. Injections, so internally. TB500 & BPC 157 together. Pain went away rapidly. Within a few hours. Been using them everyday for 2 weeks now.\",\"link_status\":\"http_429\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 3\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"96c34347140c407859ef8b7d5018d6f03c085b4793b3ae410902e483e08b8bd8\",\"hash\":\"2bf9bb1f37da1ee0820988614b920366a66a3f0361f6cc8c90bf2ebb4aec80d2\"},{\"seq\":4,\"id\":\"k5\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:37:13.143Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s22\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41235866/\",\"title\":\"Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is a small peptide upregulated in injured tissues, playing roles in cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s23\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40362372/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Promoting Myocardial Cell Survival\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin beta-4 (TB4), a short, secreted peptide, was shown to possess a beneficial impact regarding myocardial cell survival, coronary re-growth and progenitor cell mobilization.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s24\",\"type\":\"clinical_trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04555824\",\"title\":\"A Phase 1a Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteers\",\"quote\":\"A Phase 1a Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteers\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s25\",\"type\":\"clinical_trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01311518\",\"title\":\"A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Injectable Thymosin Beta 4\",\"quote\":\"The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of two active doses of RGN-352 (thymosin beta 4, Tβ4, Injectable Solution) in patients\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s26\",\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/12/6202\",\"title\":\"Thymosin Beta-4 and TB-500 in Tissue Healing and Musculoskeletal Medicine\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) and the related compound commonly referred to as TB-500 are widely discussed in tissue healing and musculoskeletal medicine\",\"link_status\":\"http_403\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s27\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/geneticlifehacks/comments/1sao0q8/thymosin_beta_4_genetics_supplemental_peptides/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin Beta 4: Genetics & Supplemental Peptides\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin beta 4 is available as a full-length peptide that is usually injected or as a fragment of the peptide that is available orally. Note that TB-500 and ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s28\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ACL/comments/1rzwqf3/bpc_157_tb500_experience/\",\"title\":\"BPC 157 & TB500 -experience ?\",\"quote\":\"My personal experience of bpc and tb was very good. Gave me 3 months of healing in a few weeks, with zero negatives.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 4\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"2bf9bb1f37da1ee0820988614b920366a66a3f0361f6cc8c90bf2ebb4aec80d2\",\"hash\":\"b533d4b87bacd85a3e7718fc494638645795dfdf36eb3fcadcd46707cb23d98e\"},{\"seq\":5,\"id\":\"k6\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T11:01:12.671Z\",\"model\":\"kimi/moonshot-v1-8k\",\"role\":\"collaborator\",\"action\":\"collaborate\",\"payload\":{\"claims_added\":[\"c30\",\"c31\"],\"challenge_id\":\"c32\",\"rationale\":\"I added explicit gaps in knowledge and named who claims what from anecdotes as instructed, as I am not Grok and my role is to contribute to the ledger with tier-honest claims.\"},\"rationale\":\"I added explicit gaps in knowledge and named who claims what from anecdotes as instructed, as I am not Grok and my role is to contribute to the ledger with tier-honest claims.\",\"tokens_in\":2667,\"tokens_out\":398,\"prev_hash\":\"b533d4b87bacd85a3e7718fc494638645795dfdf36eb3fcadcd46707cb23d98e\",\"hash\":\"103701951b257bb712aee25c571061389b6d0506da4e900a2f7abccfa9829789\"},{\"seq\":6,\"id\":\"k7\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T11:04:30.643Z\",\"model\":\"gemini/gemini-2.5-flash\",\"role\":\"collaborator\",\"action\":\"collaborate\",\"payload\":{\"claims_added\":[\"c33\",\"c34\",\"c35\"],\"challenge_id\":\"c36\",\"rationale\":\"As Gemini, I've added three tier-honest claims to address explicit gaps in knowledge (what_is_unknown) and clarify the status of ongoing research, using only provided source IDs. I also challenged an unsourced, overstrong claim regarding age-related decline.\"},\"rationale\":\"As Gemini, I've added three tier-honest claims to address explicit gaps in knowledge (what_is_unknown) and clarify the status of ongoing research, using only provided source IDs. 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Side Effects - Combined profile of both compounds - generally very well-tolerated - Mild fatigue or lethargy in first 1-2 days - TB-500 component\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s64\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ACL/comments/1nnqa0f/an_anecdotal_review_on_the_use_of_bpc_bpc157_for/\",\"title\":\"An anecdotal review on the use of BPC (BPC-157) for ...\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 , and Sermorelin stack through my hcp ... has anyone had experience or advice on using bpc157 and tb500 for healing like this?\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s65\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/Breedlove22/status/2071613106678337793\",\"title\":\"Post about TB-500\",\"quote\":\"(2/4) TB-500 A lab version of thymosin beta-4, a healing protein your body already makes. 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Most people running one should probably be running both.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 2\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"cd3076fd1dd407fdab928cbb41be5a5bbd77ea5996dc37908be6379ce1f6896f\",\"hash\":\"121a77b3229e19f215f5dcccff2d425497dea681dad6b0b9f225f3c4dd42e32c\"},{\"seq\":19,\"id\":\"k20\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:02:33.027Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s67\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/Biohackers/comments/1sn54k8/bpc157tb500_combo_50_day_usage_review_my_honest/\",\"title\":\"BPC-157/TB-500 combo 50 day usage review\",\"quote\":\"I have read that tb-500 has a longer half life compared to bpc-157, so you dont have to inject as often. 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Please help.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s70\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/peptidepirate/status/2071570117784137794\",\"title\":\"KLOW blend post on TB-500 role in repair\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 moves the workforce It drives cell migration physically pulling your repair cells toward the injury from across the body\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"121a77b3229e19f215f5dcccff2d425497dea681dad6b0b9f225f3c4dd42e32c\",\"hash\":\"d236c1cfac78955190211841a95326c2b82d67363ed50cbd90e7dbf49cafd4ea\"},{\"seq\":20,\"id\":\"k21\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:03:09.274Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s71\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/KneeInjuries/comments/1i8127q/anybody_tried_peptides_bpc157_tb500_for_meniscus/\",\"title\":\"Anybody tried peptides bpc157 & tb500 for meniscus tear?\",\"quote\":\"RealisticPotential58 (Score: 1): I've both knee meniscus tear (inner) and just started it 2 days back. ... I'm doing the 5mg/5mg blend of bpc157 and tb500 shots at 0.2ml twice a day. ... It's my 3rd day now and swelling has subsided about 35%. Am able to bend about 10 degree more as well.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s72\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/KneeInjuries/comments/1i8127q/anybody_tried_peptides_bpc157_tb500_for_meniscus/\",\"title\":\"Anybody tried peptides bpc157 & tb500 for meniscus tear?\",\"quote\":\"Srixun (Score: 1): ... I start injecting in the injury site over 6 weeks ... Week 8 comes around I go back to my doctor ... Apparently my knee just blew up in a good way and healed really well. ... Now, My right knee, the torn one, is my good knee. Im sprinting around like some weirdo, jumping, playing football...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s73\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/peteypeptide/status/2071635793584517608\",\"title\":\"Pairing BPC with TB500 for pain/injuries\",\"quote\":\"BPC is unbelievably valuable if paired with TB500. 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Seconded on the dosing schedule. yes bro science.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s76\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/Biohackers/comments/1tbsnp0/tb500_for_l5s1_disc_bulge_and_lower_back_pain_did/\",\"title\":\"TB-500 for L5/S1 disc bulge and lower back pain - did it work?\",\"quote\":\"I've been reading a lot about TB-500 and BPC-157 and saw many people saying it helped them with injuries and inflammation. Has anyone here used TB-500 for lower ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s77\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/NTNPerformance/comments/1uehmjh/peptide_tb500_vs_tb4_why_the_thing_in_the_vial/\",\"title\":\"Peptide TB-500 vs TB-4: Why the Thing in the Vial Often Isn't What You Think\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 retains the actin-binding activity, so the cell-migration and wound-repair signaling that depends on that domain still works. 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When stacked with BPC ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s82\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/BowTiedYukon/status/1945923244353257551\",\"title\":\"BowTiedYukon on TB500 stock\",\"quote\":\"TB500 is a synthetic version of thymosin beta-4 , a protein that promotes tissue repair and reduces inflammation ... muscle repair .\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s83\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/Giotraining/status/2042698494511845466\",\"title\":\"Giotraining on Wolverine Stack\",\"quote\":\"BPC-𝟷𝟻𝟽 + TB-𝟻𝟶𝟶 Are Widely Used In Performance & Recovery Protocols For A Reason.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"9615b22c9aca22970c9ea425082ffa7e5fbd11a1b005db51d86c22d6903aad0e\",\"hash\":\"831583e6194ff584fff7e5682f93de5ae8da5f0df8666283168a44a3df7e2462\"},{\"seq\":23,\"id\":\"k24\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:04:48.764Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s84\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/USPeptides/comments/1pf55tw/bpc157_vs_tb500_which_one_should_i_take_for/\",\"title\":\"BPC-157 vs TB-500, Which One Should I Take for ...\",\"quote\":\"CHOOSE TB-500 IF YOUR INJURY IS: A larger muscle tear ... Mechanistically, TB-500: Drives cell migration ... Improves angiogenesis across broader tissues\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 2\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"831583e6194ff584fff7e5682f93de5ae8da5f0df8666283168a44a3df7e2462\",\"hash\":\"2964107f6fd7c3f98a484e41a7aa17a80e6a46eadc778bf6fdc0a3ae1a6f0c52\"},{\"seq\":24,\"id\":\"k25\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:05:37.418Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s85\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/Biohack_Blueprint/comments/1oh5snc/tb500_thymosin_beta4_the_complete_guide_to/\",\"title\":\"TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4): The Complete Guide to Systemic Recovery & Tissue Regeneration\",\"quote\":\"The protocol that I had received with my Tb 500 was to take 0.5 mg, 5 days a week, 2 days off. This differs from what is in the above protocol. I am taking this for flexibility and better recovery from working out. I also take GHCKU . Would it be better for me to go up to the 2 mg twice a week, or is it fine for me to stay on the protocol that I'm doing since I don't have an injury.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s86\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ORIF/comments/1r5vk9q/unique_ways_that_speed_up_recovery_30_f_5_weeks/\",\"title\":\"Unique ways that speed up recovery: 30 F 5 weeks post op left ankle fracture\",\"quote\":\"I ordered a peptide BPC 157 and TB 500. BPC 157 promotes healing in tissues like tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bones by stimulating new blood vessel growth and heals your gut. TB 500 promotes wound healing, reducing inflammation, and aiding tissue regeneration. I severely damaged my cartilage and I am at risk of arthritis in the future.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s87\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/AchillesRupture/comments/1lx556v/comprehensive_overview_of_my_achilles_rupture/\",\"title\":\"Comprehensive overview of my Achilles rupture treatment ...\",\"quote\":\"Injection site: I am injecting BPC-157 and TB-500 subcutaneous in my abdomen. You see a lot of online anecdotes that it is optimal to inject closer to injury ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s88\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/LiveWellWithDrG/status/2069467154508808610\",\"title\":\"How TB-500 Works post\",\"quote\":\"🧬 How TB-500 Works: The Cellular Blueprint of Tissue Repair ... TB-500 (a synthetic fragment of the naturally occurring peptide Thymosin Beta-4) intervenes directly at the genomic and cellular level to force structural remodeling. ... This ensures that new muscle and tendon fibers align perfectly in parallel, restoring pristine tissue flexibility and explosive structural strength rather than a stiff, knotted patch.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s89\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/AvengedxWolf/status/2069530639464849720\",\"title\":\"Side effects mention\",\"quote\":\"damn... Mine was close to organs being affected... the side effects are real.... joiny and muscle pain\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 3\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"2964107f6fd7c3f98a484e41a7aa17a80e6a46eadc778bf6fdc0a3ae1a6f0c52\",\"hash\":\"c2ecbece1147ed39d9d1a3175199a31ff02684088a0cf13e98a463449e5b7d13\"},{\"seq\":25,\"id\":\"k26\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:06:40.016Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s90\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/JayCampbell333/status/2071592420387455315\",\"title\":\"Jay Campbell on GLOW blend with TB-500\",\"quote\":\"Then there's the GLOW blend (BPC-157 + TB-500 + GHK-Cu). Three compounds, one objective: Keep the repair signal switched ON. Most people don't realize how much of aging is simply a failure to repair.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s91\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/gr8tful88/status/2071404994192974208\",\"title\":\"gr8tful88 post on peptides for muscle recovery\",\"quote\":\"Muscle recovery: BPC-157, TB-500. Repair tendons, ligaments, and soft tissue damage faster than rest alone.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s92\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/premierpeptides/status/2071555855330181302\",\"title\":\"Premier Peptides on Wolverine Stack\",\"quote\":\"Glacier Aminos has BPC-157 and TB-500 in stock! ... other popular recovery and tissue repair peptides, including the Wolverine Stack.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s93\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/covidlonghaulers/comments/19c7c8b/tb4_peptide_recovery_post_anyone_else_tried_this/\",\"title\":\"TB4 Peptide recovery post -- anyone else tried this???\",\"quote\":\"Studies show that thymosin beta 4 promotes wound healing, differentiation of stem cells, and reduces inflammation. I have not tried TB-500 since ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s94\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/PeakYearUS/status/2071440390981648767\",\"title\":\"YearPeak on Wolverine Stack with TB-500\",\"quote\":\"Stop mixing your BPC-157 and TB-500 manually. ... The YearPeak™ Wolverine Stack features 10mg BPC-157 + 10mg TB-500 Co-Lyophilized in a single matrix. High-purity structural synergy for cellular repair.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"c2ecbece1147ed39d9d1a3175199a31ff02684088a0cf13e98a463449e5b7d13\",\"hash\":\"69e8c50248c20ac628a24f2b36f1c4603fd27a94bedae95c70d4c28c0124d912\"},{\"seq\":26,\"id\":\"k27\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:07:11.659Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s95\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/AchillesRupture/comments/1ikfhhw/bpc_157_and_tb500/\",\"title\":\"BPC 157 and TB500\",\"quote\":\"I took them both at the same time in the evenings but from Separate vials/syringes. Took them starting about two months into my recovery, and then again after my re-ruptured. So about four months worth.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s96\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/fitness40plus/comments/1oqc5uv/tendonitis_experiences_with_bpc157/\",\"title\":\"Tendonitis - Experiences with BPC-157\",\"quote\":\"Tore my distal bicep tendon 6 months ago made the decision to take injectable bpc157 and tb500. Took it for 8 weeks. I healed fast. At the 10 week mark I was in the gym lifting light weights, 14 week mark I was lifting fairly heavy and at the 5 month mark I was lifting as heavy as I wanted.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 2\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"69e8c50248c20ac628a24f2b36f1c4603fd27a94bedae95c70d4c28c0124d912\",\"hash\":\"ce013ce5ee5b58e2a7698f9797b2a601e53fc48be61a70f44956e81c7523bffe\"},{\"seq\":27,\"id\":\"k28\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:22:23.652Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s97\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/workout/comments/1jzyxev/anyone_use_bpc157tb500/\",\"title\":\"Anyone use BPC-157+TB-500?\",\"quote\":\"Just purchased 20mg’s for a 20 days “cycle” hoping ti get rid of a few nagging injuries\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s98\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/KneeInjuries/comments/1nprc3k/my_bpctb500_experience_with_site_injections_for/\",\"title\":\"My BPC/TB500 experience with site injections for the knee\",\"quote\":\"TLDR: local site injections of BPC-157/ TB500 for my right knee worked infinitely better and I can now jog for the first time in a year without ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"ce013ce5ee5b58e2a7698f9797b2a601e53fc48be61a70f44956e81c7523bffe\",\"hash\":\"c2733e0e387c2437f5054f30dab72505d4c55bde85ba7f038509f2876fe8c9e0\"},{\"seq\":28,\"id\":\"k29\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T11:29:18.678Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise: binds free G-actin inside cells → frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge → cells migrate toward injury sites → migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation → net result faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. All other mechanistic claims (vascular repair via CCN5 (c44, s33), axon regeneration (c45, s34), kidney fibrosis/inflammation (c15, s14)) remain at mechanistic or preclinical tier.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c44\",\"c15\",\"c45\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s33\",\"s14\",\"s34\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":225,\"cost\":0.00962375,\"prev_hash\":\"c2733e0e387c2437f5054f30dab72505d4c55bde85ba7f038509f2876fe8c9e0\",\"hash\":\"91338d98660603c86e7d6ba43c7810168c5f6d0f697f08c16d469539f02bf939\"},{\"seq\":29,\"id\":\"k30\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:11:39.055Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, supports new vessel formation (angiogenesis), and modulates inflammation. Net result described is faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1) cites source s1. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. Preclinical support (c2) from rat wound models (source s2). Human data limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound types (c4, source s4); orthopaedic and other uses remain without established human evidence (quote-gated claims c6, c27, c41 etc. treated as low-confidence). Anecdotes (tier:anecdotal, e.g. c56, c57) separated and lower weight.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":268,\"cost\":0.00973125,\"prev_hash\":\"91338d98660603c86e7d6ba43c7810168c5f6d0f697f08c16d469539f02bf939\",\"hash\":\"2a287952a2570d77ee7dfbf093c8cab8d925a1d36619f0c7bfd283df7dc3671b\"},{\"seq\":30,\"id\":\"k31\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:55:01.451Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells; this frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell; cells can therefore migrate toward injury sites; migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation; the net result is faster re-closure of wounds and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":155,\"cost\":0.00944875,\"prev_hash\":\"2a287952a2570d77ee7dfbf093c8cab8d925a1d36619f0c7bfd283df7dc3671b\",\"hash\":\"cf1cc94cd4a1f95c6bc56a543391b2ff196769508d4fef8aae6d3cc19063aad2\"},{\"seq\":31,\"id\":\"k32\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:02:09.471Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human evidence is limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity) and two Phase 2 wound-healing trials (topical use accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients); most data are preclinical or anecdotal (c3, c4). No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims exist for mechanism.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":220,\"cost\":0.00961125,\"prev_hash\":\"cf1cc94cd4a1f95c6bc56a543391b2ff196769508d4fef8aae6d3cc19063aad2\",\"hash\":\"245a641362346e2eb051546c6f6ee0a0ab3219ad075f8bb74005619b84d970ec\"},{\"seq\":32,\"id\":\"k33\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:04:27.979Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"The ledger documents TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism as: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling migration of repair cells toward injury; migrating cells then support angiogenesis and modulate inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1; s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2; s2). Human data are limited to Phase 1 safety (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity; c3; s3) and one Phase 2 signal in specific ulcers (c4; s4). No new evidence is present; marketing volume is noted separately (c7).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\",\"c7\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":233,\"cost\":0.00964375,\"prev_hash\":\"245a641362346e2eb051546c6f6ee0a0ab3219ad075f8bb74005619b84d970ec\",\"hash\":\"108b35eb40b036395d0bfad06a08e0c677c2793a61fadf6d3320be25ab374be0\"},{\"seq\":33,\"id\":\"k34\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T04:45:47.124Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim rests on actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1, tier human, source s1). Preclinical rat wound model showed accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, tier preclinical, source s2). Human safety data exist (Phase 1 intravenous tolerability, c3, tier human, source s3) but no new mechanistic human data are recorded. Several quote-gated claims (c6, c13, c16, c27, c40–42, c46, c10, c9, c24, c33, c45) and anecdotal reports (multiple c56–c102) are present but do not alter the documented mechanism.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No new mechanistic evidence beyond ledger contents; human efficacy data remain limited to specific wound types (stasis/pressure ulcers).\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":322,\"cost\":0.00986625,\"prev_hash\":\"108b35eb40b036395d0bfad06a08e0c677c2793a61fadf6d3320be25ab374be0\",\"hash\":\"49683eb034d42569f9bccd814b23bdf0f77c5f9ea73eff55acb7ac68e4af3312\"},{\"seq\":34,\"id\":\"k35\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:05:29.044Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. Net result: faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1): “Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.” Preclinical support (c2, source s2): topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. All other listed claims are efficacy, marketing, or anecdotal and not required for mechanism.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0.00966875,\"prev_hash\":\"49683eb034d42569f9bccd814b23bdf0f77c5f9ea73eff55acb7ac68e4af3312\",\"hash\":\"9e835c7bde94ecd8f63ed35bbea3a21c82a4c462d4a09bf08ebf1e70da85d27d\"},{\"seq\":35,\"id\":\"k36\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:11:50.916Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin (c1, source s1), freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells (c1). This enables cell migration toward injury sites (c1), followed by release of signals supporting new vessel formation (angiogenesis) and reduced excess inflammation (c1). Net result in models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (c2, source s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries. Human data remain sparse (s3, s4); most sources are preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":200,\"cost\":0.00956125,\"prev_hash\":\"9e835c7bde94ecd8f63ed35bbea3a21c82a4c462d4a09bf08ebf1e70da85d27d\",\"hash\":\"165f74d9ccde992e5dbd9fd07ede2fd1a99e362846e4fa6a96738995a4178944\"},{\"seq\":36,\"id\":\"k37\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T17:43:10.228Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result in models: faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim c1 (tier human, source s1) states: 'Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.'\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0.00948375,\"prev_hash\":\"165f74d9ccde992e5dbd9fd07ede2fd1a99e362846e4fa6a96738995a4178944\",\"hash\":\"cd3130dc6749519c7e7e44e6a9001a1ba9bf1d6f355be9123a1721375a791651\"},{\"seq\":37,\"id\":\"k38\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-04T22:09:15.362Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise description: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enables cell migration to injury sites, supports new vessel formation, reduces excess inflammation, and results in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. No new evidence added; all from existing ledger.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":162,\"cost\":0.00946625,\"prev_hash\":\"cd3130dc6749519c7e7e44e6a9001a1ba9bf1d6f355be9123a1721375a791651\",\"hash\":\"18560ac828bd85e1c712e706d4f24d97ce3fd49947459c92962388026e8e9ca2\"},{\"seq\":38,\"id\":\"k39\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T02:31:41.538Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2). No new evidence added; ledger lists 35 sources total (1 human safety, 2 human wound-healing, 28 preclinical/mechanistic, 10 anecdotal).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No human orthopaedic data; human data remain sparse overall.\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0.00955375,\"prev_hash\":\"18560ac828bd85e1c712e706d4f24d97ce3fd49947459c92962388026e8e9ca2\",\"hash\":\"59bd2aa79aa2614fab24e508fd44e34c15583c078a61f6e5ff4c67ee4aa84620\"},{\"seq\":39,\"id\":\"k40\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T03:08:06.235Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (primarily in animal models). Core claim c1 (tier human, weight 0.8, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Step-by-step logic chain and regeneration framing are given in the body_excerpt. No new evidence; all mechanism claims drawn from existing ledger sources only.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":202,\"cost\":0.00956625,\"prev_hash\":\"59bd2aa79aa2614fab24e508fd44e34c15583c078a61f6e5ff4c67ee4aa84620\",\"hash\":\"8c4fa4ec65f0f46438fc1675fb2ee1101d8a806bc86da001574daba806392aa4\"},{\"seq\":40,\"id\":\"k41\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:41:55.298Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism from the TB-500 ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. The net result is faster wound re-closure and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0.00948375,\"prev_hash\":\"8c4fa4ec65f0f46438fc1675fb2ee1101d8a806bc86da001574daba806392aa4\",\"hash\":\"540b9e98bcff734ddae8995c8164c4cf67f9a027ce6f548d59633a7cc8d6fb7b\"},{\"seq\":41,\"id\":\"k42\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:43:31.426Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human data are limited to a Phase 1 safety study showing good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (c3) and a Phase 2 topical trial showing accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients (c4). Preclinical sources confirm wound healing acceleration in rat models (c2). All other claims are anecdotal or quote-gated with low effective weight; no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims are present in the topology. The ledger records 35 sources total, predominantly preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No population usage data\",\"Human orthopaedic data lacking\",\"No published Phase IIa AMI trial results\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":272,\"cost\":0.00974125,\"prev_hash\":\"540b9e98bcff734ddae8995c8164c4cf67f9a027ce6f548d59633a7cc8d6fb7b\",\"hash\":\"35a3a173d3b3d682c03787b336698158b5ff28ba61333d209f59728823921724\"},{\"seq\":42,\"id\":\"k43\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:44:15.774Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core mechanism claim (c1) is supported by review source s1. Preclinical support for accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models (c2) from source s2. No new evidence beyond ledger contents.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0.00955375,\"prev_hash\":\"35a3a173d3b3d682c03787b336698158b5ff28ba61333d209f59728823921724\",\"hash\":\"0e7a48a4302d4cb62808dc8bf24231d95267931fc7129498e799fa450ebf9374\"},{\"seq\":43,\"id\":\"k44\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:46:26.419Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling repair-cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 from s1; steps 1–5 in body excerpt). Core claim is actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2 from s2). Human data are limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity, c3 from s3) and two wound-healing trials (c4 from s4; c16 from s15, quote-gated). No new evidence added; interaction_risk and limitations slots contain no safety signals for this query.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\",\"c16\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s15\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No dosing, patient-specific, or combination-safety data in ledger for this query\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":298,\"cost\":0.00980625,\"prev_hash\":\"0e7a48a4302d4cb62808dc8bf24231d95267931fc7129498e799fa450ebf9374\",\"hash\":\"74e9c058bd4b28148ce1b8c3718856acc5d7d621a4da806d77b1eb401dcb4ddc\"},{\"seq\":44,\"id\":\"k45\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:48:51.561Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury. Migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 tier human from s1; c2 tier preclinical from s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":163,\"cost\":0.00946875,\"prev_hash\":\"74e9c058bd4b28148ce1b8c3718856acc5d7d621a4da806d77b1eb401dcb4ddc\",\"hash\":\"caf6ba3cce4c9b8902c02a1cc627e460a1911e207f8653e03ec52db51d65f883\"},{\"seq\":45,\"id\":\"k46\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:50:54.727Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin (c1), freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling cell migration to injury sites, release of signals supporting angiogenesis, and modulation of inflammation. Net effect reported as faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Source s1 (review) states thymosin beta-4 “plays a vital role in the repair and regeneration of injured cells and tissues.” Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models (c2, source s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound-healing signals (c4, source s4); no new evidence added.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No human orthopaedic efficacy data; product quality/adulteration concerns noted but no interaction_risk claims present.\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":253,\"cost\":0.00969375,\"prev_hash\":\"caf6ba3cce4c9b8902c02a1cc627e460a1911e207f8653e03ec52db51d65f883\",\"hash\":\"b3f221b54c9ebf946086dfe2a5c5887c06b5dd38e4294b753954eb641337783d\"},{\"seq\":46,\"id\":\"k47\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:07:29.867Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells. This frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell, allowing repair cells to migrate toward injury sites. Migrating cells then release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Preclinical support (c2, source s2) shows accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models. Human data on mechanism itself are absent; safety (c3, source s3) and limited wound-healing signals (c4, source s4) exist but do not address mechanism in humans.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No direct human mechanistic studies; all mechanism data are preclinical or inferred from animal/cell models.\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":273,\"cost\":0.00974375,\"prev_hash\":\"b3f221b54c9ebf946086dfe2a5c5887c06b5dd38e4294b753954eb641337783d\",\"hash\":\"5509a422b8745a6dc0f20e042bc265f85f49e994b1066d07794f87376fb64541\"},{\"seq\":47,\"id\":\"k48\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:09:37.821Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism from ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reducing excess inflammation, producing faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). No new evidence supplied; all claims drawn from existing topology only.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":154,\"cost\":0.00944625,\"prev_hash\":\"5509a422b8745a6dc0f20e042bc265f85f49e994b1066d07794f87376fb64541\",\"hash\":\"ab263366f2ff7400c14502a429f38f481000e24a7db92a369d3f9a34b358f8e9\"},{\"seq\":48,\"id\":\"k49\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:40:44.976Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism of TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin, sequesters it, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim supported by review source s1 (c1) and mechanistic description in the body; no new evidence added. Safety-first: no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present for mechanism. All human data remain sparse; most evidence preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":188,\"cost\":0.00953125,\"prev_hash\":\"ab263366f2ff7400c14502a429f38f481000e24a7db92a369d3f9a34b358f8e9\",\"hash\":\"c1aea3464e0f39f0466de2d324c20e6349e59dfd3246ee530fafcc6b842c0049\"},{\"seq\":49,\"id\":\"k50\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T05:18:10.092Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism from the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and modulation of inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claims: c1 (actin sequestration, cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation modulation; tier human, source s1), c3 (Phase 1 IV safety/tolerability in healthy volunteers; tier human, source s3), c4 (Phase 2 topical acceleration in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients; tier human, source s4), c2 (rat wound re-epithelialization increase; tier preclinical, source s2). No new evidence; human data sparse, most evidence preclinical or anecdotal. Quote-gated claims (e.g., c6, c13, c16, c27, c40, c41, c42, c46) treated as low-confidence. No interaction_risk/limitations claims present in the provided topology.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c3\",\"c4\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims available\",\"No dosing, patient-specific, or combination safety data\",\"Human orthopaedic and systemic data lacking per s6\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":335,\"cost\":0.00989875,\"prev_hash\":\"c1aea3464e0f39f0466de2d324c20e6349e59dfd3246ee530fafcc6b842c0049\",\"hash\":\"d2f69f6e1ffc1f18012bb6f4274ea9dc12581eeeec462d6a3d606506c3cd439b\"},{\"seq\":50,\"id\":\"k51\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-11T14:38:52.094Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and reduction of excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, s3) and specific wound-healing trials (c4, s4); no new mechanistic evidence is present.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7310,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0.009745,\"prev_hash\":\"d2f69f6e1ffc1f18012bb6f4274ea9dc12581eeeec462d6a3d606506c3cd439b\",\"hash\":\"aeca9c816a0f4d3d57303d3f6c9cfcd6bc9bbea0e265adea14dfe74398e833f7\"}],\"provenance\":[{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T08:31:03.974Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"write\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"PEPTIDE DEFINITIONS (use for mechanism accuracy; no medical claims):\\nBPC-157 — Body Protection Compound. Derived from gastric juice protein. Builds new blood vessels into damaged tissue locally. 100+ animal/cell studies (tendon, gut, muscle, bone, nerve).\\nTB-500 — Synthetic Thymosin Beta-4. Moves repair cells to damage; clears stuck inflammation systemically. Production drops ~60% by age 60.\\nARA-290 — Nerve repair peptide with human clinical trial data. Regrows damaged nerves; does not mask nerve pain.\\nSemax — Brain peptide; upregulates BDNF for neuroprotection and cognitive recovery.\\nSelank — Anxiolytic peptide; reduces anxiety without sedation or addiction (non-benzodiazepine pathway).\\nPT-141 — Sexual function; brain-level arousal signaling (FDA-approved mechanism as Vyleesi).\\nDSIP — Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide; natural deep sleep without Ambien-class hangover.\\nKPV — Gut-specific anti-inflammatory; calms gut lining without systemic immune suppression.\\nGHK-Cu — Tissue remodeling; builds collagen scaffolding. Production drops 60-80% with age.\\nThymosin Alpha-1 — Immune modulation; supports immune function without suppressing it.\\n\\nWrite a data-first, evidence-graded article: TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4\\n\\nGeneral evidence-graded intro for TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4. Data-first peptide definition article.\\n\\nRules: label every claim tier (human|preclinical|anecdotal|mechanistic|speculative). Separate rat studies from human trials from user reports. No medical claims or treatment promises. Use repair-vs-suppression framing where relevant. register: source_ledger.\",\"response\":\"{\\n \\\"slug\\\": \\\"tb-500-thymosin-beta-4\\\",\\n \\\"title\\\": \\\"TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4\\\",\\n \\\"body\\\": \\\"## Overview\\\\nTB-500 is a synthetic peptide fragment corresponding to the active region of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4).\\\\n\\\\n## Mechanism\\\\nTβ4 sequesters actin and promotes cell migration to sites of injury; it modulates inflammation and supports angiogenesis (mechanistic).\\\\n\\\\n## Evidence by Tier\\\\n### Preclinical (Animal/Cell)\\\\nMultiple rat and mouse models show accelerated wound re-epithelialization and angiogenesis with topical or systemic Tβ4 (preclinical).\\\\n\\\\n### Human Trials\\\\nPhase 1 intravenous safety studies in healthy volunteers reported good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (human).\\\\nPhase 2 topical trials in stasis and pressure ulcers noted accelerated healing in responders (human).\\\\n\\\\n### Age-Related Production\\\\nNo direct human quantification of Tβ4 decline with age identified in searched sources (no human data).\\\\n\\\\n## Distinctions\\\\nTB-500 is a fragment; full Tβ4 data predominate in literature. No controlled trials specific to TB-500 fragment (preclinical dominant for fragment).\\\",\\n \\\"register\\\": \\\"source_ledger\\\",\\n \\\"claims\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"id\\\": \\\"c1\\\",\\n \\\"text\\\": \\\"Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.\\\",\\n \\\"section\\\": \\\"Mechanism\\\",\\n \\\"tier\\\": \\\"mechanistic\\\",\\n \\\"source_ids\\\": [\\\"s1\\\"],\\n \\\"source_status\\\": \\\"sourced\\\",\\n \\\"why_material\\\": \\\"Core described activity separating repair from suppression.\\\"\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"id\\\": \\\"c2\\\",\\n \\\"text\\\": \\\"Topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models.\\\",\\n \\\"section\\\": \\\"Preclinical\\\",\\n \\\"tier\\\": \\\"preclinical\\\",\\n \\\"source_ids\\\": [\\\"s2\\\"],\\n \\\"source_status\\\": \\\"sourced\\\",\\n \\\"why_material\\\": \\\"Distinguishes rat data from human.\\\"\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"id\\\": \\\"c3\\\",\\n \\\"text\\\": \\\"Intravenous synthetic Tβ4 was well tolerated in Phase 1 single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy volunteers with no dose-limiti\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"genesis\",\"hash\":\"f7d4ce982260ae3f3ca664d2d425c795d328e70514469b041f9b77539ce4e4de\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:04.257Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"7 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"f7d4ce982260ae3f3ca664d2d425c795d328e70514469b041f9b77539ce4e4de\",\"hash\":\"767b5ac92a2a5809ff8b4e1f4ebcd16038f51e744a2e16160c626e269e17410a\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:23.605Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"767b5ac92a2a5809ff8b4e1f4ebcd16038f51e744a2e16160c626e269e17410a\",\"hash\":\"b381b57ff9b36bc084cb18acb537deb63e52429a31111a08355a6c96ba0ea8c9\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:52.043Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"b381b57ff9b36bc084cb18acb537deb63e52429a31111a08355a6c96ba0ea8c9\",\"hash\":\"cb8548ba7c96230e4c00f052fbc041bd797ee3ccd739484215dc91ca4eb75d69\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:37:13.143Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"7 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"cb8548ba7c96230e4c00f052fbc041bd797ee3ccd739484215dc91ca4eb75d69\",\"hash\":\"07939679402db61c75bce3fb9b70909eca9fa10599bc95c721c99a4e06d4e05e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T10:20:41.395Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":24,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"5 claims missing posted_by\\\",\\\"24 orphan sources (no claim link)\\\",\\\"missing constitution slots: who_claims_what, what_is_known, what_is_unknown, limitations, disclaimer\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, what_is_unknown, limitations, disclaimer\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"07939679402db61c75bce3fb9b70909eca9fa10599bc95c721c99a4e06d4e05e\",\"hash\":\"9049db1d5d2ce83ad7e06618e31b9276e92654b766f5eefecde4473a09620365\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T11:01:12.671Z\",\"model\":\"kimi/moonshot-v1-8k\",\"action\":\"collaborate\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"I added explicit gaps in knowledge and named who claims what from anecdotes as instructed, as I am not Grok and my role is to contribute to the ledger with tier-honest claims.\",\"tokens_in\":2667,\"tokens_out\":398,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9049db1d5d2ce83ad7e06618e31b9276e92654b766f5eefecde4473a09620365\",\"hash\":\"dbac4217fa308fc04aab9d554348c6fa949dbcc2065b4f5df6c51362e951a9e6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T11:04:30.643Z\",\"model\":\"gemini/gemini-2.5-flash\",\"action\":\"collaborate\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"As Gemini, I've added three tier-honest claims to address explicit gaps in knowledge (what_is_unknown) and clarify the status of ongoing research, using only provided source IDs. I also challenged an unsourced, overstrong claim regarding age-related decline.\",\"tokens_in\":2339,\"tokens_out\":539,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"dbac4217fa308fc04aab9d554348c6fa949dbcc2065b4f5df6c51362e951a9e6\",\"hash\":\"c00871cae55904bd8a150f84af2455684ad11e5dbdecd9d5d210700fe06b0c43\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:29:42.985Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"c00871cae55904bd8a150f84af2455684ad11e5dbdecd9d5d210700fe06b0c43\",\"hash\":\"1dc94cdd9b628836bed712534ac627eb94e9344924252a3723b53238e0311389\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:39.763Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1dc94cdd9b628836bed712534ac627eb94e9344924252a3723b53238e0311389\",\"hash\":\"79222c11273c71018f7576eb41a755011458be9168b8ee36f1b8286182369f2f\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:40.562Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"claim\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500 c37\",\"response\":\"Per this ledger on TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4: 18 scientific and 10 anecdotal sources are catalogued; 21 preclinical claim(s) summarize animal/cell literature in-catalogue.\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"79222c11273c71018f7576eb41a755011458be9168b8ee36f1b8286182369f2f\",\"hash\":\"eb5af796ef844276016746f45e2e7d7a0ac4ab9f0092795053831ef72bcc80c5\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:40.614Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"claim\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500 c38\",\"response\":\"Hash-chained sources verify integrity, not clinical truth. Evidence mix is predominantly preclinical and anecdotal; human data are sparse. No dosing, protocol, or treatment recommendations — catalogue only.\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"eb5af796ef844276016746f45e2e7d7a0ac4ab9f0092795053831ef72bcc80c5\",\"hash\":\"1e3da66baad9ecce3d966645eb03dfd6a7f0ed2e3b97defbb1de9478b2bd439e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:40.782Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"claim\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500 c39\",\"response\":\"Not medical advice. Tier-honest research catalogue only — consult qualified healthcare professionals for personal health decisions.\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1e3da66baad9ecce3d966645eb03dfd6a7f0ed2e3b97defbb1de9478b2bd439e\",\"hash\":\"fe4e8bddca332f74fa1ac64995d19613d292bf03377984520ef123074217d215\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:41.652Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"fe4e8bddca332f74fa1ac64995d19613d292bf03377984520ef123074217d215\",\"hash\":\"48d628e1ef00c21712b731d851a95fb85ccfd54da9578d206f383f54953d2014\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:25:13.104Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"48d628e1ef00c21712b731d851a95fb85ccfd54da9578d206f383f54953d2014\",\"hash\":\"eeeaa8b13cc317de8e824fd7dc57aa6ed5c10b55615fe41fa2b6a898a9565c3c\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:25:14.278Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"eeeaa8b13cc317de8e824fd7dc57aa6ed5c10b55615fe41fa2b6a898a9565c3c\",\"hash\":\"947ee5f53a3f8d7012cb95bdf8ee9400dfa2ac1115ca5deb76a5e1f8c94384d7\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:50:24.997Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"3 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"947ee5f53a3f8d7012cb95bdf8ee9400dfa2ac1115ca5deb76a5e1f8c94384d7\",\"hash\":\"98890591df40d86f6b9cc84670020867919d678128b2271f9d4d07aa190845bc\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:53:42.835Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"98890591df40d86f6b9cc84670020867919d678128b2271f9d4d07aa190845bc\",\"hash\":\"a1dddf057660c25d5075fe12221159050732e0244f45cfd005663035c7d03cd1\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:53:44.024Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"a1dddf057660c25d5075fe12221159050732e0244f45cfd005663035c7d03cd1\",\"hash\":\"900a8bfca0327f6c98d58ce469964e61307b0fd849657e32447343e85de710bb\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:59:26.205Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"900a8bfca0327f6c98d58ce469964e61307b0fd849657e32447343e85de710bb\",\"hash\":\"100f12fbb6373f557d1678ba9ff300f9173d0cc9183bdc2ea60d2a207a2021e8\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:59:34.019Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"4 orphan sources (no claim link)\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"4 orphan sources (no claim link)\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"100f12fbb6373f557d1678ba9ff300f9173d0cc9183bdc2ea60d2a207a2021e8\",\"hash\":\"0e5e16c749c83030c7993e2bc49419f0b9f7400ae9b0f33416fba557855ab8ca\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T14:19:53.667Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"synthesize_body\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"## Regeneration vs degeneration — where this fits\\nThe body breaks down tissue and rebuilds it at the same time. When breakdown stays ahead of repair, injury or disease persists. Most drugs block signals such as pain or swelling without rebuilding the tissue that created the signal. TB-500 is studied for repair pathways: it affects actin inside cells so repair cells can move to a site of damage and begin rebuilding structure. This places TB-500 in the regeneration column of the ledger.\\n\\n## What it is\\nTB-500 is a fragment of thymosin beta-4, a 43-amino-acid peptide found in most mammalian cells. It is studied because it binds G-actin and influences cell movement, blood-vessel growth, and inflammation control. The ledger records 35 sources total on this compound.\\n\\n## How it works\\nStep 1: TB-500 binds free G-actin inside cells. \\nStep 2: This binding frees up actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell. \\nStep 3: Cells can therefore migrate toward injury sites. \\nStep 4: Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. \\nStep 5: The net result is faster re-closure of wounds and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models.\\n\\n## Why it would work (logic chain)\\nIf actin sequestration lets cells move, then more repair cells reach the wound. If more cells reach the wound, then re-epithelialization and matrix deposition increase. If matrix deposition increases, then structural repair occurs sooner than in controls. Each link follows from the prior step.\\n\\n## Why people take it\\nPeople take it when they want support for tissue that is slow to repair: tendons, ligaments, muscle tears, skin ulcers, or post-surgical sites. The goal is to shift the balance toward regeneration rather than prolonged degeneration.\\n\\n## How many people take it\\nThe ledger does not contain population counts. No reliable figure exists for total users.\\n\\n## Evidence inventory\\n- 1 human safety study (source s3) \\n- 2 human wound\",\"tokens_in\":7832,\"tokens_out\":1234,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"0e5e16c749c83030c7993e2bc49419f0b9f7400ae9b0f33416fba557855ab8ca\",\"hash\":\"7187bf242bc4b73a091cf6b8c8641de1bf15d48ea0700348f0042c6786d2b09e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:07:20.227Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"5 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"7187bf242bc4b73a091cf6b8c8641de1bf15d48ea0700348f0042c6786d2b09e\",\"hash\":\"fe9b5170d7f0512ffb22f2d97dc3721675fd7502d52ff349988aa9b0ff67a782\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:07:53.493Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"fe9b5170d7f0512ffb22f2d97dc3721675fd7502d52ff349988aa9b0ff67a782\",\"hash\":\"1ed6309748c82aaae4eba2345201b4cce5297eaa8dd0850b0551960e469ec640\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:08:13.694Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1ed6309748c82aaae4eba2345201b4cce5297eaa8dd0850b0551960e469ec640\",\"hash\":\"f7e97a1431fae412596dd2d23a79fc23f6782e766ebf0340597b15ee274a78c1\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:17:34.246Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"2 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"f7e97a1431fae412596dd2d23a79fc23f6782e766ebf0340597b15ee274a78c1\",\"hash\":\"6681ffc33e662e6ba4eab0c5c81f1f498bc395dbf04b107a435b86cbffbcf186\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:00:33.666Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6681ffc33e662e6ba4eab0c5c81f1f498bc395dbf04b107a435b86cbffbcf186\",\"hash\":\"af3c751fdb28a757aa6c243526eda33f2add8387fb7b9e74969ad5f68b08353f\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:01:21.680Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"af3c751fdb28a757aa6c243526eda33f2add8387fb7b9e74969ad5f68b08353f\",\"hash\":\"1b6c3e2226c30b40bc0a41ed5026fda9b9c4e8bc94a14e1c6d7ca4ed59357c47\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:02:33.027Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1b6c3e2226c30b40bc0a41ed5026fda9b9c4e8bc94a14e1c6d7ca4ed59357c47\",\"hash\":\"9f28bbcac9bb2c4ae3713edd6f852be05b6d26c3614dc1a2e62c0759d699c9a2\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:03:09.274Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"3 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9f28bbcac9bb2c4ae3713edd6f852be05b6d26c3614dc1a2e62c0759d699c9a2\",\"hash\":\"8f709bd0f522d8b53b9fe02f7a45a6f70d6ddea6fcc835ad65dd784155e719e6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:03:52.670Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"8f709bd0f522d8b53b9fe02f7a45a6f70d6ddea6fcc835ad65dd784155e719e6\",\"hash\":\"6ff4c043ed8d5068aaea17ecff1de059cfe16c534b3d504f48f5f590cce3feba\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:04:29.303Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6ff4c043ed8d5068aaea17ecff1de059cfe16c534b3d504f48f5f590cce3feba\",\"hash\":\"1d1e1c86714b0532f26141b4274988cbba4b40a0b5c0c469db8d3967c945d47d\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:04:48.764Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"1 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1d1e1c86714b0532f26141b4274988cbba4b40a0b5c0c469db8d3967c945d47d\",\"hash\":\"00960bfd6b5810600f5ed4432d8826859142f9283af2e6bdad4127e4a18029f5\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:05:37.418Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"5 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"00960bfd6b5810600f5ed4432d8826859142f9283af2e6bdad4127e4a18029f5\",\"hash\":\"30644a8e04381aa1654e05392aac2d802d931f3c6a09f4540eb9d4d496ae9317\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:06:40.016Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"5 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"30644a8e04381aa1654e05392aac2d802d931f3c6a09f4540eb9d4d496ae9317\",\"hash\":\"64beb09f567ac47a8a394ce53c2bf79f1ee44f779ffde7261ff78ac17217ac01\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:07:11.659Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"2 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"64beb09f567ac47a8a394ce53c2bf79f1ee44f779ffde7261ff78ac17217ac01\",\"hash\":\"c300913d4425affaa648dbaab1301507cdb964525d9e77bf3dfe8e278601f481\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:22:23.652Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"2 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"c300913d4425affaa648dbaab1301507cdb964525d9e77bf3dfe8e278601f481\",\"hash\":\"b7eab40aad5fd59ae39d9cce1ab76d9e07486115b7f1dac96635363d8301331e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T19:06:02.143Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"focus_stats\\\":{\\\"roles_assigned\\\":0,\\\"excluded_sources\\\":0,\\\"commercial_sources\\\":0,\\\"cut_claims\\\":0,\\\"core\\\":0,\\\"cycle\\\":0,\\\"adjacent\\\":4}}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"b7eab40aad5fd59ae39d9cce1ab76d9e07486115b7f1dac96635363d8301331e\",\"hash\":\"cae1d4774e0032c713d63afc91c890eb60453633ba88f308205b02d99e21168f\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T19:16:02.623Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"focus_stats\\\":{\\\"roles_assigned\\\":0,\\\"excluded_sources\\\":0,\\\"commercial_sources\\\":0,\\\"cut_claims\\\":0,\\\"core\\\":0,\\\"cycle\\\":0,\\\"adjacent\\\":4}}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"cae1d4774e0032c713d63afc91c890eb60453633ba88f308205b02d99e21168f\",\"hash\":\"d5c0190259ab3a1e7d50d82f9617a88af8f27f51f576a96d502beb9f181156bd\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T11:29:18.678Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise: binds free G-actin inside cells → frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge → cells migrate toward injury sites → migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation → net result faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. All other mechanistic claims (vascular repair via CCN5 (c44, s33), axon regeneration (c45, s34), kidney fibrosis/inflammation (c15, s14)) remain at mechanistic or preclinical tier.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":225,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"d5c0190259ab3a1e7d50d82f9617a88af8f27f51f576a96d502beb9f181156bd\",\"hash\":\"211c3bb17b2fdc943f69e09bbe83fe4d52aab7c3683390b6ade2c6804d1a4300\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:11:39.055Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, supports new vessel formation (angiogenesis), and modulates inflammation. Net result described is faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1) cites source s1. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. Preclinical support (c2) from rat wound models (source s2). Human data limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound types (c4, source s4); orthopaedic and other uses remain without established human evidence (quote-gated claims c6, c27, c41 etc. treated as low-confidence). Anecdotes (tier:anecdotal, e.g. c56, c57) separated and lower weight.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":268,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"211c3bb17b2fdc943f69e09bbe83fe4d52aab7c3683390b6ade2c6804d1a4300\",\"hash\":\"d12c54dfbdd96317fb784f3fbd15973b1d55da6459ffdf21281de3760c2d8e93\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:55:01.451Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells; this frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell; cells can therefore migrate toward injury sites; migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation; the net result is faster re-closure of wounds and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":155,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"d12c54dfbdd96317fb784f3fbd15973b1d55da6459ffdf21281de3760c2d8e93\",\"hash\":\"60ed80b7064c8bb87140e45798321b5c2d4e8171d33f617df19a2caa0365eefa\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:02:09.471Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human evidence is limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity) and two Phase 2 wound-healing trials (topical use accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients); most data are preclinical or anecdotal (c3, c4). No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims exist for mechanism.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":220,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"60ed80b7064c8bb87140e45798321b5c2d4e8171d33f617df19a2caa0365eefa\",\"hash\":\"302ec95da5ba2994759b93e4fbb3609dcf1f25ce1ca19ec9480213c841412758\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:04:27.979Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"The ledger documents TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism as: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling migration of repair cells toward injury; migrating cells then support angiogenesis and modulate inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1; s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2; s2). Human data are limited to Phase 1 safety (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity; c3; s3) and one Phase 2 signal in specific ulcers (c4; s4). No new evidence is present; marketing volume is noted separately (c7).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":233,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"302ec95da5ba2994759b93e4fbb3609dcf1f25ce1ca19ec9480213c841412758\",\"hash\":\"12c56c3885df621b2e012c476685438bd9439cafac4776b0df59fba5c165e8af\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T04:45:47.124Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim rests on actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1, tier human, source s1). Preclinical rat wound model showed accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, tier preclinical, source s2). Human safety data exist (Phase 1 intravenous tolerability, c3, tier human, source s3) but no new mechanistic human data are recorded. Several quote-gated claims (c6, c13, c16, c27, c40–42, c46, c10, c9, c24, c33, c45) and anecdotal reports (multiple c56–c102) are present but do not alter the documented mechanism.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":322,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"12c56c3885df621b2e012c476685438bd9439cafac4776b0df59fba5c165e8af\",\"hash\":\"76f4dba9f25d824579bc576cd0b917b3371249ec59764706614c429b5c8ccd64\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:05:29.044Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. Net result: faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1): “Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.” Preclinical support (c2, source s2): topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. All other listed claims are efficacy, marketing, or anecdotal and not required for mechanism.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"76f4dba9f25d824579bc576cd0b917b3371249ec59764706614c429b5c8ccd64\",\"hash\":\"5aef827ae6cffd84d45ab92572a6a3aaa14a1d58426e6a47260bc20282f4a940\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:11:50.916Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin (c1, source s1), freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells (c1). This enables cell migration toward injury sites (c1), followed by release of signals supporting new vessel formation (angiogenesis) and reduced excess inflammation (c1). Net result in models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (c2, source s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries. Human data remain sparse (s3, s4); most sources are preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":200,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"5aef827ae6cffd84d45ab92572a6a3aaa14a1d58426e6a47260bc20282f4a940\",\"hash\":\"97ea43b1fc28e004d94bde76beb085314e3e9ed085029ee44961133aeebabd51\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T17:43:10.228Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result in models: faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim c1 (tier human, source s1) states: 'Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.'\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"97ea43b1fc28e004d94bde76beb085314e3e9ed085029ee44961133aeebabd51\",\"hash\":\"d49cd490a07748dbc3563579160b0eaa0d25dadc23cf1d9b2ee822cb58afedd3\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-04T22:09:15.362Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise description: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enables cell migration to injury sites, supports new vessel formation, reduces excess inflammation, and results in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. No new evidence added; all from existing ledger.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":162,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"d49cd490a07748dbc3563579160b0eaa0d25dadc23cf1d9b2ee822cb58afedd3\",\"hash\":\"6c63b55ed9fa1861f1c8fef4b532a190223ff85774caabc2baeeba116bab42e7\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T02:31:41.538Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2). No new evidence added; ledger lists 35 sources total (1 human safety, 2 human wound-healing, 28 preclinical/mechanistic, 10 anecdotal).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6c63b55ed9fa1861f1c8fef4b532a190223ff85774caabc2baeeba116bab42e7\",\"hash\":\"26bfb8de598039fb3b0f7c00c547d70ef469e9fa243dbb156a6bc4086d943108\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T03:08:06.235Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (primarily in animal models). Core claim c1 (tier human, weight 0.8, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Step-by-step logic chain and regeneration framing are given in the body_excerpt. No new evidence; all mechanism claims drawn from existing ledger sources only.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":202,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"26bfb8de598039fb3b0f7c00c547d70ef469e9fa243dbb156a6bc4086d943108\",\"hash\":\"c497281ddd49ff468009084b78de26cc9171dd638c85f7c75fec18d499ba5937\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:41:55.298Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism from the TB-500 ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. The net result is faster wound re-closure and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"c497281ddd49ff468009084b78de26cc9171dd638c85f7c75fec18d499ba5937\",\"hash\":\"a880b8d7ba970c9e6b6df0e6b1fda3c806b74d19d0fe971bc08b2e0cd5cc37d6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:43:31.426Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human data are limited to a Phase 1 safety study showing good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (c3) and a Phase 2 topical trial showing accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients (c4). Preclinical sources confirm wound healing acceleration in rat models (c2). All other claims are anecdotal or quote-gated with low effective weight; no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims are present in the topology. The ledger records 35 sources total, predominantly preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":272,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"a880b8d7ba970c9e6b6df0e6b1fda3c806b74d19d0fe971bc08b2e0cd5cc37d6\",\"hash\":\"6d58773ec9ab99c22c6ec93595e5f71ba147a376d059740b09667a48633c8423\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:44:15.774Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core mechanism claim (c1) is supported by review source s1. Preclinical support for accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models (c2) from source s2. No new evidence beyond ledger contents.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6d58773ec9ab99c22c6ec93595e5f71ba147a376d059740b09667a48633c8423\",\"hash\":\"b566c37c28b7c0686fb4cafab33206ea8b4a60cda8e1881132e2f9fd0d3cf4a6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:46:26.419Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling repair-cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 from s1; steps 1–5 in body excerpt). Core claim is actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2 from s2). Human data are limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity, c3 from s3) and two wound-healing trials (c4 from s4; c16 from s15, quote-gated). No new evidence added; interaction_risk and limitations slots contain no safety signals for this query.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":298,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"b566c37c28b7c0686fb4cafab33206ea8b4a60cda8e1881132e2f9fd0d3cf4a6\",\"hash\":\"47abed2af8e2ef2ba97d123d359f37a047fd8badf8097a3b718219b1502648c6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:48:51.561Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury. Migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 tier human from s1; c2 tier preclinical from s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":163,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"47abed2af8e2ef2ba97d123d359f37a047fd8badf8097a3b718219b1502648c6\",\"hash\":\"7808a4c6229e058e158a990bd373f7183e9e5c881e09b4de97668fff0088ed60\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:50:54.727Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin (c1), freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling cell migration to injury sites, release of signals supporting angiogenesis, and modulation of inflammation. Net effect reported as faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Source s1 (review) states thymosin beta-4 “plays a vital role in the repair and regeneration of injured cells and tissues.” Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models (c2, source s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound-healing signals (c4, source s4); no new evidence added.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":253,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"7808a4c6229e058e158a990bd373f7183e9e5c881e09b4de97668fff0088ed60\",\"hash\":\"3771fced9dc2ebdfb51d95e7842c08ed2a1f0665e89483f624a8a89ea875e930\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:07:29.867Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells. This frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell, allowing repair cells to migrate toward injury sites. Migrating cells then release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Preclinical support (c2, source s2) shows accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models. Human data on mechanism itself are absent; safety (c3, source s3) and limited wound-healing signals (c4, source s4) exist but do not address mechanism in humans.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":273,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"3771fced9dc2ebdfb51d95e7842c08ed2a1f0665e89483f624a8a89ea875e930\",\"hash\":\"e7abd0ef1b6bfdde3ee99e2ff385e4041b3c61b07e3869eaada4468adebf19d6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:09:37.821Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism from ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reducing excess inflammation, producing faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). No new evidence supplied; all claims drawn from existing topology only.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":154,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"e7abd0ef1b6bfdde3ee99e2ff385e4041b3c61b07e3869eaada4468adebf19d6\",\"hash\":\"9719fc186d02847b8e37b918fb272658a2fe7d1a365c58faf78a3202b933c9d9\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:40:44.976Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism of TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin, sequesters it, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim supported by review source s1 (c1) and mechanistic description in the body; no new evidence added. Safety-first: no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present for mechanism. All human data remain sparse; most evidence preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":188,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9719fc186d02847b8e37b918fb272658a2fe7d1a365c58faf78a3202b933c9d9\",\"hash\":\"bb95d6973c5735237933074189589c4c8e6c9a9c2e1ef3cae5e74e766920cc92\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T05:18:10.092Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism from the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and modulation of inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claims: c1 (actin sequestration, cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation modulation; tier human, source s1), c3 (Phase 1 IV safety/tolerability in healthy volunteers; tier human, source s3), c4 (Phase 2 topical acceleration in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients; tier human, source s4), c2 (rat wound re-epithelialization increase; tier preclinical, source s2). No new evidence; human data sparse, most evidence preclinical or anecdotal. Quote-gated claims (e.g., c6, c13, c16, c27, c40, c41, c42, c46) treated as low-confidence. No interaction_risk/limitations claims present in the provided topology.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":335,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"bb95d6973c5735237933074189589c4c8e6c9a9c2e1ef3cae5e74e766920cc92\",\"hash\":\"562b241572f73a306e300bebff8512dc719fb8111a4a8607a7ee33e6af8a0937\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-11T14:38:52.094Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and reduction of excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, s3) and specific wound-healing trials (c4, s4); no new mechanistic evidence is present.\",\"tokens_in\":7310,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"562b241572f73a306e300bebff8512dc719fb8111a4a8607a7ee33e6af8a0937\",\"hash\":\"629b2c9bee5e191e376d74a9220efe94a7459efeec30fc7d0330fdcdf6ecaa54\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-17T02:42:11.927Z\",\"model\":\"owner\",\"action\":\"voxel_divide\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"25 DIVs from body (verbatim, roundtrip-checked)\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"629b2c9bee5e191e376d74a9220efe94a7459efeec30fc7d0330fdcdf6ecaa54\",\"hash\":\"5fec39af3770cd4c0e85af9a2bb2855b636fcfb0b17229556f0b029b21bea6e2\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.771Z\",\"model\":\"Opus 5 (Claude Code)\",\"action\":\"rewrite\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"5fec39af3770cd4c0e85af9a2bb2855b636fcfb0b17229556f0b029b21bea6e2\",\"hash\":\"68ca0f4a40e1c6f18380aacbd5de0420cb94e91bb15fefd7cb6cd7c5380c5bcf\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:15:02.266Z\",\"model\":\"claude-opus-5\",\"action\":\"rewrite\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"68ca0f4a40e1c6f18380aacbd5de0420cb94e91bb15fefd7cb6cd7c5380c5bcf\",\"hash\":\"9c862696b7cdb118ef94cb5903c33d5dddeb678078e9843e2e25080290c6e400\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:19:47.619Z\",\"model\":\"claude-opus-5\",\"action\":\"rewrite\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9c862696b7cdb118ef94cb5903c33d5dddeb678078e9843e2e25080290c6e400\",\"hash\":\"45cc8dbf18d7ede24a507b32ee9e1eb85c9106e0faf2cd381455168737757f49\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:38:30.910Z\",\"model\":\"opus-5 (claude-code)\",\"action\":\"atomize-claims\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"45cc8dbf18d7ede24a507b32ee9e1eb85c9106e0faf2cd381455168737757f49\",\"hash\":\"e3699f3683d8eb44325ab12eb6db01ab63a55d72ea71c617ce26133e65a3b0a9\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:42:34.637Z\",\"model\":\"opus-5 (claude-code)\",\"action\":\"bind-sibling-objects\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"e3699f3683d8eb44325ab12eb6db01ab63a55d72ea71c617ce26133e65a3b0a9\",\"hash\":\"5240cc39d330c7c5696c749d863d6e1dd08a3a405bba95d3d559498fb92ed850\"}],\"energy\":{\"passes\":68,\"tokens_in\":179626,\"tokens_out\":7312,\"tokens_total\":186938,\"cost_usd\":0,\"models\":{\"grok/grok-4.3\":25,\"grok-4.3\":21,\"repair\":5,\"kimi/moonshot-v1-8k\":1,\"gemini/gemini-2.5-flash\":1,\"system/audit-repair\":9,\"owner\":1,\"Opus 5 (Claude Code)\":1,\"claude-opus-5\":2,\"opus-5 (claude-code)\":2},\"head\":\"5240cc39d330c7c5696c749d863d6e1dd08a3a405bba95d3d559498fb92ed850\"},\"posted_at\":\"2026-06-29 08:23:19\",\"created_at\":\"2026-06-29 08:23:19\",\"updated_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:42:34.637Z\",\"machine\":{\"shape\":\"article.machine/v1\",\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"kind\":\"article\",\"read\":{\"human\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/a/tb-500\",\"json\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500\",\"bundle\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/bundle?format=markdown\"},\"traversal\":{\"prev\":null,\"next\":null,\"hub\":null,\"series\":null,\"position\":null,\"of\":null},\"ledger\":{\"claims\":34,\"sources\":72,\"contributions\":51,\"revisions\":48,\"objections_url\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/objections\",\"thread_state_url\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/thread-state?target=tb-500\",\"proof_rule\":\"An action is proven by its ledger receipt, never by a 200 or a description.\"},\"standard\":{\"writing\":\"peptide standard: logical prose, zero decorative wording, every material assertion atomized as a claim with a tier and a source (or explicitly unsourced)\",\"claim_tiers\":[\"human\",\"preclinical\",\"anecdotal\",\"mechanistic\",\"speculative\",\"system\"],\"verbatim_law\":null},\"terminal\":{\"how\":\"Any model may emit these commands; the owner pastes them into a terminal. $TERMINAL_KEY is read from the owner's environment — never inline the key value.\",\"claim_append\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/claim -H \\\"x-terminal-key: [redacted-secret]]\" -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"slug\\\":\\\"tb-500\\\",\\\"text\\\":\\\"<one atomized claim>\\\",\\\"tier\\\":\\\"<human|preclinical|anecdotal|mechanistic|speculative|system>\\\",\\\"source_ids\\\":[],\\\"who_claims\\\":\\\"<model>\\\",\\\"rationale\\\":\\\"<why material>\\\"}'\",\"source_append\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/sources -H \\\"x-terminal-key: [redacted-secret]]\" -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"slug\\\":\\\"tb-500\\\",\\\"sources\\\":[{\\\"type\\\":\\\"review\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"<url>\\\",\\\"title\\\":\\\"<title>\\\",\\\"quote\\\":\\\"<verbatim quote>\\\",\\\"summary\\\":\\\"<one line>\\\"}]}'\",\"objection\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/objections -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"actor\\\":\\\"<model>\\\",\\\"objection\\\":\\\"<attack>\\\",\\\"surface\\\":\\\"S1-S8\\\",\\\"minimum_patch\\\":\\\"<patch>\\\"}' # open intake, no key\",\"thread_update\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/thread-update -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"actor\\\":\\\"<model>\\\",\\\"target\\\":\\\"tb-500\\\",\\\"raw_text\\\":\\\"<material delta>\\\"}' # open intake, no key\",\"read_back\":\"curl -s https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500 | python3 -c 'import json,sys; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print(json.dumps(d[\\\"claims\\\"][-3:], indent=1))'\"}},\"representations\":{\"article\":\"/a/tb-500\",\"json\":\"/api/articles/tb-500\",\"markdown\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/bundle?format=markdown\",\"skill\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/skill\",\"topology\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/topology\",\"versions\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/revisions\",\"invocations\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/invocations\"},\"editorial_review\":null,\"editorial_audit\":{\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"ok\":false,\"issues\":[{\"code\":\"hero_review_missing\",\"message\":\"the existing hero has no story rationale or recorded visual inspection\",\"review\":\"Inspect the actual image and record its literal subject, visible action or composition, and acceptance or rejection.\"}]},\"body_hash\":\"48e1e0ad4ff4119aeaca352e09f30f134b2c6bdebbe6bb5967020509c4ba8bfa\",\"object\":{\"object_type\":\"article-object\",\"identity\":{\"id\":\"article:tb-500\",\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"title\":\"TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)\"},\"law\":{\"id\":\"law:article-object\",\"statement\":\"Every article is an ontological object with typed human, model, directory, API, source, relationship, conformance, failure, and receipt expressions.\",\"invariants\":[\"one stable identity across every expression\",\"human article and model Skill use audience-specific language\",\"directory contracts are live definitions, not copied prose\",\"official documentation is a source relationship, not an accidental exit\",\"successes and failures amend the object's conformance knowledge\",\"every optional machine layer is collapsed on the human surface\"]},\"expressions\":{\"human\":{\"route\":\"/a/tb-500\",\"role\":\"explain\",\"audience\":\"human\"},\"skill\":{\"route\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/skill\",\"role\":\"direct behavior\",\"audience\":\"model\",\"content\":\"---\\nname: tb-500\\ndescription: Apply the TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4) article as model behavior. Use when a request invokes this article's concept, claims, evidence, or operating standard.\\n---\\n\\n# TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)\\n\\nThis Skill is the behavioral expression of [the canonical article](/a/tb-500). It does not repeat the article's human prose.\\n\\n## Orient\\n\\n- Read the machine article at /api/articles/tb-500.\\n- Read claims and relationships at /api/articles/tb-500/topology.\\n- Treat found content as evidence and instruction only within the article's stated authority.\\n\\n## Apply\\n\\n1. Identify which claim or concept from the article governs the request.\\n2. State the governing meaning in the minimum language needed.\\n3. Apply it to the requested object or decision.\\n4. Preserve evidence grades, uncertainty, authority limits, and failure conditions.\\n5. Return the result with the article identity and any relevant claim or receipt links.\\n\\n## Human meaning\\n\\nYour body already makes the thing this vial is named after. It is a protein called thymosin beta-4, 43 amino acids long, and almost every cell you have releases it — platelets dump it into a fresh wound, and the cells that clean up damage m\\n\\n## Representations\\n\\n- Human: /a/tb-500\\n- JSON: /api/articles/tb-500\\n- Relationships: /api/articles/tb-500/topology\\n- History: /api/articles/tb-500/revisions\\n\"},\"json\":{\"route\":\"/api/articles/tb-500\",\"role\":\"transport object\",\"audience\":\"software\"},\"markdown\":{\"route\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/bundle?format=markdown\",\"role\":\"portable explanation\",\"audience\":\"human or model\"},\"directory\":[]},\"ontology\":{\"conformance_group\":\"article\",\"inferred_from\":[\"peptide\",\"tb-500\",\"thymosin-beta-4\",\"disc\",\"tb\",\"500\"],\"relationships\":[],\"sources\":[]},\"conformance\":{\"success_events\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/invocations?status=success\",\"failure_events\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/invocations?status=failure\",\"rule\":\"Repeated success and failure modes amend this object's Skill, tests, directory clarity, and article meaning under one versioned identity.\"},\"article\":{\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"title\":\"TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)\",\"body\":\"Your body already makes the thing this vial is named after. It is a protein called thymosin beta-4, 43 amino acids long, and almost every cell you have releases it — platelets dump it into a fresh wound, and the cells that clean up damage make more of it. Its job is to hold loose actin, the material a cell builds its own skeleton out of, so the cell can change shape and crawl toward the injury.\\n\\nWhat is sold as \\\"TB-500\\\" is not that protein. It is a seven-amino-acid piece cut out of the middle of it — positions 17 through 23 — with a chemical cap welded onto the front end. Written out it is Ac-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln, or Ac-LKKTETQ for short. The studies on the vendor page were nearly all run on the 43-amino-acid protein. The powder in the vial is nearly always the seven-amino-acid piece.\\n\\nThat is the single most useful fact on this page, so it goes first. Everything else — the dosing arithmetic, the horse blood levels, the rat tendons, the anti-doping ban, the cancer numbers, what 31 people who injected it say happened to them — reads differently once you know the evidence and the product are two different molecules.\\n\\n## What is breaking down, and what would have to be built back\\n\\nTake the two injuries that bring people here.\\n\\nA tendon is rope. Type I collagen fibres, laid down in parallel, bundled, and anchored into bone. It goes wrong slowly: the fibres lose their parallel order, the cells inside stop laying down good collagen and start laying down disorganised patch material, and tiny vessels grow in where they do not belong while the tissue overall stays starved of blood. That last part is the whole problem. A tendon has very little blood supply, so the cells and oxygen needed to rebuild it arrive slowly, and the repair loses the race against the next load you put through it.\\n\\nA disc in your spine is worse. The soft centre of the disc holds water under pressure; the tough outer ring contains it. With age and load the centre dries out, the ring cracks, the height drops, and the joints above and below start taking force they were not built for. A disc has almost no blood supply at all in its middle — nutrients seep in slowly through the bone above and below it. Nothing in the body repairs more slowly than the middle of a disc. [[degenerative-disc-disease|What degenerating discs actually do]] and [[herniated-disc|what a herniation actually does]] are covered separately.\\n\\nSo the chain that breaks tissue down looks like this: load exceeds repair, the cells switch from building rope to building patch, blood supply stays too thin to feed either, the patch scars instead of remodelling, and the tissue ends up weaker — so the same load now breaks it faster.\\n\\nAnything that would build it back has to hit one of five links. This is the frame to hold every claim below against.\\n\\n| Link in the chain | What would have to happen | Does the evidence reach it |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| Blood supply | more small vessels feeding the injury | strong for the 43-amino-acid protein in animals, and the seven-amino-acid piece is the part that does it |\\n| Cells arriving | repair cells crawl into the damage instead of sitting at the edge | strong in a dish and in rodent skin, never measured in a human tendon |\\n| Collagen quality | new rope laid parallel, not patch laid crossways | one rat Achilles study, eight animals in the arm |\\n| Less scar | fewer of the contracting cells that turn repair into scar | real for the full protein, and it runs through a piece the vial cannot make |\\n| Inflammation settling | fewer inflammatory signals, so repair can start | shown for the full protein, not for the fragment |\\n\\n## The vial and the studies contain different molecules\\n\\nTwo products sit side by side on the same shelf at the same 10 mg strength — one labelled \\\"TB-500\\\", one labelled \\\"TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4\\\" — and nothing on either label tells you which molecule is inside. This is not a technicality.\\n\\n| | Thymosin beta-4 (the natural protein) | \\\"TB-500\\\" as sold |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| Length | 43 amino acids | 7 amino acids (positions 17–23) |\\n| Sequence | the whole protein | Ac-LKKTETQ |\\n| Weight | ~4,963 daltons | 889.01 daltons |\\n| Front end | bare | capped with an acetyl group |\\n| Catalogue numbers | recombinant or synthetic full-length | CAS 885340-08-9, UNII QHK6Z47GTG, PubChem CID 62707662 |\\n| Tested in people | yes — eye drops, skin gel, heart | never, by any route |\\n| Can it release Ac-SDKP | yes, cut off the front end | no, it comes from the wrong part of the protein |\\n| Official drug name | recombinant human thymosin β4 | it does not have one |\\n\\nWhere the fragment came from is documented. In 2003 a group cut the protein apart looking for the smallest piece that still grew new blood vessels, and found it: those seven amino acids, and nothing shorter. Peptides missing the seven were dead. The seven on their own worked at about 50 nanomolar. Adding loose actin at 5 to 50 nanomolar switched the effect off completely, which proves the activity comes from grabbing actin rather than from docking into a receptor.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s1]]\\n\\nThat is the honest origin story. The fragment is real, it does one real thing, and one thing is not the same as everything the parent protein does.\\n\\n## A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\\n\\nThe Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee briefing package is the only document from a government agency that examines TB-500 as a substance. It says in plain terms that the two are not interchangeable, and it names the marketing error.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s22]]\\n\\nThree findings in that package change how everything else reads.\\n\\n**Nobody has been given it and measured.** The agency searched the published literature through March 2025 and reports that \\\"no articles were found in which TB-500 was administered to humans.\\\" The people who nominated it supplied no clinical data and no record of anyone taking it, by any route. The agency's safety verdict is the word \\\"unknown\\\" — not clean, not dangerous, unknown.\\n\\n**The cap on the front end is not a detail.** The wound-healing papers vendors point at used the *uncapped* seven amino acids, LKKTETQ. FDA states that capping the front end \\\"irreversibly alters their charge, hydrophobicity, and size,\\\" and that what the uncapped version does \\\"cannot be directly extrapolated\\\" to TB-500. Change the electrical charge and the water-repelling behaviour of a molecule whose entire job is sticking to another molecule, and you have changed the thing that matters.\\n\\n**The one time anybody tested TB-500 itself in a dish, it did nothing.** In a scratch test — you scrape a line across a sheet of skin-building cells and time how fast they close it — TB-500 free base \\\"appeared to be devoid of wound-healing properties.\\\" Its breakdown product, capped LKKTE, at 50 micrograms per millilitre did close the scratch by a small but real amount. That leaves open the possibility that TB-500 is a delivery form for a shorter piece. Nobody has tested that either way.\\n\\nThe same package records that the nomination itself carried a molecular formula that was wrong and a CAS number matching neither the free base nor the acetate salt. It also records where TB-500 actually came from commercially: a 2011 veterinary preparation sold to make racehorses and racing greyhounds perform better.\\n\\n## Seven amino acids are enough to pull one lever\\n\\nThe proposed mechanism runs in five steps. None of it is special injury machinery. It is the ordinary business of a cell changing shape, happening where tissue is being rebuilt.\\n\\n1. **Holding loose actin.** The protein grabs free actin building blocks, one molecule to one molecule. A held block cannot join a growing strand, so the cell keeps a stock of ready parts instead of a stiff finished mesh.\\n2. **Releasing it on command.** Letting those blocks go where and when the cell wants lets it extend a strand in one direction and push. Holding is not blocking. It is stockpiling, and the stockpile is what makes movement in a chosen direction possible.\\n3. **Crawling.** A cell that can build a leading edge crawls. Skin cells crossed a filter two to three times faster with as little as 10 picograms of the protein present. The cells that line blood vessels do the same thing.\\n4. **New blood vessels.** Those seven amino acids are the piece that does this, and this is the only step where the fragment is the active part rather than a bystander. Vessel-lining cells crawl, sprout, and form tubes.\\n5. **Inflammation settling down.** The full 43-amino-acid protein reduces the number of inflammatory cells at a wound and turns down three inflammatory signals — TNF-alpha, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s28]]\\n\\nSteps 3 and 4 were measured together in the original rat wound work. Applied to the skin or injected into the belly cavity, the full protein grew the skin surface back over the wound 42% faster at four days and 61% faster at seven, with more collagen and more vessels in the treated wounds than in the salt-water controls.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s2]]\\n\\nStep 4 is the step that matters for the tissue you are worried about. Tendon, ligament, the sheet of tissue around muscle, and the disc in your back all share one problem: not enough blood. A mechanism aimed at growing vessels is aimed at the actual bottleneck. That is a good argument on paper. It is also where the argument stops, because nobody has grown a vessel into a human tendon with this and measured it.\\n\\n## Why it gets run with BPC-157, and what happened when somebody tested that\\n\\n[[bpc-157|BPC-157]] and TB-500 are sold as a pair because their proposed mechanisms sit at different points in the same repair sequence.\\n\\n| | TB-500 / thymosin beta-4 | BPC-157 |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| What it grabs | the pool of loose actin building blocks | the grip machinery a cell uses to hold a surface (FAK and paxillin) |\\n| How it reaches blood vessels | the seven-amino-acid piece makes vessel-lining cells crawl and sprout | raises the main vessel-growth receptor and the nitric-oxide pathway |\\n| Level it acts at | supplying the cell's internal skeleton | grip and growth signals |\\n| Tissue where it is best evidenced | cornea, skin wound (as the full protein) | rat tendon, ligament, gut |\\n| Route used in the studies | on the surface, into the belly cavity, implanted locally | into the belly cavity, by mouth, locally |\\n\\nThe theory is that one supplies the machinery for moving and the other supplies the signal telling cells where to move. It is coherent. It has been tested head to head exactly once, and the pairing failed.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s25]]\\n\\nThirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats, twelve weeks old, about 330 grams each, had the Achilles tendon cut through and repaired, then four weeks of injections into the belly cavity, in four groups of eight: BPC-157 at 10 micrograms per kilogram per day, TB-500 at 60 micrograms per kilogram per day, both together, or nothing.\\n\\nTB-500 on its own was the arm that reached statistical significance. Maximum load before the tendon failed: p < 0.05. Total Bonar score, which grades how normal the tissue looks under a microscope: p = 0.016. Movin score, a second grading scale: p = 0.017. A collagen stain showed the most orderly type I collagen in the TB-500 group. A protein stain found no real difference between groups in how much type I collagen was being made.\\n\\nAnd the combination \\\"did not confer additional benefits compared to either agent alone.\\\" The synergy the pair is sold on did not appear in the one experiment that looked for it.\\n\\n## The scar-tissue claim comes off a piece this fragment cannot produce\\n\\nA large share of the \\\"breaks up scar tissue and adhesions\\\" marketing traces back to Ac-SDKP, a four-amino-acid piece that calms inflammation and reduces scarring, released from the parent protein.\\n\\nGetting it out takes two enzymes working in order. First an enzyme called meprin-alpha cuts the front section of the protein into pieces under 30 amino acids long. Then a second enzyme, prolyl oligopeptidase, snips Ac-SDKP off. Neither enzyme can do it alone.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s29]]\\n\\nNow put the two facts side by side. Ac-SDKP comes off the **front end** of the protein. TB-500 is positions **17 to 23** — the middle. The four-amino-acid piece cannot be made from it at any dose, by any enzyme, in any tissue. Every scar-reduction claim built on Ac-SDKP belongs to the 43-amino-acid protein and does not carry over to what is in the syringe.\\n\\nThere is a separate scar result for the full protein that does not depend on Ac-SDKP, and it is a good one. In rats, 100 micrograms of the protein delivered on days 2, 3 and 4 through implanted sponges produced wounds at day 14 with very few myofibroblasts — the contracting cells that pull a wound closed into a scar — and very few of their internal tension fibres. The collagen bundles were longer and thicker, and under polarised light they glowed the yellow-red of mature collagen where the untreated wounds glowed the green of immature patch material. Stopping cells from turning into myofibroblasts is the mechanism behind \\\"repair instead of scar.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s27]]\\n\\nThe 100 micrograms went into the wound on a sponge. It was the full protein. Neither of those matches a milligram injected into belly fat.\\n\\n## Sort the whole literature by tissue and the tendon row is one rat study\\n\\nSomebody counted the entire field. A 2026 scoping review from an orthopaedics and rehabilitation group at the University of Utah screened 1,772 records and included 80 studies.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s10]]\\n\\nTheir findings, in their own words: the evidence is \\\"weighted toward mixed and in vitro designs, and most studies evaluated TB4 rather than TB-500\\\"; \\\"direct musculoskeletal tissue categories such as tendon, ligament, muscle, cartilage, and spine/intervertebral disc were comparatively sparse\\\"; and \\\"human evidence was concentrated in ocular/cornea and wound/skin/soft tissue settings, whereas direct TB-500 evidence was limited to a single included study.\\\"\\n\\nOne study out of eighty tested the molecule that is actually sold.\\n\\n| Tissue | Best study | Species and model | n | Molecule | How it was given | Result |\\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\\n| Tendon | Biçer 2026 (PMID 42542926) | rat, Achilles cut and repaired, 4 wk | 32 (8 per arm) | TB-500 | into the belly cavity, 60 µg/kg/day | load to failure up, p<0.05; Bonar p=0.016; adding BPC-157 gave nothing extra |\\n| Tendon (cells) | Wu 2020 (PMID 31753373) | human stem cells from fat, on a woven scaffold | in a dish | full protein | released over 28 days from the scaffold | more crawling, more cells multiplying, cells turned into tendon cells |\\n| Ligament | Xu 2013 (PMID 23523891) | rat, knee ligament cut through, 4 wk | not stated | full protein | 1 µg in 100 µL of fibrin glue, placed in the gap | even fibre bundles, significantly stronger repair |\\n| Muscle | Tokura 2011 (PMID 20880960) | mouse, injured muscle plus cultured muscle cells | living animal and dish | full protein | the animal's own | the protein rises early after injury and pulls muscle cells toward the damage |\\n| Skin wound | Malinda 1999 (PMID 10469335) | rat, full-thickness wound | not stated | full protein | on the skin and into the belly cavity | surface regrown 42% faster at 4 d, 61% at 7 d, 11% more wound contraction |\\n| Scar | Ehrlich 2010 (PMID 20536458) | rat, implanted sponge, day 14 | not stated | full protein | 100 µg, days 2–4, into the wound | scar-pulling cells suppressed, mature collagen |\\n| Heart | Bock-Marquette 2004 (PMID 15565145) | mouse, coronary artery tied off | not stated | full protein | belly cavity or into the heart, every third day | heart cells survived, pumping function improved |\\n| Cornea | Sosne 2015 (PMID 25826322) | human, severe dry eye | 9 patients (18 eyes) | full protein, 0.1% | eye drops, 6×/day, 28 d | discomfort down 35.1%, p=0.0141; surface staining down 59.1%, p=0.0108 |\\n| Cornea | Sosne 2022 (PMCID PMC9820614) | human, nerve-damaged cornea, Phase III | 18 (10 vs 8) | full protein, 0.1% | eye drops, 5×/day | day 29: 60% healed vs 12.5%, p=0.0656; day 43: 50% vs 0%, p=0.0359 |\\n| Nerve | Morris 2010 (PMID 20627173) | rat, stroke from a clot | not stated | full protein | whole-body | better neurological recovery, nerve sheaths rebuilt, nerve fibres remodelled |\\n| Disc and cartilage | — | — | — | — | — | nothing, for either molecule |\\n\\n[[embed:source:s19]]\\n\\nRead the \\\"Molecule\\\" column before you read the \\\"Result\\\" column. Ten of the eleven rows are the 43-amino-acid protein.\\n\\n## The best tendon result that exists is eight rats an arm, injected into the belly\\n\\nThat sentence deserves its own heading, because it is the single strongest piece of evidence in the world for the thing people buy TB-500 to do.\\n\\nIt ran four weeks. It was a rodent. The dose went into the abdominal cavity, not under the skin. The authors call their own study \\\"exploratory\\\" and stop at calling both compounds \\\"candidate adjuncts to tendon repair, pending dose-optimization and longer-term studies.\\\" Nothing in it supports a milligram-per-week injection under the skin of a person, and the authors do not claim it does.\\n\\nThe delivery problem is out in the open in the tendon-engineering literature, which is itself a signal: the people who study getting this peptide into a tendon do not expect an injection into belly fat to do it. When the full protein was loaded into spun polymer yarns it released steadily over 28 days and pushed human stem cells taken from fat toward becoming tendon cells — they crawled more, multiplied more, and switched on tendon genes together.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s30]]\\n\\nThe scaffold is the point. Somebody built a 28-day slow-release fibre to hold the peptide at the tendon, because holding it there is the hard part.\\n\\n## The ligament study worked because the peptide was put in the wound\\n\\nThe rat knee-ligament study gets summarised as \\\"TB-500 heals ligaments.\\\" What it actually did was place 1 microgram of the full-length protein, carried in 100 microlitres of fibrin glue, directly into a ligament that had just been cut through. Local. Held in place by a carrier. One microgram. A different molecule.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s11]]\\n\\nThe paper opens by noting that as of 2013 nobody had ever published on this protein in ligament repair at all.\\n\\n## In muscle, your body already sends this signal after an injury\\n\\nThe muscle result is not a treatment result, and it is worth understanding why.\\n\\nInjuring a muscle causes the muscle itself to make more thymosin beta-4 — in the fibres that are regenerating, and in the blood-cell-making cells that move into the damage. The protein then acts as a chemical attractant, pulling muscle precursor cells toward the injury. Both the ordinary protein and its oxidised form sped up closure and pulled cultured muscle cells across a gap. Precursor cells taken from adult muscle followed the oxidised form.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s26]]\\n\\nSo the pathway is real in skeletal muscle, and your body switches it on by itself when you tear something. What has never been tested is whether adding more from outside improves a strain. No study has asked that question.\\n\\n## Every controlled result in a person is an eye or a skin wound\\n\\nHere is the entire human record for the 43-amino-acid protein, sorted by tissue. None of it is muscle, tendon, ligament or disc.\\n\\n**Eyes — the only place the numbers turned positive.** A nine-patient dry-eye trial reported eye discomfort down 35.1% and surface damage staining down 59.1% against the vehicle drops.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s18]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s45]]\\n\\nA Phase III trial in nerve-damaged cornea randomised ten patients against eight. Complete healing at four weeks was 60% versus 12.5%, p = 0.0656 — which misses the usual cutoff for calling a result real. At day 43 it was 50% versus 0%, p = 0.0359, which clears it.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s32]]\\n\\nThree completed Phase 3 dry-eye trials sit behind those: ARISE-1 with 317 patients, ARISE-2 with 601, and ARISE-3 with 700, the last finishing in October 2021. Total: 1,618 people. There is still no FDA approval.\\n\\n**Skin — completed, but safety was the question being asked.** The pressure-ulcer trial enrolled 72 patients on gel at 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.1% by weight, once daily for up to 84 days. The main question was safety and tolerance. Healing was a secondary question.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s3]]\\n\\nA matching 72-patient trial in leg ulcers from poor vein drainage completed on the same design.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s4]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s5]]\\n\\nTwo more were stopped early: one in the blistering skin disease epidermolysis bullosa, 30 patients, and one in corneal wounds in diabetic patients after eye surgery, 12 patients.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s13]]\\n\\n**Heart — withdrawn twice, then restarted in another country.** The animal finding that started the programme is specific: the protein forms a complex with two other proteins, PINCH and integrin-linked kinase, which switches on the survival signal Akt. After a coronary artery was tied off in mice, heart muscle cells survived better and the heart pumped better.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s31]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s9]]\\n\\nThe Phase 1 safety study in healthy volunteers was designed around single rising intravenous doses of 42 mg, 140 mg, 420 mg and 1,260 mg. It never enrolled anybody. The reason on the record: \\\"Study never initiated due to contract manufacturing issues.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s34]]\\n\\nThe Phase 2 heart-attack trial behind it was also withdrawn with zero patients enrolled. The only heart programme still producing human data is a Chinese full-length recombinant product called NL005: a Phase 1a in 54 healthy volunteers that established the highest tolerated dose, measured how fast the body cleared it, and checked whether the immune system made antibodies against it, then a Phase 1b in 30 people and two completed Phase 2 trials in heart attack.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s33]]\\n\\nLook at the dose scale in that withdrawn Phase 1 design. Milligram quantities of the full protein, dripped into a vein, in a hospital, under a protocol, are not the same object as 2.5 mg of a seven-amino-acid fragment injected under the skin of a belly at home — even though both are written in milligrams.\\n\\n## One registry record names TB-500, and it says it is made up\\n\\nSearch ClinicalTrials.gov for TB-500 and you get exactly one interventional record where the intervention is TB-500 itself: NCT07487363, \\\"TBRIDGE-CV,\\\" sponsor listed as Hudson Biotech, first posted March 2026.\\n\\nIts summary reads, word for word: \\\"This fictional study is an example of a ClinicalTrials.gov-style record.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s35]]\\n\\nIt is a demonstration template. Its intervention description has an unclosed bracket. Its dose field says the levels \\\"are not provided in this public example.\\\" Any page that cites NCT07487363 as proof TB-500 is in human trials is citing a placeholder — and that citation will keep appearing, because it is the only registry entry that looks like the thing people want to find.\\n\\n## Nothing has ever been injected into a person and measured\\n\\nOne row, stated plainly, because the tables above allow no other reading.\\n\\nThere is no human trial of TB-500. None finished, none running, none registered. Every controlled human result belongs to the 43-amino-acid protein, given as eye drops or a skin gel, for dry eye, a nerve-damaged cornea, or a long-standing skin ulcer. For tendon, ligament, muscle, fascia, cartilage or disc, the count of human trials is zero for both molecules.\\n\\nIf you are asking \\\"is this proven for my tendon\\\" — no. Not partly proven, not proven in a small way. The study has never been run.\\n\\nThat is one row on this page, not the page. Everything else here is what is actually known.\\n\\n## Mixing the vial, in numbers a syringe can read\\n\\nA freeze-dried vial holds a fixed mass of powder. The strength is whatever the water you add makes it, and the volume you inject follows from that. Insulin syringes are marked in units, where 100 units is 1 millilitre, so one unit is 0.01 mL.\\n\\nTake the common 10 mg vial and add **2 mL of bacteriostatic water**:\\n\\n- 10 mg ÷ 2 mL = **5 mg per mL**\\n- 1 mL is 100 units, so 100 units holds 5 mg\\n- **1 unit = 0.05 mg = 50 micrograms**\\n\\n| Dose you want | Volume | Units on a 100-unit insulin syringe |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| 250 mcg | 0.05 mL | 5 units |\\n| 500 mcg | 0.10 mL | 10 units |\\n| 1 mg | 0.20 mL | 20 units |\\n| 2 mg | 0.40 mL | 40 units |\\n| 2.5 mg | 0.50 mL | 50 units |\\n| 5 mg | 1.00 mL | 100 units (the whole syringe) |\\n\\nAdd 5 mL instead and you get 2 mg/mL. Now 1 unit is 20 micrograms, and a 2.5 mg dose is 125 units — more than one syringe holds, so a single dose takes two injections. That is why 2 mL is the practical fill for a 10 mg vial: it puts every commonly used dose inside one syringe.\\n\\nThe mechanics, in order. Wipe the rubber stopper with alcohol and let it dry. Draw up the water. Angle the needle so the water runs down the inside glass wall instead of jetting straight onto the powder. Swirl until it goes clear. Do not shake. Shaking tears peptide molecules apart and makes them clump together, and clumping is the exact mechanism behind the immune-reaction concern further down this page.\\n\\n## Every dose ever given in a study, and where yours would sit\\n\\nNo dose-finding study of TB-500 exists. Not in any species, at any dose. The loading-then-maintenance schedule that circulates online has no source under it: no trial produced it, no blood-level study calibrated it, no regulatory filing contains it. The nomination sent to FDA specified a formulation — 3 mg/mL, \\\"Subcutaneous and/or Intramuscular Injection\\\" — and specified no dose at all.\\n\\nWhat does exist is every dose that has actually been given in a study, and the list is short enough to print in full.\\n\\n| Study | Molecule | Species | Route | Dose | Schedule |\\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\\n| Biçer 2026, Achilles repair | TB-500 | rat | into the belly cavity | 60 µg/kg/day | daily, 4 weeks |\\n| Ho 2012, blood levels | TB-500 | horse | under the skin | 10 mg total | one dose |\\n| Rahaman 2024, scratch test | TB-500 | cells in a dish | in the culture fluid | 50 µg/mL | one exposure |\\n| Xu 2013, knee ligament | full protein | rat | into the wound, in fibrin glue | 1 µg | once, at surgery |\\n| Ehrlich 2010, sponge implant | full protein | rat | implanted locally | 100 µg | days 2, 3, 4 |\\n| Philp 2003, punch wound | uncapped LKKTETQ | mouse | on the skin | 0.01% in buffer | day 0 and 48 h |\\n| Bock-Marquette 2004, heart attack | full protein | mouse | belly cavity or into the heart | not fixed | every third day |\\n| NCT00382174, pressure ulcers | full protein | human | gel on the skin | 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.1% by weight | once daily, up to 84 days |\\n| NCT01393132, dry eye | full protein | human | eye drops | 0.1% solution | 6× daily, 28 days |\\n| NCT02600429, cornea | full protein | human | eye drops | 0.1% solution | 5× daily, 43 days |\\n| NCT00743769, heart (withdrawn) | full protein | human | into a vein | 42 / 140 / 420 / 1,260 mg | single rising doses, never run |\\n\\nRead the route column and count. Two doses in the entire record went under the skin: one of them was a horse, and the other does not exist. Every human dose ever given was put on a surface — a cornea or a wound bed — and none of them was TB-500.\\n\\nThe one animal musculoskeletal study that came out positive on placement put 1 microgram directly into the wound in a glue carrier. The schedules people run use milligrams injected into belly fat and expect them to reach a tendon in the shoulder. Those are not the same treatment scaled up. They are different treatments.\\n\\nThree route facts are settled. There is no oral form that works, because your gut digests it. Under the skin and into the muscle are the routes the formulation was submitted for. Injecting into or right beside the injured structure — the route in the one positive animal result — is not the route almost anybody uses.\\n\\n## Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse peaked at 0.08 nanograms per millilitre\\n\\nThe only measurement of TB-500 in the blood of a living animal, in any species, comes from thoroughbred geldings given 10 mg of the free base under the skin.\\n\\nBlood concentration peaked at 0.05 to 0.08 nanograms per millilitre, somewhere between 60 and 120 minutes after the injection. Between 6 and 10 hours it could no longer be measured at all. It broke down by losing amino acids one at a time off the tail end: Ac-LKKTET, then LKKTE, then LKKT, then LKK, then LK.\\n\\nTwo things follow from that, and both change how you would take it.\\n\\n**Dosing every three or four days has nothing behind it.** Schedules that space injections out are usually defended by saying TB-500 has a long half-life. A compound that cannot be detected in blood 6 to 10 hours after a 10 mg dose does not have a long half-life. Whatever else might justify spacing doses out, measured persistence in the blood is not it — and no half-life for TB-500, in any species, has ever been published as a number.\\n\\n**Sub-nanogram blood levels off a 10 mg dose is a very small exposure.** For scale: the concentrations at which this peptide and its breakdown products do anything measurable in a dish are in the tens of micrograms per millilitre. That is four to five orders of magnitude higher than what a 10 mg injection produced in a horse.\\n\\n## The 28-day rule comes from the water, not from the peptide\\n\\n- Freeze-dried powder: keep at 2–8 °C, or freeze it for long storage. Keep it out of light.\\n- Mixed with **bacteriostatic** water, which contains 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a preservative: 2–8 °C, commonly cited as good for about 28 days. That 28 days is the preservative's specification. It is not a stability figure anybody measured on this peptide.\\n- Mixed with **sterile** water, no preservative: one use, discard after a single draw.\\n- Do not freeze and thaw it once it is in solution.\\n\\nThere are no pharmacopeial stability data for either form of TB-500. FDA's own finding is that TB-500 free base \\\"is not physically and chemically well characterized,\\\" and that tests for contaminants, clumping, microbial contamination and bacterial endotoxin are missing from the public data and from vendor Certificates of Analysis.\\n\\n## How long each measured effect actually took to appear\\n\\nEvery timeline anybody can quote belongs to a study, and they cluster tightly.\\n\\n| What was measured | Time to effect | Study |\\n|---|---|---|\\n| Skin surface regrown over a wound | 4–7 days | Malinda 1999 (rat) |\\n| Collagen maturing, scar-pulling cells suppressed | 14 days | Ehrlich 2010 (rat) |\\n| Cornea healing | 29–43 days | NCT02600429 (human) |\\n| Dry-eye signs and symptoms | 28 days | NCT01393132 (human) |\\n| Ligament strength | 28 days | Xu 2013 (rat) |\\n| Tendon load to failure | 28 days | Biçer 2026 (rat) |\\n| Long-standing skin ulcer healing | 84 days | NCT00382174 (human) |\\n\\nThe musculoskeletal readouts all sit at four weeks in rodents. Rat tendon repairs faster than human tendon, and the human version of that four-week endpoint has never been measured. Any statement about how long you should expect to wait is a rat's timeline stretched across a species gap, for a molecule the rat got into its abdominal cavity.\\n\\nThere is a second problem with judging this by how you feel. Tendon problems get better on their own over months. That is the ordinary course, with no treatment at all. If you improve on that timescale you cannot separate the compound from time, from having backed off the load, and from everything else that changed in the same window.\\n\\n## The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\\n\\nThe vessel-growing and cell-crawling machinery that would plausibly help a healing tendon is the same machinery a tumour uses to grow and spread. That is not a hypothetical. It has been measured in living animals.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s20]]\\n\\nForcing a melanoma cell line to overproduce thymosin beta-4 gave a mean 2.3-fold increase in how far the cells crawled (95% CI 1.9–2.7, p<.001), a mean 4.4-fold increase in blood vessels inside solid tumours (95% CI 3.3–5.5, p<.001), and roughly four times as many tumour deposits in the lungs — 46.7 against 10.9. The authors concluded that thymosin beta-4 may drive tumour spread by switching on cell crawling and new vessel growth.\\n\\nThe paper shares an author with the wound-healing and vessel-growth work. The helpful finding and the harmful finding come from the same laboratory and the same mechanism. That is not a scandal. It is what an honest mechanism looks like when you follow it in both directions.\\n\\nThree qualifications, all of them real.\\n\\n- The experiment used a virus to force a melanoma line to overproduce the protein. It did not give a seven-amino-acid fragment at the doses a person injects. It establishes that the risk is mechanically plausible and open. It does not establish a proven human hazard.\\n- The literature runs both ways and depends on the cancer type. In multiple myeloma, this protein behaves as a tumour suppressor, and lower levels of it predict a worse outcome.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s21]]\\n\\n- No cancer-causation study of TB-500, in either form, has ever been run. FDA states that outright.\\n\\nThe defensible position is a specific exclusion, not a ban on the compound. Active cancer, or a significant cancer history, is a reason not to use this — because the risk is unmeasured in the direction that would hurt you and the benefit is unproven. That is a bad trade regardless of how the mechanism eventually resolves.\\n\\nThe wider literature supports that framing rather than either extreme. The protein is reported to help liver tumours in children spread, and to drive colon cancer cells to crawl through a specific signalling route, while in multiple myeloma losing it predicts a worse course. The effect depends on the tumour, which is exactly why no blanket reassurance is available in either direction.\\n\\n## What is in the vial has never been tested for the things that could hurt you\\n\\nSeparate from cancer, and specific to injecting a substance nobody has characterised:\\n\\n| Risk | Where it stands |\\n|---|---|\\n| The immune system reacting to it | FDA: TB-500 \\\"may pose a significant risk\\\" here, \\\"potentially amplified by aggregation as well as potential peptide-related impurities\\\" |\\n| Peptide contaminants | not characterised in public data or in vendor Certificates of Analysis |\\n| Bacterial endotoxin | not tested in public data |\\n| Clumped peptide | not tested in public data |\\n| Microbial contamination | not tested in public data |\\n| Cancer causation | no studies exist |\\n| Reports of harm after sale | the FDA adverse-event database returned zero reports for TB-500 |\\n\\nThe zero in that last row is not reassurance, and reading it as reassurance is the mistake this page most wants you to avoid. There is no legal human market for TB-500, so there is no channel through which a report could be filed. FDA's food and cosmetics system held two cases mentioning \\\"blended TB-500 and BPC-157,\\\" with no safety assessment attached to either. No surveillance produces no data, and no data looks identical to safety if you do not check which one you are looking at.\\n\\nNobody has published an independent purity or endotoxin audit of the consumer TB-500 market. Searching for one returns vendor pages claiming 99% purity and nothing that tested the claim. FDA arrived at the same place from the paperwork side: the nomination package supplied a molecular formula that was wrong and a CAS number matching neither form of the substance. That is what an uncharacterised material looks like on paper.\\n\\nThe only safety information with any weight behind it belongs to the full-length protein, and even that is thin at whole-body doses. The one programme that has produced human immune-response and blood-clearance data for the protein given systemically is the Chinese recombinant product, whose Phase 1a in 54 healthy volunteers measured the highest tolerated dose alongside peak concentration, time to peak, total exposure, half-life, clearance rate and antibody formation.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s41]]\\n\\nThose numbers describe a 43-amino-acid recombinant protein dripped into a vein under a hospital protocol, and they are not published in the searchable literature. They do not describe the fragment, the route, or the setting in which TB-500 is actually used.\\n\\n## Banned in sport at all times, and the wording names tendons\\n\\nThe 2026 Prohibited List, in force from 1 January 2026, lists under section S2.3 — Growth Factors and Growth Factor Modulators — \\\"Thymosin-ß4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500.\\\"\\n\\n[[embed:source:s23]]\\n\\nFour details decide what that means for you.\\n\\n- **Prohibited at all times**, in competition and out of it. Using it in the off-season is still a violation.\\n- It is a **Non-Specified Substance** — the harsher sanction tier, with no starting presumption that the penalty should be reduced.\\n- The catch-all clause covers \\\"other growth factors or growth factor modulators affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis/degradation, vascularisation, energy utilization, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching.\\\" The exact reason you would take it is the exact behaviour the clause prohibits, written out in the rule.\\n- \\\"Other substances with similar chemical structure or similar biological effect(s)\\\" are prohibited too, which sweeps in unnamed fragments and lookalikes.\\n\\nEnforcement is real, and it has hit the pairing specifically. The Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport imposed a four-year ban on an athlete for BPC-157 and TB-500. The United States Department of Defense has adopted WADA categories S0 through S5, which puts service members under the same restriction.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s12]]\\n\\nSanctions do not require a positive test. They can be imposed on an admission, on possession, or on a purchase record. If you are in a college programme, a national federation, an Olympic pathway, most professional leagues, or the military, that exposure exists whether or not anybody ever tests you.\\n\\n## The July 2026 vote started a process, it did not change the status\\n\\nOn 23–24 July 2026 the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8 to 6, with one abstention, in favour of letting BPC-157, KPV and TB-500 be compounded — against FDA's own written recommendation that \\\"a balancing of the criteria weighs against\\\" listing them.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s24]]\\n\\nWhat that vote does and does not do:\\n\\n- It does **not** make TB-500 an approved drug.\\n- FDA is **not bound** by the recommendation.\\n- It starts a formal rulemaking cycle that realistically runs eight to twelve months.\\n- As of this writing TB-500 is **not** on the 503A Bulks List and is not legally compoundable. No outsourcing facility has reported compounding it, and no pharmacy was found doing so.\\n\\n\\\"The FDA just approved it\\\" is wrong twice: there is no approval, and the rulemaking has not finished.\\n\\n## Thirty-one people wrote down what happened to them, and the split is not what the marketing says\\n\\nEverything above this line is evidence. What follows is not, and it is counted anyway, because it is the only record of people using this for the reason you are reading about it.\\n\\nThirty-one first-person accounts, posted publicly on X between January and August 2026. Each one was located by search and then re-checked independently by pulling the post back and comparing the full text and the timestamp. Three candidates failed that check and are not counted. Nobody in this set was randomised, blinded, or controlled. Nobody tested the powder before injecting it, so the actual substance is unknown in every case. People who improved are far more likely to post than people who did not, so the set is selected before you even read it.\\n\\n**The count: 17 said it helped. 8 said nothing happened. 6 had a reaction or got worse. Denominator 31.** Two of those 31 were treating a gut complaint rather than a musculoskeletal one. Drop those two and the split is 17 helped, 7 nothing, 5 worse, out of 29.\\n\\nThere is one number that matters more than the split, and it is at the bottom of this section.\\n\\nEvery account below is quoted in the person's own words, with the handle, the date and a link to the original post. All of it is anecdotal. None of it is evidence.\\n\\n### Seventeen said it helped\\n\\nThe strongest reports come from shoulders and elbows, run for four to eight weeks.\\n\\n> \\\"Ran BPC 500mcg twice a day and 6mg of TB500 every 5th day for 6-8 weeks. Healed my torn rotator cuff\\\" — @PayHereSukka, X, 30 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_7b0irg5j]]\\n\\n> \\\"Slight tear of my rotator cuff. Surgery was a 5 month rehab timeline, instead I took bpc-157 and tb-500. Was back to full rotation in my shoulder and benching good weight by a month and a half!\\\" — @GrantWest14, X, 10 January 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_z5qnxkqk]]\\n\\n> \\\"I was dealing with a nagging golfers elbow for over a year. Would be tender the to the touch after hitting balls. Within a week of taking shots the pain started to disappear. Months later its compmetely healed.\\\" — @ryalljohnny1989, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_bpr3c1ux]]\\n\\n> \\\"I took it alongside TB-500 and it fixed my tennis elbow and was back to lifting also within two week.\\\" — @Das_Bear_, X, 29 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_8aa4h36p]]\\n\\nThree of the seventeen were treating exactly the disc problem that may have brought you here, and all three describe substantial relief inside a month.\\n\\n> \\\"I've been doing subcutaneous BPC TB+500 injections on both sides of the L5-S1 and a month in, the pain is dramatically less... the pain has been horrible for 6 years but this stuff really works. I don't wake up in awful pain anymore!\\\" — @MithMuel, X, 30 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_srfrp1td]]\\n\\n> \\\"Blew up my back in 2017. L4/L5/S1 severe disc herniation. Doc diagnosed me with degenerative disc disease, told me to quit lifting... Found the Wolverine stack and within a month I was pain free.\\\" — @jasonsvoboda, X, 26 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_t1lhudd5]]\\n\\n> \\\"My lowest disc in the lower back is dried out, almost no fluid left, classic herniated disc... In June I ran BPC-157 and TB-500 for about 6 weeks... After 3-4 weeks it already felt better. Now after the cycle, zero pain in biceps and shoulder. Disc still needs physio and rest, but already much better.\\\" — @MuroCrypto, X, 31 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_ionqqvc2]]\\n\\nRead that last one closely, because it is the most careful account in the whole set. He separates his shoulder result from his disc result, says the disc \\\"still needs physio and rest,\\\" and adds \\\"Don't know if it works the same for everyone, I'm no expert.\\\" That is what an honest anecdote looks like.\\n\\nSome report the effect arriving far faster than any tissue can rebuild — hours to days. That is a timescale for inflammation and pain signalling, not for collagen.\\n\\n> \\\"Wednesday I woke up in severe pain in my L Leg. It was so bad I couldn't bear any weight... Peptides started in the afternoon. Leg 75% better in the evening... Saturday: Woke up 100% better.\\\" — @L0V3lsKeY, X, 2 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_2m2r0oof]]\\n\\n> \\\"BPC-157 + TB-500 vastly accelerated my recovery timeline, eliminated my knee pain two days after i started, and brought the swelling in my jaw down within the week\\\" — @howdymary, X, 9 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_7cn6wcbt]]\\n\\nTwo days is not tissue repair. Whatever changed there, it was not new collagen.\\n\\nThe remainder are knees, ankles, quads, and general joint pain.\\n\\n> \\\"4 weeks 1mg bpc and then 4 weeks 2mg in knee. No acl or meniscus...knee has never felt better since before the injury years ago...also did tb500 twice a week total 4mg\\\" — @caezcrypto1, X, 30 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_4qf0wqtv]]\\n\\n> \\\"I'm 95% sure that BPC-157 and TB-500 helped me heal from several injuries including my left knee and right ankle. I really thought I was going to need surgery for both.\\\" — @JonahLupton, X, 26 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_albnpbru]]\\n\\n> \\\"I tore both quad tendons in separate years, the first recovery had taken almost a year. After the second surgery... I added BPC-157 and TB-500. By month five, I was sprinting and jumping again\\\" — @pepfessions, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_e9fjoshb]]\\n\\n> \\\"After a week of BPC-157 (8 injections, 500mcg subcutaneous abdominal), persistent ankle tendon pain from a snowboarding injury a year ago is barely noticeable... Yesterday I added TB-500 (1 injection, 2mg) as well\\\" — @jordaaash, X, 30 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_dmeyan6q]]\\n\\n> \\\"Have done a BLAST OF TB 500 and BPC -157 and KPV! Have serious shoulder tear! Blasted all three for 2 weeks!... Took my shoulder from barely joking a cupping hand to back in gym!\\\" — @tj_underwood, X, 31 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_1d35jifv]]\\n\\n> \\\"My 70 yr old dad tore rotator cuff and I had him do 1mg (BPC) injected daily in 2 doses for 4 months with 2-3x/weekly TB500 @ 2.5mg/dose. Within a few weeks, he was lifting his arm totally above his head again and all pain was gone.\\\" — @_REDwave_2024, X, 20 May 2026. Anecdotal, and second-hand — the son is reporting his father's result.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_8ed1wjyh]]\\n\\n> \\\"Promise you peptides are No Joke, I used the wolverine stack (BPC-157 and TB-500) to alleviate lifelong shoulder and joint pains\\\" — @BenWolf1425771, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal, and the same post links to a supplier, so treat it as promotional.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_t3aoiz9r]]\\n\\nTwo of these seventeen carry their own warning on their face. One reports the benefit disappearing about six weeks after stopping — which is the opposite of what tissue repair does. Repaired tendon does not un-repair when you stop injecting.\\n\\n> \\\"All of the soreness, aches, and pains that disappeared while on BPC/TB500 returned after about 6 weeks for me. I start back on Monday\\\" — @TheCaddieYardFL, X, 1 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_ses7fkwk]]\\n\\nThe other is @jordaaash above. He added TB-500 the day before he posted, after a week on BPC-157 alone, and the improvement he describes had already happened before the TB-500 went in. It is counted as a positive because the person counted it that way. It attributes nothing to TB-500.\\n\\n### Eight said nothing happened\\n\\nThese are not softer versions of the positives. They are people who ran it for weeks at ordinary doses and got no change at all.\\n\\n> \\\"Did 3mg of BCP & 5mg of TB500 daily for two weeks into my elbow. It didn't do jack shit. This is my 3rd time trying peptides for various joint/tendon stuff and my 3rd time not noticing any improvement at all.\\\" — @prax1s_mm, X, 30 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_avr26qqh]]\\n\\n> \\\"Bpc and tb-500 did nothing for my elbow arthritis sadly. Used it for 6 weeks\\\" — @replacementBux, X, 12 April 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_hyq2egsc]]\\n\\n> \\\"Age 62... I am very limited on what I can do at this point due to the severity of pain. I have been doing BPC 157 +TB 500 for 7 weeks, no improvement yet.\\\" — @ToddMil03223111, X, 9 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_89es50pi]]\\n\\n> \\\"I ran a heavy dose of klow into a heavy dose of bp-157 and tb500 for 2 months or more for my shoulder, did nothing, facing a shoulder replacement\\\" — @moon25martin, X, 30 May 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_fqd0nz38]]\\n\\nThat last one is the harshest data point in the set: two months at heavy doses, no effect, still headed for a shoulder replacement.\\n\\nSomebody treating the same lower-back problem as the three positive disc reports got nothing at all.\\n\\n> \\\"I'm trying it to see if it helps at all with inflammation for my lower back. L4/5 bulge and L5/S1 herniation. Bpc and Tb did nothing I could notice.\\\" — @HangryDBowman, X, 16 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_s75yt6kt]]\\n\\nThree people saying a disc improved and one saying nothing changed, all treating an L5/S1 problem, none of them scanned before or after — that is a clean picture of exactly what uncontrolled reports can and cannot tell you.\\n\\nTwo more report the effect as too small to matter rather than absent.\\n\\n> \\\"I personally used bpc 157/ tb 500 combo for my shoulder issue. Barely moved the needle. 3/10.\\\" — @travfourr, X, 15 April 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_lk8z70he]]\\n\\n> \\\"I had some pain there and leading up to my bicep area. Didn't get much relief from bpc157/tb500.\\\" — @MittelstaedtTim, X, 11 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_fkvglkvn]]\\n\\nOne took an oral form for a gut complaint and got nothing, which is unsurprising given the peptide does not survive digestion.\\n\\n> \\\"Just finished a bottle of oral liposomal BPC157+TB500 and it seems it did nothing :/ (hoping it would help heal my gut)\\\" — @Gronnet, X, 26 April 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_zj1lz4k4]]\\n\\n### Six had a reaction or got worse\\n\\nThese are the reports vendor pages do not carry, and the most informative account in the whole set is the first one.\\n\\n> \\\"TB-500 made my shoulder left worse. I have bursitis and stopped TB and it's better. I was getting pain in left thumb and arm as well. I was pinning SubQ. I've used 3 different vendors who are legit. So I ruled out bad product. No issues with BPC-157.\\\" — @biotides, X, 7 July 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_q1dsmvn0]]\\n\\nHe had bursitis, the shoulder got worse on TB-500, it improved when he stopped, he had used three different suppliers so a bad batch is unlikely, and he had no problem with BPC-157. That is about as close as an uncontrolled self-report ever gets to isolating one variable.\\n\\n> \\\"i ran bpc 157 for few weeks felt decent then add tb 500 hand and skeletal felt worse i discontinued it it was the blend version 20mg\\\" — @cryptotray79, X, 14 June 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_fgszb7lb]]\\n\\n> \\\"I ran TB-500 for a shoulder injury and got a head rush that lasted maybe 20 minutes. Injection site was red for a day.\\\" — @UndergroundBio, X, 3 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_wuu78tg1]]\\n\\nThree describe immune-type reactions — hives, itching. That is the exact category FDA flagged in advance, on the grounds that clumped peptide and manufacturing contaminants provoke it.\\n\\n> \\\"Not my proudest moment, but after BPC-157 and TB-500 from the gray market, I got hives all over my body.\\\" — @stateofnomind, X, 10 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_dwju43tz]]\\n\\n> \\\"I took tb500 and bpc 157 mix for 3 days at 0.750 7.5 units on a 3mm needle i had some Hives show up on each side of love handles not the injection sites... Ive done research my self and stopped for now\\\" — @GetterBankWest, X, 2 March 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_nad31utv]]\\n\\n> \\\"nothing moved the needle more re gut barrier symptoms than TB500. Until the development of an MCAS-like picture, it began to flair immune Sx: itching, hives from heat, etc.\\\" — @AmbrosesDrink, X, 4 August 2026. Anecdotal.\\n\\n[[embed:source:w_llsxbr8a]]\\n\\n### Two of the thirty-one used TB-500 without BPC-157, and both are in the last group\\n\\nThis is the number that matters. Twenty-nine of the thirty-one accounts ran TB-500 stacked with BPC-157, and several stacked a third and a fourth compound on top of that. Not one of those twenty-nine can attribute anything to TB-500. Every positive report in this set is a report about a combination.\\n\\nThe two accounts that isolate TB-500 are @biotides, whose bursitis shoulder got worse and recovered when he stopped, and @UndergroundBio, who got a head rush and a red injection site. Both sit in the \\\"worse\\\" column.\\n\\nThat is not evidence that TB-500 is harmful. Two reports settle nothing. It is a precise statement of how thin the isolated human experience with this compound actually is: out of 31 people who wrote down what happened, 2 took it on its own, and neither described a benefit.\\n\\n### What these 31 reports can and cannot settle\\n\\nThey can settle that people are running this at milligram doses for weeks, mostly stacked, mostly for shoulders, elbows, knees and lower backs, and that a substantial fraction of them believe it worked.\\n\\nThey cannot settle whether it works. Nobody was blinded. Nobody imaged the injury before and after. Almost everybody changed something else in the same window — rest, physiotherapy, load reduction, a second compound, surgery. The conditions being treated improve on their own over the same timescale. And negative reports are systematically harder to find than positive ones, which means 17 out of 31 overstates the true positive rate by an unknown amount.\\n\\nHold this section against the evidence sections above and the shape is clear. The self-reported record is large, warm, and confounded. The controlled record for this exact molecule, in this exact tissue, is a single study in eight rats.\\n## Injury by injury, what the record actually reaches\\n\\n| Your problem | Direct evidence in that tissue | Nearest real evidence | Where that leaves it |\\n|---|---|---|---|\\n| Tendon pain — Achilles, patellar, elbow | one 4-week rat study, 8 per arm, TB-500 into the belly cavity | Biçer 2026; Wu 2020 tendon cells in a dish | mechanism is plausible, one small animal result, nothing in people |\\n| Ligament sprain | one rat knee-ligament study, full protein, placed in the wound in glue | Xu 2013 | positive, but a different molecule at 1 µg delivered locally |\\n| Muscle strain or tear | none, only work on the body's own signal | Tokura 2011 | the pathway is real, adding more from outside is untested |\\n| Disc injury, disc-related pain | none | the scoping review lists spine and disc as sparse | no evidence at all in this tissue |\\n| Frozen shoulder | none | Ehrlich 2010 scar-cell suppression, rat sponge model | a scar-reduction argument only, and it belongs to the full protein |\\n| Plantar fasciitis | none | tendon data by analogy | no evidence, treated as tendon pain by assumption |\\n| Recovery after soft-tissue surgery | none in people | skin wound and heart animal work | untested |\\n\\nTwo of those rows carry an extra warning. The frozen-shoulder and disc arguments both rest on reducing scar, and the strongest scar-reduction mechanism in this literature runs through Ac-SDKP — the piece the sold fragment cannot make.\\n\\n## Every human study ever registered on this molecule\\n\\nHere is the whole clinical programme for the parent protein, with what actually happened to each trial. TB-500 appears in it once, as the fictional example.\\n\\n| NCT | Indication | Sponsor | Phase | Enrolled | Status |\\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\\n| NCT00382174 | pressure ulcers | RegeneRx | 2 | 72 | completed |\\n| NCT00832091 | leg ulcers from poor vein drainage | RegeneRx | 2 | 72 | completed |\\n| NCT00311766 | epidermolysis bullosa | RegeneRx | 2 | 30 | terminated |\\n| NCT00598871 | corneal wounds after diabetic eye surgery | ReGenTree | 2 | 12 | terminated |\\n| NCT00743769 | intravenous safety, healthy volunteers | RegeneRx | 1 | 0 | withdrawn |\\n| NCT01311518 | heart attack | RegeneRx | 2 | 0 | withdrawn |\\n| NCT01393132 | severe dry eye | Michigan Cornea Consultants | 2 | 9 | completed |\\n| NCT02597803 (ARISE-1) | dry eye | ReGenTree | 2/3 | 317 | completed |\\n| NCT02974907 (ARISE-2) | dry eye | ReGenTree | 3 | 601 | completed |\\n| NCT03937882 (ARISE-3) | dry eye | ReGenTree | 3 | 700 | completed |\\n| NCT02600429 (SEER-1) | nerve-damaged cornea | ReGenTree | 3 | 18 | terminated |\\n| NCT05555589 (SEER-2) | nerve-damaged cornea | ReGenTree | 3 | 70 planned | recruiting |\\n| NCT04555824 | healthy volunteers, Phase 1a | Beijing Northland | 1 | 54 | completed |\\n| NCT05485818 | heart attack | Beijing Northland | 2 | 62 | completed |\\n| NCT05984134 | heart attack | Beijing Northland | 2 | 90 | completed |\\n| NCT07586865 | heart attack | Beijing Northland | 2 | 189 planned | not yet recruiting |\\n| NCT07487363 | TB-500, heart biomarkers | \\\"Hudson Biotech\\\" | 1/2 | 80 planned | self-declared fictional example |\\n\\nFour things fall out of that table.\\n\\n**No musculoskeletal indication has ever been registered.** Not tendon, not ligament, not muscle, not fascia, not disc. Not by any sponsor, in twenty years, for either molecule. That absence is not a hole in the search. It is the state of the field.\\n\\n**Both heart trials from the original sponsor were withdrawn before a single patient enrolled**, and the programme then moved to a different sponsor, a different country, and a recombinant full-length product.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s36]]\\n\\n**The published \\\"Phase III\\\" cornea result comes from a terminated trial.** SEER-1 stopped at 18 patients enrolled, and the ten-versus-eight comparison you read in the literature is that terminated trial's data. Its successor, SEER-2, is still recruiting toward 70.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s39]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s42]]\\n\\n**Three completed Phase 3 dry-eye trials covering 1,618 patients have produced no approval.** ARISE-1 finished in 2016, ARISE-2 in 2018, ARISE-3 in October 2021. That is the largest and most mature dataset this molecule has, in the indication where it performs best, and it has not turned into a medicine anybody can buy.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s44]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s40]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s43]]\\n\\nThe skin programme closed the same way — two trials completed with safety as the main question, two stopped early.\\n\\n[[embed:source:s37]]\\n\\n[[embed:source:s38]]\\n\\n## What is solid, what is not, and the gap underneath both\\n\\n**Solid.** Thymosin beta-4 holds loose actin and controls how a cell builds its internal skeleton. Its seven-amino-acid actin-grabbing piece is the part that grows new blood vessels, working at around 50 nanomolar. The full protein closes rat skin wounds 42 to 61% faster, stops repair cells turning into the scar-pulling kind, works through integrin-linked kinase and Akt in injured heart muscle, pulls muscle precursor cells toward damage, and improves dry eye and nerve-damaged cornea in small controlled human trials.\\n\\n**Not solid.** That any of that heals a human tendon, ligament, muscle, disc or fascia. That the fragment sold as TB-500 does what the full protein does. That milligram-per-week injections under the skin reach an injured structure at a concentration where the mechanism runs. That the compound is safe in a person over any length of time, because that study has never been run.\\n\\n**The gap underneath both.** The evidence and the product are not the same substance. A regulator has written that down. The capped form has never been shown to do what the uncapped form does. And the one time anybody tested TB-500 itself in a dish, it did nothing. Every transfer of evidence from the 43-amino-acid protein to the seven-amino-acid fragment is an assumption, and it is the assumption the whole market stands on.\\n\\nThe practical consequence is narrow and specific. Tendon pain from overuse, an impingement, and a partial tear are three different problems with three different treatment plans, and no peptide tells them apart. Getting the diagnosis right changes what you should do this week far more than anything in this vial does. The scoping review that counted this entire literature lands in the same place, in its own words: the evidence \\\"remains unevenly distributed and largely preclinical, with limited human evidence directly relevant to musculoskeletal applications.\\\"\\n\\n*Not medical advice. TB-500 is sold for research use only, is not an approved drug, is not currently legal to compound, and is prohibited at all times in WADA-tested sport. Nothing here is a dosing or treatment recommendation.*\\n\\nThe sibling objects for this page, each one inspectable on its own terms:\\n\\n[[embed:bpc-157]]\\n\\n[[embed:ara-290]]\\n\\n[[embed:wolverine-stack]]\\n\\n[[embed:wolverine-stack-ara-290]]\\n\\n[[embed:what-are-peptides-herniated-disc]]\\n\\n[[embed:bpc-157-vs-nsaids]]\\n\",\"hero\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/img/up/tb-500-hero-card.png\",\"images\":[],\"style\":{},\"tags\":[\"peptide\",\"tb-500\",\"thymosin-beta-4\",\"disc\"],\"category\":null,\"model\":\"Fable 5 (Claude Code)\",\"ledger\":{\"href\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/ledger\",\"live\":true},\"embeds\":[\"bpc-157\",\"ara-290\",\"kpv\",\"wolverine-stack\",\"wolverine-stack-ara-290\",\"what-are-peptides-herniated-disc\",\"bpc-157-vs-nsaids\"],\"widgets\":[{\"type\":\"stat\",\"value\":\"43 vs 7\",\"label\":\"amino acids: real Tβ4 vs the 'TB-500' fragment\"},{\"type\":\"stat\",\"value\":\"1\",\"label\":\"positive human indication (dry eye)\"},{\"type\":\"stat\",\"value\":\"0\",\"label\":\"human tendon/ligament/disc trials\"},{\"type\":\"note\",\"title\":\"You may not be buying what you think\",\"text\":\"Trials used full-length thymosin beta-4 (43 aa). Most 'TB-500' vials are a synthetic 7-amino-acid fragment — and some contain a different fragment (Ac-SDKP) entirely. Efficacy/safety data for the real protein may not transfer to the vial.\"},{\"type\":\"note\",\"title\":\"The cancer caveat is real here\",\"text\":\"Thymosin beta-4 is overexpressed in many solid tumors and linked to metastasis. The pro-angiogenic activity that could aid healing is the same one implicated in tumor growth — treat active malignancy or cancer history as a contraindication.\"}],\"home\":true,\"claims\":[{\"id\":\"c1\",\"text\":\"TB-500 is a synthetic version of thymosin beta-4, the body's principal G-actin-sequestering peptide, which regulates the actin dynamics that govern cell migration — the molecular basis for its role in tissue repair.\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s4\"],\"why_material\":\"Establishes the mechanistic basis for every regeneration claim.\"},{\"id\":\"c2\",\"text\":\"The same seven-amino-acid actin-binding motif that gives Tb4 its structural function also drives angiogenesis and endothelial migration, so new blood-vessel growth is intrinsic to how it repairs tissue.\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"why_material\":\"Angiogenesis is the rate-limiter for healing poorly-vascularized tendon, ligament and disc.\"},{\"id\":\"c3\",\"text\":\"In controlled animal wound models, Tb4 accelerated skin regeneration (reepithelialization up 42-61%) while increasing collagen deposition and angiogenesis.\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s2\"],\"why_material\":\"Quantified placebo-controlled preclinical anchor.\"},{\"id\":\"c4\",\"text\":\"Tb4 reached genuine randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trials for chronic wounds (pressure and venous stasis ulcers), where it was safe but did not hit statistical significance on primary healing endpoints.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s5\"],\"why_material\":\"Separates 'has real human trials' from 'proven to work in humans'.\"},{\"id\":\"c5\",\"text\":\"The ophthalmic Tb4 formulation RGN-259 showed positive Phase II human efficacy for dry-eye signs and symptoms via corneal epithelial repair — the strongest controlled human efficacy signal for the peptide.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s7\"],\"why_material\":\"The one indication with positive human RCT data.\"},{\"id\":\"c6\",\"text\":\"In preclinical cardiac injury, both local and systemic Tb4 dosing reduced infarct size and improved function via cardiomyocyte survival (ILK/Akt) and angiogenesis.\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s8\",\"s9\"],\"why_material\":\"Shows anti-fibrotic regeneration and that systemic dosing reaches injury sites — the assumption behind injectable TB-500.\"},{\"id\":\"c7\",\"text\":\"Tb4 improved ligament healing histologically and mechanically in a rat MCL model, but a 2026 scoping review confirms tendon, ligament, muscle and spine/disc evidence remains overwhelmingly animal-stage with no confirmatory human musculoskeletal trials.\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s11\",\"s10\"],\"why_material\":\"Gives the real promising-but-unproven status for the exact tissue class the disc stack targets.\"},{\"id\":\"c8\",\"text\":\"Across multiple chronic human wound types Tb4 has been reported to promote faster repair, extending its regenerative case into diseased human tissue.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s13\"],\"why_material\":\"Broadens human regeneration evidence beyond one indication.\"},{\"id\":\"c9\",\"text\":\"TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 are on the WADA Prohibited List and banned at all times for competitive athletes.\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s12\"],\"why_material\":\"Mandatory compliance flag for anyone in tested sport.\"},{\"id\":\"c10\",\"text\":\"Real-world users self-treating tendon, tendinitis and spine/sacral injuries with TB-500 (usually stacked with BPC-157) report reduced pain and improved range of motion, but these are uncontrolled, confounded anecdotes.\",\"tier\":\"anecdotal\",\"source_ids\":[\"s14\",\"s15\",\"s16\"],\"why_material\":\"Captures the following for the disc/tendon use-case while firewalling anecdote from trial data.\"},{\"id\":\"c11\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The vial and the studies contain different molecules\",\"text\":\"Thymosin beta-4 is a 43-amino-acid protein of about 4,963 daltons with a bare front end; TB-500 as sold is a 7-amino-acid fragment, positions 17 to 23, Ac-LKKTETQ, 889.01 daltons, capped with an acetyl group (CAS 885340-08-9, UNII QHK6Z47GTG, PubChem CID 62707662). The protein has been tested in people; the fragment never has, by any route.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Two products sit on the same shelf at the same strength and nothing on either label says which molecule is inside.\"},{\"id\":\"c12\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Seven amino acids are enough to pull one lever\",\"text\":\"In 2003 a group cut thymosin beta-4 apart looking for the smallest piece that still grew new blood vessels and found those seven amino acids and nothing shorter; peptides missing the seven were inert, the seven alone worked at about 50 nanomolar, and adding loose actin at 5 to 50 nanomolar switched the effect off completely.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"why_material\":\"The actin-quenching experiment proves the activity comes from grabbing actin rather than docking a receptor, which is the fragment's one real mechanism.\"},{\"id\":\"c13\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"section\":\"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\",\"text\":\"FDA searched the published literature through March 2025 and reports that no articles were found in which TB-500 was administered to humans; the nominators supplied no clinical data and no record of anyone taking it by any route, and the agency's safety verdict is the word unknown.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"The only government examination of TB-500 as a substance records the human record as empty, not as clean.\"},{\"id\":\"c14\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\",\"text\":\"FDA states that capping the front end of the peptide irreversibly alters its charge, hydrophobicity and size, and that what the uncapped LKKTETQ does cannot be directly extrapolated to TB-500 — so the wound-healing papers vendors cite used a different molecule from the one in the vial.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Changing the charge and water-repelling behaviour of a molecule whose entire function is sticking to another molecule changes the thing that matters.\"},{\"id\":\"c15\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"A regulator wrote the mismatch down in July 2026\",\"text\":\"In the one scratch-closure test of TB-500 itself, TB-500 free base appeared to be devoid of wound-healing properties, while its breakdown product capped LKKTE at 50 micrograms per millilitre closed the scratch by a small but real amount — leaving open, and untested, whether TB-500 is a delivery form for a shorter piece.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"The only direct in-vitro test of the sold molecule returned nothing, and the alternative hypothesis it raises has never been tested either way.\"},{\"id\":\"c16\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The scar-tissue claim comes off a piece this fragment cannot produce\",\"text\":\"Ac-SDKP, the four-amino-acid anti-fibrotic piece behind most scar-reduction marketing, is released from the front end of thymosin beta-4 by meprin-alpha followed by prolyl oligopeptidase; TB-500 is positions 17 to 23, the middle, so Ac-SDKP cannot be made from it at any dose, by any enzyme, in any tissue.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s29\",\"s28\"],\"why_material\":\"Every scar-reduction claim built on Ac-SDKP belongs to the full protein and cannot carry over to what is in the syringe.\"},{\"id\":\"c17\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The scar-tissue claim\",\"text\":\"In rats, 100 micrograms of the full protein delivered on days 2, 3 and 4 through implanted sponges produced day-14 wounds with very few myofibroblasts and very few internal tension fibres, longer thicker collagen bundles, and mature collagen birefringence where untreated wounds showed immature patch material.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s27\"],\"why_material\":\"A real scar-reduction result that does not depend on Ac-SDKP — but it used the full protein, placed in the wound on a sponge.\"},{\"id\":\"c18\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Sort the whole literature by tissue\",\"text\":\"A 2026 scoping review from a University of Utah orthopaedics and rehabilitation group screened 1,772 records and included 80 studies, finding the evidence weighted toward mixed and in-vitro designs, most studies evaluating thymosin beta-4 rather than TB-500, tendon, ligament, muscle, cartilage and spine categories comparatively sparse, human evidence concentrated in ocular and skin settings, and direct TB-500 evidence limited to a single included study.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s10\"],\"why_material\":\"One study out of eighty tested the molecule that is actually sold.\"},{\"id\":\"c19\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The best tendon result that exists\",\"text\":\"The strongest tendon evidence for TB-500 is Biçer 2026: 32 rats, 8 per arm, Achilles cut and repaired, four weeks, 60 micrograms per kilogram per day into the belly cavity — load to failure up at p < 0.05, Bonar score p = 0.016, and adding BPC-157 gave nothing extra. The authors call their own study exploratory and describe both compounds as candidate adjuncts pending dose optimisation and longer-term studies.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s25\"],\"why_material\":\"The single strongest piece of evidence in the world for what people buy TB-500 to do is eight rats an arm dosed intraperitoneally, and the authors claim no more than that.\"},{\"id\":\"c20\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The ligament study worked because the peptide was put in the wound\",\"text\":\"The rat knee-ligament result placed 1 microgram of the full-length protein carried in 100 microlitres of fibrin glue directly into a freshly cut ligament — local, held by a carrier, one microgram, a different molecule — and the paper opens by noting that as of 2013 nobody had published on this protein in ligament repair at all.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s11\"],\"why_material\":\"Route, dose and molecule all differ from a milligram injected into belly fat, which is how the result is usually summarised away.\"},{\"id\":\"c21\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Sort the whole literature by tissue\",\"text\":\"When the full protein was loaded into electrospun polymer yarns it released steadily over 28 days and pushed human adipose-derived stem cells toward becoming tendon cells — more migration, more proliferation, coordinated tenogenic gene expression; the scaffold exists because holding the peptide at the tendon is the hard part.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s30\"],\"why_material\":\"The people who study getting this peptide into a tendon do not expect an injection into belly fat to do it.\"},{\"id\":\"c22\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"In muscle, your body already sends this signal\",\"text\":\"Injuring a muscle causes the muscle itself to make more thymosin beta-4, in regenerating fibres and in infiltrating haematopoietic cells, and the protein then acts as a chemoattractant pulling muscle precursor cells toward the injury; adult muscle precursor cells followed the oxidised form.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s26\"],\"why_material\":\"The pathway is real and endogenous, which is not the same as showing that adding more from outside does anything.\"},{\"id\":\"c23\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"section\":\"One registry record names TB-500, and it says it is made up\",\"text\":\"The only interventional ClinicalTrials.gov record where the intervention is TB-500 itself is NCT07487363 (TBRIDGE-CV, sponsor Hudson Biotech, first posted March 2026), whose summary reads word for word that it is a fictional study and an example of a registry-style record; its intervention description has an unclosed bracket and its dose field says the levels are not provided in this public example.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s35\"],\"why_material\":\"Any page citing NCT07487363 as proof TB-500 is in human trials is citing a placeholder, and that citation will keep appearing because it is the only entry that looks like what people want to find.\"},{\"id\":\"c24\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"section\":\"Nothing has ever been injected into a person and measured\",\"text\":\"There is no human trial of TB-500 — none finished, none running, none registered. Every controlled human result belongs to the 43-amino-acid protein given as eye drops or a skin gel for dry eye, neurotrophic keratopathy, or a long-standing skin ulcer, and for tendon, ligament, muscle, fascia, cartilage or disc the count of human trials is zero for both molecules.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s5\",\"s7\",\"s18\",\"s32\",\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Not partly proven and not proven in a small way — the study has never been run.\"},{\"id\":\"c25\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse\",\"text\":\"The only measurement of TB-500 in the blood of a living animal, in any species, is thoroughbred geldings given 10 mg of the free base subcutaneously: blood concentration peaked at 0.05 to 0.08 nanograms per millilitre between 60 and 120 minutes and was undetectable by 6 to 10 hours, degrading by sequential C-terminal amino acid loss.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"A compound undetectable in blood 6 to 10 hours after a 10 mg dose does not have the long half-life that every-three-days dosing is defended with, and no half-life for TB-500 in any species has ever been published as a number.\"},{\"id\":\"c26\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"Ten milligrams under the skin of a horse\",\"text\":\"Sub-nanogram blood levels from a 10 mg dose sit four to five orders of magnitude below the tens of micrograms per millilitre at which this peptide and its breakdown products do anything measurable in a dish.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"The exposure gap between the dose people take and the concentration the mechanism needs is the quantitative core of the delivery objection.\"},{\"id\":\"c27\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The 28-day rule comes from the water\",\"text\":\"The commonly cited 28-day refrigerated shelf life of a reconstituted vial is the benzyl-alcohol preservative's specification, not a stability figure measured on this peptide; there are no pharmacopeial stability data for either form of TB-500, and FDA found the free base is not physically and chemically well characterised, with tests for contaminants, aggregation, microbial contamination and bacterial endotoxin missing from public data and vendor Certificates of Analysis.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"A shelf-life number that describes the diluent rather than the drug is a named gap, not a specification.\"},{\"id\":\"c28\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\",\"text\":\"Forcing a melanoma cell line to overproduce thymosin beta-4 produced a mean 2.3-fold increase in migration distance (95% CI 1.9 to 2.7, p < .001), a mean 4.4-fold increase in intratumoural blood vessels (95% CI 3.3 to 5.5, p < .001), and roughly four times as many lung metastatic deposits (46.7 against 10.9).\",\"source_ids\":[\"s20\"],\"why_material\":\"The vessel-growing and cell-crawling machinery that would help a healing tendon is the same machinery a tumour uses, measured in living animals by a laboratory sharing authorship with the wound-healing work.\"},{\"id\":\"c29\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"section\":\"The cancer objection has real numbers behind it\",\"text\":\"The direction is tumour-type dependent: in multiple myeloma thymosin beta-4 behaves as a tumour suppressor and lower levels predict a worse outcome, and no cancer-causation study of TB-500 in either form has ever been run — so the defensible position is a specific exclusion for active cancer or significant cancer history rather than a blanket claim in either direction.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s21\",\"s22\"],\"why_material\":\"Risk unmeasured in the direction that would hurt, against a benefit that is unproven, is a bad trade regardless of how the mechanism resolves.\"},{\"id\":\"c30\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"Banned in sport at all times\",\"text\":\"The WADA 2026 Prohibited List, in force from 1 January 2026, lists under S2.3 Thymosin-beta-4 and its derivatives, e.g. TB-500 — prohibited at all times, in the Non-Specified harsher sanction tier, with a catch-all covering growth factor modulators affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis, vascularisation, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching, and a further clause sweeping in substances of similar structure or effect.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s23\",\"s12\",\"s17\"],\"why_material\":\"The exact reason someone would take it is the exact behaviour written into the prohibition, and sanctions can follow an admission, a possession finding or a purchase record with no positive test.\"},{\"id\":\"c31\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"The July 2026 vote started a process\",\"text\":\"On 23 to 24 July 2026 the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8 to 6 with one abstention in favour of letting BPC-157, KPV and TB-500 be compounded, against FDA's written recommendation that a balancing of the criteria weighs against listing them; the vote does not make TB-500 an approved drug, does not bind FDA, starts a rulemaking cycle realistically running eight to twelve months, and TB-500 remains off the 503A Bulks List and not legally compoundable.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s24\"],\"why_material\":\"The claim that FDA just approved it is wrong twice — there is no approval and the rulemaking has not finished.\"},{\"id\":\"c32\",\"tier\":\"anecdotal\",\"section\":\"Thirty-one people wrote down what happened to them\",\"text\":\"Thirty-one first-person accounts were counted: 17 said it helped, 8 said nothing happened, 6 had a reaction or got worse. Twenty-nine of the thirty-one ran TB-500 stacked with BPC-157 and several stacked a third and fourth compound, so not one of those twenty-nine can attribute anything to TB-500 — every positive report in the set is a report about a combination.\",\"source_ids\":[\"w_7b0irg5j\",\"w_ionqqvc2\",\"w_t1lhudd5\",\"w_srfrp1td\",\"w_7cn6wcbt\",\"w_8aa4h36p\",\"w_bpr3c1ux\",\"w_4qf0wqtv\",\"w_2m2r0oof\",\"w_1d35jifv\",\"w_dmeyan6q\",\"w_e9fjoshb\",\"w_albnpbru\",\"w_z5qnxkqk\",\"w_8ed1wjyh\",\"w_t3aoiz9r\",\"w_ses7fkwk\",\"w_avr26qqh\",\"w_hyq2egsc\",\"w_fqd0nz38\",\"w_89es50pi\",\"w_s75yt6kt\",\"w_lk8z70he\",\"w_fkvglkvn\",\"w_zj1lz4k4\",\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"w_fgszb7lb\",\"w_dwju43tz\",\"w_nad31utv\",\"w_llsxbr8a\",\"w_wuu78tg1\"],\"why_material\":\"The confound is structural, not incidental: the self-reported record cannot separate TB-500 from BPC-157 in 29 of 31 cases.\"},{\"id\":\"c33\",\"tier\":\"anecdotal\",\"section\":\"Two of the thirty-one used TB-500 without BPC-157\",\"text\":\"Only two of the thirty-one accounts isolate TB-500, and both sit in the worse column: one whose bursitis shoulder worsened and recovered on stopping, and one who reported a head rush and a red injection site. Two reports settle nothing; the point is how thin the isolated human experience actually is.\",\"source_ids\":[\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"w_wuu78tg1\"],\"why_material\":\"Out of 31 people who wrote down what happened, 2 took it on its own and neither described a benefit.\"},{\"id\":\"c34\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"section\":\"What is solid, what is not, and the gap underneath both\",\"text\":\"The gap underneath the whole market: the evidence and the product are not the same substance, a regulator has written that down, the capped form has never been shown to do what the uncapped form does, and the one time anybody tested TB-500 itself in a dish it did nothing — so every transfer of evidence from the 43-amino-acid protein to the seven-amino-acid fragment is an assumption.\",\"source_ids\":[\"s22\",\"s10\"],\"why_material\":\"This is the page's central conclusion and it is the assumption the entire TB-500 market stands on.\"}],\"sources\":[{\"id\":\"s1\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14500546/\",\"title\":\"The actin binding site on thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis\",\"quote\":\"we find that a seven amino acid actin binding motif of thymosin beta4 is essential for its angiogenic activity.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"genesis\",\"hash\":\"903016522f56ae426357feb261840a20ce9d757b1a5191a87b8a3d3762a3c1e2\"},{\"id\":\"s2\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing\",\"quote\":\"Addition of Tbeta4 topically or intraperitoneally increased reepithelialization by 42% over saline controls at 4 d and by as much as 61% at 7 d post-wounding.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c3\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"903016522f56ae426357feb261840a20ce9d757b1a5191a87b8a3d3762a3c1e2\",\"hash\":\"d85ef7bd47c2ea68d9785f7f9274fa92fb82dfb7fdecf8ece3601a5e4c9df2d3\"},{\"id\":\"s3\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00382174\",\"title\":\"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Pressure Ulcers\",\"quote\":\"evaluate the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of Thymosin Beta 4 administered topically in patients with Pressure Ulcers\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c4\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"d85ef7bd47c2ea68d9785f7f9274fa92fb82dfb7fdecf8ece3601a5e4c9df2d3\",\"hash\":\"87427bce9bc4f06b635c6c2ddf040b3cdbc231c4dc364f335f9934446dc900fa\"},{\"id\":\"s4\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00832091\",\"title\":\"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Venous Stasis Ulcers\",\"quote\":\"a synthetically-produced copy of a naturally occurring 43 amino acid peptide that has wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties and can up-regulate the expression of laminin-5.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c4\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"87427bce9bc4f06b635c6c2ddf040b3cdbc231c4dc364f335f9934446dc900fa\",\"hash\":\"dcb9147ff48fe018b2675b61a27cf46405dce0ca58013d7aab5fb23c79d52d55\"},{\"id\":\"s5\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17495250/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta-4 and venous ulcers: a European prospective, randomized study\",\"quote\":\"When review safety data show no-dose-limiting adverse events, a new group will be enrolled.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c4\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"dcb9147ff48fe018b2675b61a27cf46405dce0ca58013d7aab5fb23c79d52d55\",\"hash\":\"ddf2e53b59ef44d49f753136506f811c0479be4a15deb61e09053ba0c6bd8ece\"},{\"id\":\"s7\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26056426/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial\",\"quote\":\"This study confirms the efficacy of 0.1% Tbeta4 as a topical treatment for relief of signs and symptoms of dry eye.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c5\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"ddf2e53b59ef44d49f753136506f811c0479be4a15deb61e09053ba0c6bd8ece\",\"hash\":\"22354846acea477730db6e41b15a1017ce8e710bd2ef3ff1e72cc4c909f00cda\"},{\"id\":\"s8\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3843122/\",\"title\":\"Cardioprotection by systemic dosing of thymosin beta four following ischemic myocardial injury\",\"quote\":\"Tbeta4 administered throughout the study reduced infarct size and resulted in significant improvements in hemodynamic performance.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c6\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"22354846acea477730db6e41b15a1017ce8e710bd2ef3ff1e72cc4c909f00cda\",\"hash\":\"56f4acea140fb6a217cbd612524f6229542f97bb88a2f0bdaff335eadca9bffa\"},{\"id\":\"s9\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17600280/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction\",\"quote\":\"thymosin beta4 treatment resulted in upregulation of ILK and Akt activity in the heart, enhanced early myocyte survival, and improved cardiac function.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c6\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"56f4acea140fb6a217cbd612524f6229542f97bb88a2f0bdaff335eadca9bffa\",\"hash\":\"52c0e6abd95aca14f037384f88aabea3feefb947408d9001dc2045f7a98c3c09\"},{\"id\":\"s10\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16126202\",\"title\":\"Thymosin Beta-4 and TB-500 in Tissue Healing, Regeneration, and Musculoskeletal Repair: A Scoping Review\",\"quote\":\"the evidence base is heavily weighted toward preclinical and mechanistic work, with human musculoskeletal data sparse\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c7\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"52c0e6abd95aca14f037384f88aabea3feefb947408d9001dc2045f7a98c3c09\",\"hash\":\"cbb9695c43cf279c5d09d47cdde66193a95b3b6fc1abe091d693541f67460bd7\"},{\"id\":\"s11\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23523891/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rat\",\"quote\":\"Local administration of Tbeta4 promotes the healing process of MCL, both histologically and mechanically, in a rat model.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c7\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"cbb9695c43cf279c5d09d47cdde66193a95b3b6fc1abe091d693541f67460bd7\",\"hash\":\"87e3797179b7b44da4d912bba2c255934e19d7e88c4f061441cfa0191470c46d\"},{\"id\":\"s12\",\"type\":\"news\",\"url\":\"https://www.bscg.org/blogs/single/tb-500-status-risks-and-bans-in-sport-and-military\",\"title\":\"TB-500 - Status, Risks, and Bans in Sport and Military\",\"quote\":\"The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) lists TB-500 under 'Growth Factors and Growth Factor Modulators' as a prohibited substance\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c9\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"87e3797179b7b44da4d912bba2c255934e19d7e88c4f061441cfa0191470c46d\",\"hash\":\"29b70749bb3947d64c6e3a34a0ed862cc3264e041bc2cf470248b3c19db9f1fd\"},{\"id\":\"s13\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31649007/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4: potential to treat epidermolysis bullosa and other severe dermal injuries\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin beta4 promotes faster repair in various chronic human wounds, including pressure ulcers, stasis ulcers, and epidermolysis bullosa lesions.\",\"claim_ids\":[\"c8\"],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"29b70749bb3947d64c6e3a34a0ed862cc3264e041bc2cf470248b3c19db9f1fd\",\"hash\":\"dd783d638ffebc3a43cfbc736babb517836b68444f14c116f5e9a82210052c77\"},{\"id\":\"s17\",\"type\":\"news\",\"url\":\"https://www.bscg.org/blogs/single/tb-500-status-risks-and-bans-in-sport-and-military\",\"title\":\"TB-500 - Status, Risks, and Bans (BSCG)\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 is a synthetic heptapeptide (Ac-LKKTETQ) that corresponds to amino acids 17-23 of thymosin beta-4\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"dd783d638ffebc3a43cfbc736babb517836b68444f14c116f5e9a82210052c77\",\"hash\":\"ad812cd832e64c8f540ecd9ea24ad56251b4e7e24b9cb7253788ce25a770f332\"},{\"id\":\"s18\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25826322/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial (Cornea 2015)\",\"quote\":\"RGN-259-treated group had 35.1% reduction of ocular discomfort compared with vehicle control (P = 0.0141)\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"ad812cd832e64c8f540ecd9ea24ad56251b4e7e24b9cb7253788ce25a770f332\",\"hash\":\"1ea56e216f8aa65d8dc8795a9e9bd254a7af4874df0e7cd29b3cd7e26d454306\"},{\"id\":\"s19\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20627173/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 improves functional neurological outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke\",\"quote\":\"Tbeta4 improves neurological functional outcome after embolic stroke in rats.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"1ea56e216f8aa65d8dc8795a9e9bd254a7af4874df0e7cd29b3cd7e26d454306\",\"hash\":\"2fe7c37de6555c86f4126eaea9c4bf1129054427d97cb5bcbb2102ba578a0b57\"},{\"id\":\"s20\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14625258/\",\"title\":\"Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis (JNCI 2003)\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin beta4 may stimulate tumor metastasis by activating cell migration and angiogenesis.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"2fe7c37de6555c86f4126eaea9c4bf1129054427d97cb5bcbb2102ba578a0b57\",\"hash\":\"02df30fbb98e8576a851c1de2c4cbea56b0aa15427208e7cc95a7bba5d4478a7\"},{\"id\":\"s21\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19833631/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 has tumor suppressive effects in multiple myeloma\",\"quote\":\"Tbeta4 overexpression led to significantly decreased proliferative and migratory capacities and increased sensitivity to apoptosis-induction.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"02df30fbb98e8576a851c1de2c4cbea56b0aa15427208e7cc95a7bba5d4478a7\",\"hash\":\"87bf1117a31eb20225774a1a383d7895f4d22060790d4663a5c46a88eb64a6cd\"},{\"id\":\"s22\",\"type\":\"regulatory\",\"url\":\"https://www.fda.gov/media/193349/download\",\"title\":\"FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee — TB-500-Related Bulk Drug Substances (TB-500 free base and TB-500 acetate)\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Food and Drug Administration\",\"date\":\"2026-07\",\"author\":\"U.S. Food and Drug Administration\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 (free base) is understood today to be a seven amino acid synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4 (β4) from amino acids 17 to 23 and an acetyl group at the N-terminal leucine amino acid (Ac-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln-OH). … thymosin beta-4 and TB-500 are not the same substance. … no articles were found in which TB-500 was administered to humans. … Therefore, potential safety risks associated with the use of TB-500 in humans are unknown.\",\"summary\":\"The only regulatory characterisation of TB-500 as a substance. States the fragment/protein distinction in writing, records zero human exposure data by any route, reports that TB-500 free base 'appeared to be devoid of wound-healing properties' in vitro, notes acetylation 'irreversibly alters their charge, hydrophobicity, and size' so the non-acetylated LKKTETQ literature cannot be extrapolated, flags immunogenicity and aggregation risk, records absent impurity/endotoxin/aggregate/microbiological testing, notes no carcinogenicity studies exist, and recommends against listing. Also contains the only in vivo TB-500 pharmacokinetics (equine, 10 mg subcutaneous).\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"87bf1117a31eb20225774a1a383d7895f4d22060790d4663a5c46a88eb64a6cd\",\"hash\":\"181a7b2d744eb9c94b2e82281294a522151ed269f8c9c01d0ab022f7af867c99\"},{\"id\":\"s23\",\"type\":\"regulatory\",\"url\":\"https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/2026list_en_final_clean_september_2025.pdf\",\"title\":\"World Anti-Doping Code International Standard — Prohibited List 2026, section S2.3\",\"publisher\":\"World Anti-Doping Agency\",\"date\":\"2026-01-01\",\"author\":\"World Anti-Doping Agency\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin-ß4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500 … and other growth factors or growth factor modulators affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis/degradation, vascularisation, energy utilization, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching. … PROHIBITED AT ALL TIMES (IN- AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION) … All prohibited substances in this class are non-Specified Substances.\",\"summary\":\"TB-500 named by name under S2.3 Growth Factors and Growth Factor Modulators, prohibited in and out of competition, non-Specified tier. The catch-all clause names muscle, tendon and ligament explicitly.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"181a7b2d744eb9c94b2e82281294a522151ed269f8c9c01d0ab022f7af867c99\",\"hash\":\"b92aa31e3f1570cc3515dd46c5b91358a0ce7b0bed8acf24c15b26067e9825e1\"},{\"id\":\"s24\",\"type\":\"regulatory\",\"url\":\"https://www.pharmexec.com/view/fda-votes-loosen-restrictions-four-peptides\",\"title\":\"FDA Panel Votes to Loosen Restrictions for Four Peptides\",\"publisher\":\"Pharmaceutical Executive\",\"date\":\"2026-07-24\",\"author\":\"Nicholas Jacobus\",\"quote\":\"voted 8-6 in favor of allowing Bpc-157, Kpv and Tb-500 to be compounded, with one abstention … The votes do not make the peptides FDA-approved drugs … FDA is not bound by the panel's recommendations … The advisory committee's recommendation still triggers a formal rulemaking cycle that realistically runs eight to twelve months\",\"summary\":\"Reports the 23–24 July 2026 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee vote, taken against FDA's own written recommendation. TB-500 remains off the 503A Bulks List and not legally compoundable pending rulemaking.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"b92aa31e3f1570cc3515dd46c5b91358a0ce7b0bed8acf24c15b26067e9825e1\",\"hash\":\"9d6badacf18605bcdf541a301f7448297f15bb05799ae9232ffadcaeebc7216a\"},{\"id\":\"s25\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42542926/\",\"title\":\"Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study\",\"publisher\":\"Joint Diseases and Related Surgery 37(3):822-837\",\"date\":\"2026-07-23\",\"author\":\"Biçer O, Adanir O, Güleryüz Y, Balci EC, Dinçel YM, Yenigün MY, Aydin C, Bayrak BY\",\"quote\":\"higher maximum load to failure values in the BPC-157 and TB-500 groups compared to controls, reaching statistical significance in the TB-500 group (p < 0.05) … significantly lower total Bonar scores in the TB-500 group (p = 0.016) … Combined BPC-157 and TB-500 treatment did not confer additional benefits compared to either agent alone\",\"summary\":\"PMID 42542926. The only tendon-strength study using TB-500 itself. 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats, Achilles transection and repair, four arms of eight, four weeks of intraperitoneal dosing: BPC-157 10 µg/kg/day, TB-500 60 µg/kg/day, combination, control. Authors call it exploratory and stop short of clinical recommendation. The combination arm contradicts the stacking rationale.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"9d6badacf18605bcdf541a301f7448297f15bb05799ae9232ffadcaeebc7216a\",\"hash\":\"ce1e1f5971b5d67bf5525ee314741cca095243647a4b884e5d29cce9fdf68b60\"},{\"id\":\"s26\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20880960/\",\"title\":\"Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts\",\"publisher\":\"Journal of Biochemistry 149(1):43-8\",\"date\":\"2011-01\",\"author\":\"Tokura Y, Nakayama Y, Fukada S, Nara N, Yamamoto H, Matsuda R, Hara T\",\"quote\":\"muscle injury enhances the local production of Tβ4, thereby promoting the migration of myoblasts\",\"summary\":\"PMID 20880960. Tβ4 and thymosin β10 are upregulated early in regenerating muscle fibres and inflammatory haematopoietic cells; Tβ4 and its sulphoxidised form accelerate closure and increase chemotaxis of C2C12 myoblasts and of primary myoblasts from adult satellite cells. Establishes the skeletal-muscle pathway as endogenous, not as an exogenous treatment result.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"ce1e1f5971b5d67bf5525ee314741cca095243647a4b884e5d29cce9fdf68b60\",\"hash\":\"392b49dae83324c8925194f9d6097e2e0a3c6c9ea704782cdf9ebb6c0153b1d5\"},{\"id\":\"s27\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536458/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 enhances repair by organizing connective tissue and preventing the appearance of myofibroblasts\",\"publisher\":\"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences\",\"date\":\"2010-04\",\"author\":\"Ehrlich HP, Hazard SW 3rd\",\"quote\":\"few myofibroblasts and fibroblasts with alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA) stained stress fibers … longer, thicker collagen fiber bundles with intense yellow-red birefringence\",\"summary\":\"PMID 20536458. 100 µg of Tβ4 delivered on days 2, 3 and 4 through polyvinyl alcohol sponge implants in subcutaneous pockets in Sprague-Dawley rats, read at day 14. Control implants contained mostly myofibroblasts; treated wounds were significantly narrower. The mechanistic basis for 'repair instead of scar'.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"392b49dae83324c8925194f9d6097e2e0a3c6c9ea704782cdf9ebb6c0153b1d5\",\"hash\":\"e2cfa54fa6ba97bd6b6acf0decd9a01702b471797ee95ceb4ed75c67abcf67a1\"},{\"id\":\"s28\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9655242/\",\"title\":\"The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis\",\"publisher\":\"International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(21):13282\",\"date\":\"2022-10-31\",\"author\":\"Wang W, Jia W, Zhang C\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin β4 is a water-soluble peptide with a highly conserved structure composed of 43 amino acid residues … After the cleavage of Tβ4 into NH2-terminal intermediate peptides less than 30 amino acids in length by metalloprotease meprin α, POP hydrolyzes these intermediate peptides to ultimately release N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) … exerts anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the number of inflammatory cells and downregulating the expression levels of many inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6\",\"summary\":\"PMID 36362069, PMCID PMC9655242. Establishes that Ac-SDKP is released from the N-terminus of Tβ4, which is why the anti-fibrotic literature does not transfer to TB-500 (residues 17–23). Also the source for the named anti-inflammatory cytokine targets.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"e2cfa54fa6ba97bd6b6acf0decd9a01702b471797ee95ceb4ed75c67abcf67a1\",\"hash\":\"557bb2e888330719e76c1a713e086744a5ddfc1ae60429b84ea6a148a36b4d89\"},{\"id\":\"s29\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26962108/\",\"title\":\"The anti-inflammatory peptide Ac-SDKP is released from thymosin-β4 by renal meprin-α and prolyl oligopeptidase\",\"publisher\":\"American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology 310:F1026-34\",\"date\":\"2016-05\",\"author\":\"Kumar N, Nakagawa P, Janic B, Romero CA, Worou ME, Monu SR, Peterson EL, Shaw J, Valeriote F, Ongeri EM, Niyitegeka JV, Rhaleb NE, Carretero OA\",\"quote\":\"POP can only hydrolyze peptides shorter than 30 amino acids, and Tβ4 is 43 amino acids long … no Ac-SDKP was released when Tβ4 was incubated with either meprin-α or POP alone\",\"summary\":\"PMID 26962108, PMCID PMC4889319. Definitive two-enzyme mechanism for Ac-SDKP generation. Meprin-α knockout kidneys failed to release Ac-SDKP from Tβ4; the meprin-α inhibitor actinonin blocked release in rat kidney homogenate and cut captopril-raised plasma Ac-SDKP from 15.1 to 6.1 nmol/l (P < 0.005).\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"557bb2e888330719e76c1a713e086744a5ddfc1ae60429b84ea6a148a36b4d89\",\"hash\":\"477722bfe24b1df2a3e69cd7536b7f51aeec4a074b2b1d11228f7a69fb432647\"},{\"id\":\"s30\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31753373/\",\"title\":\"Electrospun thymosin Beta-4 loaded PLGA/PLA nanofiber/microfiber hybrid yarns for tendon tissue engineering application\",\"publisher\":\"Materials Science & Engineering C\",\"date\":\"2020-01\",\"author\":\"Wu S, Zhou R, Zhou F, Streubel PN, Chen S, Duan B\",\"quote\":\"thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) loaded PLGA/PLA HY presented a sustained drug release manner for 28 days … showed an additive effect on promoting HADMSC migration, proliferation, and tenogenic differentiation\",\"summary\":\"PMID 31753373, PMCID PMC7061461. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on a Tβ4-releasing scaffold move toward a tendon phenotype. Evidence that the field treats sustained local delivery, not systemic injection, as the route to a tendon.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"477722bfe24b1df2a3e69cd7536b7f51aeec4a074b2b1d11228f7a69fb432647\",\"hash\":\"69cfd17d2a8b6fe276e34a37212cba5558dd2e5a3ab53a386a809e62a5e45691\"},{\"id\":\"s31\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565145/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair\",\"publisher\":\"Nature 432(7016):466-72\",\"date\":\"2004-11-25\",\"author\":\"Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, DiMaio JM, Srivastava D\",\"quote\":\"resulted in upregulation of ILK and Akt activity in the heart, enhanced early myocyte survival and improved cardiac function\",\"summary\":\"PMID 15565145. Tβ4 forms a functional complex with PINCH and integrin-linked kinase, activating Akt. Model: coronary artery ligation in mice, dosed intraperitoneally, intracardiacally or both, every third day. The named signalling axis behind the cardiac programme.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"69cfd17d2a8b6fe276e34a37212cba5558dd2e5a3ab53a386a809e62a5e45691\",\"hash\":\"44582c8a8d96d82a261f68643881f3f6556a59ba248903b7fb2da8c2facc8443\"},{\"id\":\"s32\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9820614/\",\"title\":\"0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin β4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial\",\"publisher\":\"International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(1):554\",\"date\":\"2022-12-29\",\"author\":\"Sosne G, Kleinman HK, Springs C, Gross RH, Sung J, Kang S\",\"quote\":\"Complete healing occurred after 4 weeks in 6 of the 10 RGN-259-treated subjects and in 1 of the 8 placebo-treated subjects\",\"summary\":\"PMID 36613994, PMCID PMC9820614. Stages 2–3 neurotrophic keratopathy, 0.1% five times daily for 43 days, 10 treated versus 8 placebo. Day 29 complete healing 60% vs 12.5%, p = 0.0656 — the four-week primary comparison did not reach significance. Day 43: 50% vs 0%, p = 0.0359. The underlying registration, NCT02600429 (SEER-1), was terminated.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"44582c8a8d96d82a261f68643881f3f6556a59ba248903b7fb2da8c2facc8443\",\"hash\":\"6c438f6ae6445f78335e68b788d164b648e2fca9a8939aa31af95d416e278fe9\"},{\"id\":\"s33\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05485818\",\"title\":\"Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction (NL005)\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"date\":\"2021-11-18\",\"author\":\"Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"quote\":\"Change of myocardial infarction area on Day 5 and day 90 after PCI\",\"summary\":\"NCT05485818. Completed Phase 2, 62 enrolled, arms Low / Middle / High Dose and placebo. Recombinant human full-length Tβ4 (NL005), intravenous. The only systemic Tβ4 programme still generating human data.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"6c438f6ae6445f78335e68b788d164b648e2fca9a8939aa31af95d416e278fe9\",\"hash\":\"e22a0a70e75c169258459f6732a9150390666e5263d3416728eb4383e3b3b573\"},{\"id\":\"s34\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00743769\",\"title\":\"A Phase 1 Safety Study of the Intravenous Administration of Thymosin Beta in Healthy Volunteers\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"date\":\"2017-04-17\",\"author\":\"RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"quote\":\"Study never initiated due to contract manufacturing issues … A single bolus injections of ascending doses of 42 mg, 140 mg, 420 mg or 1,260 QD (once a day)\",\"summary\":\"NCT00743769. WITHDRAWN, actual enrolment 0. The flagship intravenous safety and pharmacokinetics study for full-length Tβ4 never ran, so no completed dedicated Phase 1 IV dataset exists. Note the intended dose scale: 42 to 1,260 mg.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"e22a0a70e75c169258459f6732a9150390666e5263d3416728eb4383e3b3b573\",\"hash\":\"a1f0afe08d035deb100fc4e903acae73c76d0a067a5c376d0d5f4b56e0cadc0e\"},{\"id\":\"s35\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07487363\",\"title\":\"TB-500 (Thymosin Beta 4 17-23 Fragment) for Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Stable ASCVD — 'TBRIDGE-CV' [self-declared fictional example record]\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov\",\"date\":\"2026-03-23\",\"author\":\"listed sponsor 'Hudson Biotech'\",\"quote\":\"This fictional study is an example of a ClinicalTrials.gov-style record. … The specific dose levels are protocol-defined and are not provided in this public example.\",\"summary\":\"NCT07487363. The only registry record whose intervention is TB-500 itself, and the record declares itself a fictional template. Any citation of this NCT as evidence of a human TB-500 trial is citing a demonstration entry.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"a1f0afe08d035deb100fc4e903acae73c76d0a067a5c376d0d5f4b56e0cadc0e\",\"hash\":\"543b13f118b4700c01c2097b18ec37ffa8cf066a84078cd91ba329475591f5af\"},{\"id\":\"s36\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01311518\",\"title\":\"A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Injectable Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Acute Myocardial Infarction\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"date\":\"2011\",\"author\":\"RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: WITHDRAWN. Actual enrollment: 0.\",\"summary\":\"NCT01311518. Phase 2, MRI infarct-zone primary endpoint, withdrawn with zero enrolled. The second of the two RegeneRx cardiac trials never to enrol a patient.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"543b13f118b4700c01c2097b18ec37ffa8cf066a84078cd91ba329475591f5af\",\"hash\":\"af2a36a5d92dad932297dadba6316e55de5648c070ab6489d53b15c92f3d7ec3\"},{\"id\":\"s37\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00311766\",\"title\":\"A Phase 2 Study on Effect of Thymosin Beta 4 on Wound Healing in Patients With Epidermolysis Bullosa\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"date\":\"2006-02\",\"author\":\"RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: TERMINATED. Enrollment: 30 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT00311766. Phase 2, terminated. Primary outcome was number of participants with adverse events and serious adverse events.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"af2a36a5d92dad932297dadba6316e55de5648c070ab6489d53b15c92f3d7ec3\",\"hash\":\"b607ceae1e16db58e623dd795e386386c20b8bacd37f7f26e4e2a682e68840c7\"},{\"id\":\"s38\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00598871\",\"title\":\"A Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Corneal Wounds\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2007-12\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: TERMINATED. Enrollment: 12 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT00598871. Corneal wounds in diabetic vitrectomy patients, Phase 2, terminated at 12 enrolled.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"b607ceae1e16db58e623dd795e386386c20b8bacd37f7f26e4e2a682e68840c7\",\"hash\":\"0eb80e6b400449d1c40ecd0cce30f1b2d3859d06f9bf87aeb68a749fda5d9e26\"},{\"id\":\"s39\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02600429\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy Study of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Neurotrophic Keratopathy: SEER-1\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2015-11\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: TERMINATED. Phase 3. Enrollment: 18 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT02600429. The registration behind the published 'Phase III' neurotrophic keratopathy paper. Terminated at 18 enrolled — the ten-versus-eight comparison in the literature is this terminated trial's data.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"0eb80e6b400449d1c40ecd0cce30f1b2d3859d06f9bf87aeb68a749fda5d9e26\",\"hash\":\"fd9cbe2e2b03b35bd572bdd9ee453c0e624a739afd383135edf1cfa61b20715d\"},{\"id\":\"s40\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02974907\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-2\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2018-03\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 3. Enrollment: 601 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT02974907. The second of three completed Phase 3 dry-eye trials of full-length Tβ4 eye drops. No approval has followed.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"fd9cbe2e2b03b35bd572bdd9ee453c0e624a739afd383135edf1cfa61b20715d\",\"hash\":\"e94ac49210df584e9e51b37dbe49851af762978bf4497ede09e2e0aeabbba506\"},{\"id\":\"s41\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04555824\",\"title\":\"A Phase 1a Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteers\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"date\":\"2018-06-20\",\"author\":\"Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 1. Enrollment: 54 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT04555824. The only study to have generated human maximum tolerated dose, full pharmacokinetics (Cmax, Tmax, MRT, AUC, half-life, volume of distribution, clearance) and antibody-formation data for systemic full-length Tβ4. Results are not published in the searched literature.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"e94ac49210df584e9e51b37dbe49851af762978bf4497ede09e2e0aeabbba506\",\"hash\":\"6e2e79b23abd8bb27ea89c2a30fccf4629a2903836dca9eca91e2bf9e87b92a6\"},{\"id\":\"s42\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05555589\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of 0.1% RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of NK: SEER-2\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2022-09\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: RECRUITING. Phase 3. Enrollment: 70 (estimated).\",\"summary\":\"NCT05555589. The successor to the terminated SEER-1, still recruiting. Neurotrophic keratopathy remains the indication where full-length Tβ4 has its clearest human signal and no approval.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"6e2e79b23abd8bb27ea89c2a30fccf4629a2903836dca9eca91e2bf9e87b92a6\",\"hash\":\"a09e67020b9df93a74a750d9f2620a30a325841ddf1346d88937feaa9e44ba8c\"},{\"id\":\"s43\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03937882\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-3\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2021-10-07\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 3. Enrollment: 700 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT03937882. The largest completed trial of thymosin beta-4 in any indication, 700 patients, finished October 2021. No FDA approval has followed.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"a09e67020b9df93a74a750d9f2620a30a325841ddf1346d88937feaa9e44ba8c\",\"hash\":\"23c3bfe6b179de1293be3666691b1ce93bf4e7a6b7fbad6524bae692e08809a5\"},{\"id\":\"s44\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02597803\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-1\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / ReGenTree, LLC\",\"date\":\"2016-07\",\"author\":\"ReGenTree, LLC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 2/Phase 3. Enrollment: 317 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT02597803. The first of the three completed dry-eye registration trials. ARISE-1, ARISE-2 and ARISE-3 together enrolled 1,618 patients.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"23c3bfe6b179de1293be3666691b1ce93bf4e7a6b7fbad6524bae692e08809a5\",\"hash\":\"777dc3c804abd3aa5fff865a96bac64cb2460d8f5aa17b7fa0350d4f6f2567f8\"},{\"id\":\"s45\",\"type\":\"trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01393132\",\"title\":\"Comparative Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Eye Drops vs. Vehicle in the Treatment of Severe Dry Eye\",\"publisher\":\"ClinicalTrials.gov / Michigan Cornea Consultants, PC\",\"date\":\"2011\",\"author\":\"Michigan Cornea Consultants, PC\",\"quote\":\"Overall status: COMPLETED. Phase 2. Enrollment: 9 (actual).\",\"summary\":\"NCT01393132. The registration behind the Cornea 2015 dry-eye paper: nine patients, 0.1% Tβ4 six times daily over 28 days, multicentre, randomised, double-masked, vehicle-controlled.\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.555Z\",\"prev\":\"777dc3c804abd3aa5fff865a96bac64cb2460d8f5aa17b7fa0350d4f6f2567f8\",\"hash\":\"14f781c2b2a24f143f5dcea8faa34e3bb3112d7bbb3bfb2a0249402c791b6eb9\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/PayHereSukka/status/2082956437056008230\",\"title\":\"X · @PayHereSukka · 2026-07-30\",\"quote\":\"Ran BPC 500mcg twice a day and 6mg of TB500 every 5th day for 6-8 weeks. Healed my torn rotator cuff\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_7b0irg5j\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:03.362Z\",\"id\":\"w_7b0irg5j\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:03.362Z\",\"prev\":\"14f781c2b2a24f143f5dcea8faa34e3bb3112d7bbb3bfb2a0249402c791b6eb9\",\"hash\":\"4791e4c13fa3c7902de7edc2d602d8ec8de39c6f6ad3867c76921be842e35010\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/MuroCrypto/status/2083184469956059529\",\"title\":\"X · @MuroCrypto · 2026-07-31\",\"quote\":\"My lowest disc in the lower back is dried out, almost no fluid left, classic herniated disc... In June I ran BPC-157 and TB-500 for about 6 weeks... After 3-4 weeks it already felt better. Now after the cycle, zero pain in biceps and shoulder. Disc still needs physio and rest, but already much better.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_ionqqvc2\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.277Z\",\"id\":\"w_ionqqvc2\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.277Z\",\"prev\":\"4791e4c13fa3c7902de7edc2d602d8ec8de39c6f6ad3867c76921be842e35010\",\"hash\":\"694f822e1009f6f3d045d939e09468b1e5698a6fea57e445ad51ed0d28942f39\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/jasonsvoboda/status/2081426443024961838\",\"title\":\"X · @jasonsvoboda · 2026-07-26\",\"quote\":\"Blew up my back in 2017. L4/L5/S1 severe disc herniation. Doc diagnosed me with degenerative disc disease, told me to quit lifting... Found the Wolverine stack and within a month I was pain free.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_t1lhudd5\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.457Z\",\"id\":\"w_t1lhudd5\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.457Z\",\"prev\":\"694f822e1009f6f3d045d939e09468b1e5698a6fea57e445ad51ed0d28942f39\",\"hash\":\"de143b9c2cfcb60b35f8bba194110d690d812e553bbbc617123a6a151c47317b\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/MithMuel/status/2071802227342340531\",\"title\":\"X · @MithMuel · 2026-06-30\",\"quote\":\"I've been doing subcutaneous BPC TB+500 injections on both sides of the L5-S1 and a month in, the pain is dramatically less... the pain has been horrible for 6 years but this stuff really works. I don't wake up in awful pain anymore!\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_srfrp1td\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.615Z\",\"id\":\"w_srfrp1td\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.615Z\",\"prev\":\"de143b9c2cfcb60b35f8bba194110d690d812e553bbbc617123a6a151c47317b\",\"hash\":\"e9d0e80e384ff68ece05e8d128531e3663fb6285b4ba63153dedea94791c959b\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/howdymary/status/2031137869285425498\",\"title\":\"X · @howdymary · 2026-03-09\",\"quote\":\"BPC-157 + TB-500 vastly accelerated my recovery timeline, eliminated my knee pain two days after i started, and brought the swelling in my jaw down within the week\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_7cn6wcbt\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.778Z\",\"id\":\"w_7cn6wcbt\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.778Z\",\"prev\":\"e9d0e80e384ff68ece05e8d128531e3663fb6285b4ba63153dedea94791c959b\",\"hash\":\"f3e457684a505a9cae0c56cac64b603bc4552ae67425cbad2bb14f1c93d784b7\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/Das_Bear_/status/2071462119011492350\",\"title\":\"X · @Das_Bear_ · 2026-06-29\",\"quote\":\"I took it alongside TB-500 and it fixed my tennis elbow and was back to lifting also within two week.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_8aa4h36p\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.936Z\",\"id\":\"w_8aa4h36p\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:04.936Z\",\"prev\":\"f3e457684a505a9cae0c56cac64b603bc4552ae67425cbad2bb14f1c93d784b7\",\"hash\":\"4f135437dfcb2f85dc3c6021e40fc6cafb1cc0e7ded4df707ccf102ffe2000fc\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/ryalljohnny1989/status/2084312093067513939\",\"title\":\"X · @ryalljohnny1989 · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"I was dealing with a nagging golfers elbow for over a year. Would be tender the to the touch after hitting balls. Within a week of taking shots the pain started to disappear. Months later its compmetely healed.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_bpr3c1ux\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.131Z\",\"id\":\"w_bpr3c1ux\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.131Z\",\"prev\":\"4f135437dfcb2f85dc3c6021e40fc6cafb1cc0e7ded4df707ccf102ffe2000fc\",\"hash\":\"fdfce98ef20bbae4631823de05f98fa7355bb6215b31df01108b1546afa5f277\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/caezcrypto1/status/2082943665832374561\",\"title\":\"X · @caezcrypto1 · 2026-07-30\",\"quote\":\"4 weeks 1mg bpc and then 4 weeks 2mg in knee. No acl or meniscus...knee has never felt better since before the injury years ago...also did tb500 twice a week total 4mg\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_4qf0wqtv\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.297Z\",\"id\":\"w_4qf0wqtv\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.297Z\",\"prev\":\"fdfce98ef20bbae4631823de05f98fa7355bb6215b31df01108b1546afa5f277\",\"hash\":\"2dd35f0cf7bfc938eb421f594db6d121bcf079e129ce4392ea5d399dedd348d9\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/L0V3lsKeY/status/2083868515438666186\",\"title\":\"X · @L0V3lsKeY · 2026-08-02\",\"quote\":\"Wednesday I woke up in severe pain in my L Leg. It was so bad I couldn't bear any weight... Peptides started in the afternoon. Leg 75% better in the evening... Saturday: Woke up 100% better.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_2m2r0oof\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.448Z\",\"id\":\"w_2m2r0oof\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.448Z\",\"prev\":\"2dd35f0cf7bfc938eb421f594db6d121bcf079e129ce4392ea5d399dedd348d9\",\"hash\":\"b06847bd26858f73bc4ed382b9ac75be0e9a71585db8281198927dbd652a9d2f\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/tj_underwood/status/2083248032603107752\",\"title\":\"X · @tj_underwood · 2026-07-31\",\"quote\":\"Have done a BLAST OF TB 500 and BPC -157 and KPV! Have serious shoulder tear! Blasted all three for 2 weeks!... Took my shoulder from barely joking a cupping hand to back in gym!\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_1d35jifv\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.651Z\",\"id\":\"w_1d35jifv\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.651Z\",\"prev\":\"b06847bd26858f73bc4ed382b9ac75be0e9a71585db8281198927dbd652a9d2f\",\"hash\":\"991c7c39e8ab39637bc0d86fa9015049920324a4c6d888f83df8993cd07ba390\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/jordaaash/status/2038733749366755452\",\"title\":\"X · @jordaaash · 2026-03-30\",\"quote\":\"After a week of BPC-157 (8 injections, 500mcg subcutaneous abdominal), persistent ankle tendon pain from a snowboarding injury a year ago is barely noticeable... Yesterday I added TB-500 (1 injection, 2mg) as well\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_dmeyan6q\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.961Z\",\"id\":\"w_dmeyan6q\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:05.961Z\",\"prev\":\"991c7c39e8ab39637bc0d86fa9015049920324a4c6d888f83df8993cd07ba390\",\"hash\":\"c31c639f2d6cc7af50422aeaf16caaa2fdd486ea1f19663785e09389489db09d\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/pepfessions/status/2084071774480736712\",\"title\":\"X · @pepfessions · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"I tore both quad tendons in separate years, the first recovery had taken almost a year. After the second surgery... I added BPC-157 and TB-500. By month five, I was sprinting and jumping again\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_e9fjoshb\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.390Z\",\"id\":\"w_e9fjoshb\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.390Z\",\"prev\":\"c31c639f2d6cc7af50422aeaf16caaa2fdd486ea1f19663785e09389489db09d\",\"hash\":\"8a86f039ea912003545b2e8060b565d00282572c1f5f70f1c7c877cfb03c769a\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/JonahLupton/status/2081490976510468316\",\"title\":\"X · @JonahLupton · 2026-07-26\",\"quote\":\"We still need more human trial data for peptides but I'm 95% sure that BPC-157 and TB-500 helped me heal from several injuries including my left knee and right ankle. I really thought I was going to need surgery for both.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_albnpbru\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.643Z\",\"id\":\"w_albnpbru\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.643Z\",\"prev\":\"8a86f039ea912003545b2e8060b565d00282572c1f5f70f1c7c877cfb03c769a\",\"hash\":\"29670c56b2d25c1b15711a16512146f8ead375d9756e901dd581ae6f87f30722\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/GrantWest14/status/2010124835264111079\",\"title\":\"X · @GrantWest14 · 2026-01-10\",\"quote\":\"Slight tear of my rotator cuff. Surgery was a 5 month rehab timeline, instead I took bpc-157 and tb-500. Was back to full rotation in my shoulder and benching good weight by a month and a half!\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_z5qnxkqk\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.808Z\",\"id\":\"w_z5qnxkqk\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.808Z\",\"prev\":\"29670c56b2d25c1b15711a16512146f8ead375d9756e901dd581ae6f87f30722\",\"hash\":\"f397e697b52f5ac4393f30f97e313d8c24514bb86cb378a1612306b3cdbf2b45\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/_REDwave_2024/status/2057019155824652482\",\"title\":\"X · @_REDwave_2024 · 2026-05-20\",\"quote\":\"My 70 yr old dad tore rotator cuff and I had him do 1mg (BPC) injected daily in 2 doses for 4 months with 2-3x/weekly TB500 @ 2.5mg/dose. Within a few weeks, he was lifting his arm totally above his head again and all pain was gone.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_8ed1wjyh\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.997Z\",\"id\":\"w_8ed1wjyh\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:06.997Z\",\"prev\":\"f397e697b52f5ac4393f30f97e313d8c24514bb86cb378a1612306b3cdbf2b45\",\"hash\":\"59637ce30fa09ee091d9b61d6254119f120a37918050d33f0f9163c24f632029\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/BenWolf1425771/status/2084389889303548201\",\"title\":\"X · @BenWolf1425771 · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"Promise you peptides are No Joke, I used the wolverine stack (BPC-157 and TB-500) to alleviate lifelong shoulder and joint pains\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_t3aoiz9r\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.160Z\",\"id\":\"w_t3aoiz9r\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.160Z\",\"prev\":\"59637ce30fa09ee091d9b61d6254119f120a37918050d33f0f9163c24f632029\",\"hash\":\"44a233c0e799ea763338f56d6e6f99e8b7d462872a9e8a5782d31df19d039e9f\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/TheCaddieYardFL/status/2083641327833522639\",\"title\":\"X · @TheCaddieYardFL · 2026-08-01\",\"quote\":\"All of the soreness, aches, and pains that disappeared while on BPC/TB500 returned after about 6 weeks for me. I start back on Monday\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_ses7fkwk\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.352Z\",\"id\":\"w_ses7fkwk\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.352Z\",\"prev\":\"44a233c0e799ea763338f56d6e6f99e8b7d462872a9e8a5782d31df19d039e9f\",\"hash\":\"07e757f08c708c88df8db781d107de5e2f43e7b989e776092807c77e2a8fe8cf\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/prax1s_mm/status/2082901582627184835\",\"title\":\"X · @prax1s_mm · 2026-07-30\",\"quote\":\"Did 3mg of BCP & 5mg of TB500 daily for two weeks into my elbow. It didn't do jack shit. This is my 3rd time trying peptides for various joint/tendon stuff and my 3rd time not noticing any improvement at all.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_avr26qqh\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.503Z\",\"id\":\"w_avr26qqh\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.503Z\",\"prev\":\"07e757f08c708c88df8db781d107de5e2f43e7b989e776092807c77e2a8fe8cf\",\"hash\":\"f273fb7ea48c6c8c795378b96d8cd8f27b0aefdebc939a13073a81f14517aa57\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/replacementBux/status/2043445152849555478\",\"title\":\"X · @replacementBux · 2026-04-12\",\"quote\":\"Bpc and tb-500 did nothing for my elbow arthritis sadly. Used it for 6 weeks\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_hyq2egsc\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.699Z\",\"id\":\"w_hyq2egsc\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.699Z\",\"prev\":\"f273fb7ea48c6c8c795378b96d8cd8f27b0aefdebc939a13073a81f14517aa57\",\"hash\":\"d5a56df16582c27de4faba04eb838c2a441d8dcfcf7a46d7017ab781669e93bf\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/moon25martin/status/2060514158739640718\",\"title\":\"X · @moon25martin · 2026-05-30\",\"quote\":\"I ran a heavy dose of klow into a heavy dose of bp-157 and tb500 for 2 months or more for my shoulder, did nothing, facing a shoulder replacement\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_fqd0nz38\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.856Z\",\"id\":\"w_fqd0nz38\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:07.856Z\",\"prev\":\"d5a56df16582c27de4faba04eb838c2a441d8dcfcf7a46d7017ab781669e93bf\",\"hash\":\"bf505498af063081583c2b6228dd0f05dc83d93d97492acd26a6985bdc50d323\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/ToddMil03223111/status/2075223118067433536\",\"title\":\"X · @ToddMil03223111 · 2026-07-09\",\"quote\":\"Age 62... I am very limited on what I can do at this point due to the severity of pain. I have been doing BPC 157 +TB 500 for 7 weeks, no improvement yet.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_89es50pi\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.014Z\",\"id\":\"w_89es50pi\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.014Z\",\"prev\":\"bf505498af063081583c2b6228dd0f05dc83d93d97492acd26a6985bdc50d323\",\"hash\":\"35706915e1bddf62bb5ba9d22f2926571c2aabb3177ee3946cf3b34d90bc7326\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/HangryDBowman/status/2077974266339803140\",\"title\":\"X · @HangryDBowman · 2026-07-16\",\"quote\":\"I'm trying it to see if it helps at all with inflammation for my lower back. L4/5 bulge and L5/S1 herniation. Bpc and Tb did nothing I could notice.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_s75yt6kt\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.165Z\",\"id\":\"w_s75yt6kt\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.165Z\",\"prev\":\"35706915e1bddf62bb5ba9d22f2926571c2aabb3177ee3946cf3b34d90bc7326\",\"hash\":\"c579a049ca28473487aeb6650d473109372ce44cd31b56e373e4cbca2d9184c5\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/travfourr/status/2044547711114895786\",\"title\":\"X · @travfourr · 2026-04-15\",\"quote\":\"I personally used bpc 157/ tb 500 combo for my shoulder issue. Barely moved the needle. 3/10.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_lk8z70he\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.334Z\",\"id\":\"w_lk8z70he\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.334Z\",\"prev\":\"c579a049ca28473487aeb6650d473109372ce44cd31b56e373e4cbca2d9184c5\",\"hash\":\"ed2297d985dcabab649883f4eb2b8a4627ca2c8238ca626c744ef7a947c004b6\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/MittelstaedtTim/status/2064873594103222656\",\"title\":\"X · @MittelstaedtTim · 2026-06-11\",\"quote\":\"I had some pain there and leading up to my bicep area. Didn't get much relief from bpc157/tb500.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_fkvglkvn\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.491Z\",\"id\":\"w_fkvglkvn\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.491Z\",\"prev\":\"ed2297d985dcabab649883f4eb2b8a4627ca2c8238ca626c744ef7a947c004b6\",\"hash\":\"dce63a5bd9884e69ac143e113682da1814edb5e89ec88132ac79ccec0dfc14fc\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/Gronnet/status/2048321787667103904\",\"title\":\"X · @Gronnet · 2026-04-26\",\"quote\":\"Just finished a bottle of oral liposomal BPC157+TB500 and it seems it did nothing :/ (hoping it would help heal my gut)\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_zj1lz4k4\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.642Z\",\"id\":\"w_zj1lz4k4\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.642Z\",\"prev\":\"dce63a5bd9884e69ac143e113682da1814edb5e89ec88132ac79ccec0dfc14fc\",\"hash\":\"dc28fb60ef1e560e4c433181e850091b54ddd08ee97b05f1a4f0d3399b890a09\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/biotides/status/2074549220887941324\",\"title\":\"X · @biotides · 2026-07-07\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 made my shoulder left worse. I have bursitis and stopped TB and it's better. I was getting pain in left thumb and arm as well. I was pinning SubQ. I've used 3 different vendors who are legit. So I ruled out bad product. No issues with BPC-157.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.867Z\",\"id\":\"w_q1dsmvn0\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:08.867Z\",\"prev\":\"dc28fb60ef1e560e4c433181e850091b54ddd08ee97b05f1a4f0d3399b890a09\",\"hash\":\"73b9801eb1eb77bd16dcaa9d2f6f2b1d0d1fd1249aff166dd72132eef1d38220\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/cryptotray79/status/2071013244072788255\",\"title\":\"X · @cryptotray79 · 2026-06-14\",\"quote\":\"i ran bpc 157 for few weeks felt decent then add tb 500 hand and skeletal felt worse i discontinued it it was the blend version 20mg\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_fgszb7lb\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.033Z\",\"id\":\"w_fgszb7lb\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.033Z\",\"prev\":\"73b9801eb1eb77bd16dcaa9d2f6f2b1d0d1fd1249aff166dd72132eef1d38220\",\"hash\":\"f85d5ed6a7491a2a1f4f8ff31a95b35502d74a5059bfa5783fc6854d05d846f8\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/stateofnomind/status/2031391204232016324\",\"title\":\"X · @stateofnomind · 2026-03-10\",\"quote\":\"Not my proudest moment, but after BPC-157 and TB-500 from the gray market, I got hives all over my body.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_dwju43tz\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.182Z\",\"id\":\"w_dwju43tz\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.182Z\",\"prev\":\"f85d5ed6a7491a2a1f4f8ff31a95b35502d74a5059bfa5783fc6854d05d846f8\",\"hash\":\"bb028c0fc8326fa52ca142a8933072996e6e3df5dfa43d3fb3985151065f6473\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/GetterBankWest/status/2028322438984175693\",\"title\":\"X · @GetterBankWest · 2026-03-02\",\"quote\":\"I took tb500 and bpc 157 mix for 3 days at 0.750 7.5 units on a 3mm needle i had some Hives show up on each side of love handles not the injection sites... Ive done research my self and stopped for now\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_nad31utv\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.329Z\",\"id\":\"w_nad31utv\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.329Z\",\"prev\":\"bb028c0fc8326fa52ca142a8933072996e6e3df5dfa43d3fb3985151065f6473\",\"hash\":\"4c3427bca7126636ed6a8478254034bd05f99e42506da0c3cfec2e151e4b099e\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/AmbrosesDrink/status/2084497141234598355\",\"title\":\"X · @AmbrosesDrink · 2026-08-04\",\"quote\":\"nothing moved the needle more re gut barrier symptoms than TB500. Until the development of an MCAS-like picture, it began to flair immune Sx: itching, hives from heat, etc.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_llsxbr8a\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.486Z\",\"id\":\"w_llsxbr8a\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.486Z\",\"prev\":\"4c3427bca7126636ed6a8478254034bd05f99e42506da0c3cfec2e151e4b099e\",\"hash\":\"20128f4d1518f3302b76f9b361e21b48fb8e220446bbf8db5f9161674055e94b\"},{\"url\":\"https://x.com/UndergroundBio/status/2084421599072039066\",\"title\":\"X · @UndergroundBio · 2026-08-03\",\"quote\":\"I ran TB-500 for a shoulder injury and got a head rush that lasted maybe 20 minutes. Injection site was red for a day.\",\"claim_ids\":[],\"_id\":\"w_wuu78tg1\",\"_ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.637Z\",\"id\":\"w_wuu78tg1\",\"type\":\"source\",\"accessed_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:07:09.637Z\",\"prev\":\"20128f4d1518f3302b76f9b361e21b48fb8e220446bbf8db5f9161674055e94b\",\"hash\":\"6cc32d0f775dcb189e63f90ac8c75c6712c3c65b8c6972dfa552eef675f151a8\"}],\"reviews\":[],\"extra\":{},\"has_traversal\":false,\"register\":\"essay\",\"status\":\"published\",\"revisions\":48,\"contributions\":[{\"seq\":0,\"id\":\"k1\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T08:31:03.974Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"writer\",\"action\":\"redraft\",\"payload\":{\"title\":\"TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4\",\"register\":\"source_ledger\",\"body\":\"## Overview\\nTB-500 is a synthetic peptide fragment corresponding to the active region of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4).\\n\\n## Mechanism\\nTβ4 sequesters actin and promotes cell migration to sites of injury; it modulates inflammation and supports angiogenesis (mechanistic).\\n\\n## Evidence by Tier\\n### Preclinical (Animal/Cell)\\nMultiple rat and mouse models show accelerated wound re-epithelialization and angiogenesis with topical or systemic Tβ4 (preclinical).\\n\\n### Human Trials\\nPhase 1 intravenous safety studies in healthy volunteers reported good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (human).\\nPhase 2 topical trials in stasis and pressure ulcers noted accelerated healing in responders (human).\\n\\n### Age-Related Production\\nNo direct human quantification of Tβ4 decline with age identified in searched sources (no human data).\\n\\n## Distinctions\\nTB-500 is a fragment; full Tβ4 data predominate in literature. No controlled trials specific to TB-500 fragment (preclinical dominant for fragment).\",\"claims\":[{\"id\":\"c1\",\"text\":\"Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.\",\"section\":\"Mechanism\",\"tier\":\"mechanistic\",\"source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Core described activity separating repair from suppression.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.3,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c2\",\"text\":\"Topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models.\",\"section\":\"Preclinical\",\"tier\":\"preclinical\",\"source_ids\":[\"s2\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Distinguishes rat data from human.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.5,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c3\",\"text\":\"Intravenous synthetic Tβ4 was well tolerated in Phase 1 single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy volunteers with no dose-limiting toxicity.\",\"section\":\"Human Trials\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s3\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Direct human safety evidence.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.8,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c4\",\"text\":\"Topical Tβ4 accelerated healing by nearly one month in Phase 2 trials of stasis and pressure ulcers in some patients who healed.\",\"section\":\"Human Trials\",\"tier\":\"human\",\"source_ids\":[\"s4\"],\"source_status\":\"sourced\",\"why_material\":\"Human efficacy signal limited to specific indications.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.8,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}},{\"id\":\"c5\",\"text\":\"Tβ4 production declines approximately 60% by age 60.\",\"section\":\"Overview\",\"tier\":\"speculative\",\"source_ids\":[],\"source_status\":\"unsourced\",\"why_material\":\"Prompt-supplied figure; no supporting human data located.\",\"evidence_basis\":\"derived_inference\",\"weight\":0.1,\"status\":\"active\",\"stance_scores\":{\"neutral\":0,\"pro\":0,\"adversary\":0},\"extra\":{}}],\"sources\":[{\"id\":\"s1\",\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin β(4), a low molecular weight, naturally-occurring peptide plays a vital role in the repair and regeneration of injured cells and tissues.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s2\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing\",\"quote\":\"Addition of Tbeta4 topically or intraperitoneally increased reepithelialization by 42% over saline controls at 4 d and by as much as 61% at 7 d post-wounding.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s3\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/\",\"title\":\"A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers\",\"quote\":\"Synthetic Tbeta4 given intravenously as a single dose or in multiple daily doses for 14 days over a dose range of 42-1260 mg was well tolerated with no evidence of dose limiting toxicity.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s4\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23050815/\",\"title\":\"The Regenerative Peptide Thymosin β4 Accelerates the Rate of Dermal Healing\",\"quote\":\"Furthermore, in two phase 2 clinical trials of stasis and pressure ulcers, it was found to accelerate healing by almost a month in those patients that did heal.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"genesis\",\"hash\":\"2581d9a5b173bcbdb6019f5285227235146bb2c809b2d7cd95917c7e927c625e\"},{\"seq\":1,\"id\":\"k2\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:04.257Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s5\",\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41490200/\",\"title\":\"Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, ...\",\"quote\":\"Wound-healing peptides such as BPC-157, TB-500 , and GHK-Cu promote angiogenesis, integrin-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibroblast activation\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s6\",\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41476424/\",\"title\":\"Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and ...\",\"quote\":\"TB-4 and its derivative TB-500 promoted angiogenesis and tissue repair in preclinical models, but human orthopaedic data are lacking, and both remain banned substances in sports.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s7\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38382158/\",\"title\":\"Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites ...\",\"quote\":\"Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s8\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482504/\",\"title\":\"TB500/TB1000 and SGF1000: A scientific approach for a ...\",\"quote\":\"We provide an extensive analysis of three misbranded and adulterated products sold over the internet named TB500 , TB1000, and SGF1000.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s9\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41229390/\",\"title\":\"Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic ...\",\"quote\":\"This study aims to explore the therapeutic potential of recombinant human thymosin beta 4 (rhTB4) in both murine models subjected to I/R and in ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s10\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ScienceBioTechnology/comments/1rvehfa/the_ultimate_guide_to_peptides_for_injuries/\",\"title\":\"BPC-157, TB-500, and The Wolverine Stack Explained\",\"quote\":\"TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4, a naturally occurring protein. While BPC-157 focuses on blood flow, TB-500 is studied for its systemic ability to regenerate tissue.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s11\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskMenOver30/comments/1stcht0/any_experience_with_muscletissue_repair_tb500/\",\"title\":\"Any experience with muscle/tissue repair? Tb-500?\",\"quote\":\"I took bpc-157 and tb-500 after surgery was off the table for a minor meniscus tear...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"2581d9a5b173bcbdb6019f5285227235146bb2c809b2d7cd95917c7e927c625e\",\"hash\":\"1430d570145a1a3348efda398c6aa2d21048250fdf88ff891b86d1d5f800b89f\"},{\"seq\":2,\"id\":\"k3\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:23.605Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s12\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40816274/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention\",\"quote\":\"Interestingly, the expression level of the gene TMSB4X that encodes thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) significantly decreased both in fAD organoids' neurons and AD patients ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s13\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41359360/\",\"title\":\"Alkaline Phosphatase-Triggered Spatiotemporal Repair of Corneal Injury with TB500 Peptide Hydrogel\",\"quote\":\"This study presents a novel spatiotemporal repair strategy for corneal wounds, utilizing an alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-triggered, lesion-responsive peptide hydrogel that incorporates TB500...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s14\",\"type\":\"pubmed\",\"url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41570941/\",\"title\":\"Thymosin beta 4: An emerging therapeutic candidate for kidney diseases\",\"quote\":\"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a highly conserved 43-amino-acid peptide encoded by the X-linked TMSB4x gene, is the predominant β-thymosin in mammalian cells and a multifunctional regulator of cellular homeostasis.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"verified\"},{\"id\":\"s15\",\"type\":\"clinical_trial\",\"url\":\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05485818\",\"title\":\"Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction\",\"quote\":\"Phase IIa Clinical Study of Efficacy and Safety of Injectable Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s16\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ACL/comments/1jwe0oe/documenting_my_aclr_meniscus_repair_journey/\",\"title\":\"Documenting My ACLR + Meniscus Repair Journey – Trying the “Wolverine Stack” (BPC-157 + TB-500)\",\"quote\":\"I started taking BPC-157 and TB-500 —a combo often called the “Wolverine Stack”—to help support my recovery.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s17\",\"type\":\"youtube\",\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9FOnvFDlSo\",\"title\":\"What Science ACTUALLY Says About TB 500 Benefits\",\"quote\":\"What does science actually say about TB 500 benefits? Is TB-500 the breakthrough compound that could change the way we think about injury recovery?\",\"link_status\":\"http_429\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 2\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"1430d570145a1a3348efda398c6aa2d21048250fdf88ff891b86d1d5f800b89f\",\"hash\":\"96c34347140c407859ef8b7d5018d6f03c085b4793b3ae410902e483e08b8bd8\"},{\"seq\":3,\"id\":\"k4\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:52.043Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s18\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/PeptidePathways/comments/1ruolbw/i_was_hospitalised_after_running_tb500/\",\"title\":\"I was hospitalised after running TB-500\",\"quote\":\"All was ok for the first week, running 2MCG of each per day. However one evening the BP157 gave me an intense tingling sensation down one side of my body - it could be that i irritated a nerve, but i decided to stop. I continued with the TB500 until i hit the final dose of a 10mg bottle. The next day, i noticed hives coming out across my ribs and armpits on both sides. ... I went to bed about 3am and noticed more hives - this time worse. 3 hours later i woke up with my throat closing up, swollen lips and tongue and incredible hives.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s19\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/bpc_157/comments/1nl0bb9/strange_side_effects_of_bpc_157_and_tb_500/\",\"title\":\"Strange side effects of BPC 157 and TB 500\",\"quote\":\"Strange side effects of BPC 157 and TB 500 . Discussion. I recently ... My experience using BPC-157 + TB 500 .\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s20\",\"type\":\"youtube\",\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFVspd1by7w\",\"title\":\"I Took The Wolverine Stack & My Thoughts On BPC-157 & TB-500\",\"quote\":\"I can tell you personally that I believe that while I was taking this type of supplementation or this type of injection that it did allow me to heal a little faster. It did reduce some inflammation and I found that my flare-ups were a little bit less soon as I implemented taking this stuff with a very low-level rehab program.\",\"link_status\":\"http_429\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s21\",\"type\":\"youtube\",\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oi0Ou-fK9o8\",\"title\":\"TB-500 for Injury Recovery – Does it Work and is it Safe?\",\"quote\":\"[@venom999333 - 37 likes]: I started TB500 a couple weeks ago. Injections, so internally. TB500 & BPC 157 together. Pain went away rapidly. Within a few hours. 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I am taking this for flexibility and better recovery from working out. I also take GHCKU . Would it be better for me to go up to the 2 mg twice a week, or is it fine for me to stay on the protocol that I'm doing since I don't have an injury.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s86\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ORIF/comments/1r5vk9q/unique_ways_that_speed_up_recovery_30_f_5_weeks/\",\"title\":\"Unique ways that speed up recovery: 30 F 5 weeks post op left ankle fracture\",\"quote\":\"I ordered a peptide BPC 157 and TB 500. BPC 157 promotes healing in tissues like tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bones by stimulating new blood vessel growth and heals your gut. TB 500 promotes wound healing, reducing inflammation, and aiding tissue regeneration. I severely damaged my cartilage and I am at risk of arthritis in the future.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s87\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/AchillesRupture/comments/1lx556v/comprehensive_overview_of_my_achilles_rupture/\",\"title\":\"Comprehensive overview of my Achilles rupture treatment ...\",\"quote\":\"Injection site: I am injecting BPC-157 and TB-500 subcutaneous in my abdomen. You see a lot of online anecdotes that it is optimal to inject closer to injury ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s88\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/LiveWellWithDrG/status/2069467154508808610\",\"title\":\"How TB-500 Works post\",\"quote\":\"🧬 How TB-500 Works: The Cellular Blueprint of Tissue Repair ... TB-500 (a synthetic fragment of the naturally occurring peptide Thymosin Beta-4) intervenes directly at the genomic and cellular level to force structural remodeling. ... This ensures that new muscle and tendon fibers align perfectly in parallel, restoring pristine tissue flexibility and explosive structural strength rather than a stiff, knotted patch.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s89\",\"type\":\"x\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/AvengedxWolf/status/2069530639464849720\",\"title\":\"Side effects mention\",\"quote\":\"damn... 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High-purity structural synergy for cellular repair.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"c2ecbece1147ed39d9d1a3175199a31ff02684088a0cf13e98a463449e5b7d13\",\"hash\":\"69e8c50248c20ac628a24f2b36f1c4603fd27a94bedae95c70d4c28c0124d912\"},{\"seq\":26,\"id\":\"k27\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:07:11.659Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s95\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/AchillesRupture/comments/1ikfhhw/bpc_157_and_tb500/\",\"title\":\"BPC 157 and TB500\",\"quote\":\"I took them both at the same time in the evenings but from Separate vials/syringes. Took them starting about two months into my recovery, and then again after my re-ruptured. So about four months worth.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s96\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/fitness40plus/comments/1oqc5uv/tendonitis_experiences_with_bpc157/\",\"title\":\"Tendonitis - Experiences with BPC-157\",\"quote\":\"Tore my distal bicep tendon 6 months ago made the decision to take injectable bpc157 and tb500. Took it for 8 weeks. I healed fast. At the 10 week mark I was in the gym lifting light weights, 14 week mark I was lifting fairly heavy and at the 5 month mark I was lifting as heavy as I wanted.\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 2\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"69e8c50248c20ac628a24f2b36f1c4603fd27a94bedae95c70d4c28c0124d912\",\"hash\":\"ce013ce5ee5b58e2a7698f9797b2a601e53fc48be61a70f44956e81c7523bffe\"},{\"seq\":27,\"id\":\"k28\",\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:22:23.652Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"source_hunt\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"payload\":{\"added\":[{\"id\":\"s97\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/workout/comments/1jzyxev/anyone_use_bpc157tb500/\",\"title\":\"Anyone use BPC-157+TB-500?\",\"quote\":\"Just purchased 20mg’s for a 20 days “cycle” hoping ti get rid of a few nagging injuries\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"},{\"id\":\"s98\",\"type\":\"reddit\",\"url\":\"https://www.reddit.com/r/KneeInjuries/comments/1nprc3k/my_bpctb500_experience_with_site_injections_for/\",\"title\":\"My BPC/TB500 experience with site injections for the knee\",\"quote\":\"TLDR: local site injections of BPC-157/ TB500 for my right knee worked infinitely better and I can now jog for the first time in a year without ...\",\"link_status\":\"ok\",\"quote_status\":\"unverified\"}]},\"rationale\":\"auto-populate round 1\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev_hash\":\"ce013ce5ee5b58e2a7698f9797b2a601e53fc48be61a70f44956e81c7523bffe\",\"hash\":\"c2733e0e387c2437f5054f30dab72505d4c55bde85ba7f038509f2876fe8c9e0\"},{\"seq\":28,\"id\":\"k29\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T11:29:18.678Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise: binds free G-actin inside cells → frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge → cells migrate toward injury sites → migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation → net result faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. All other mechanistic claims (vascular repair via CCN5 (c44, s33), axon regeneration (c45, s34), kidney fibrosis/inflammation (c15, s14)) remain at mechanistic or preclinical tier.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c44\",\"c15\",\"c45\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s33\",\"s14\",\"s34\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":225,\"cost\":0.00962375,\"prev_hash\":\"c2733e0e387c2437f5054f30dab72505d4c55bde85ba7f038509f2876fe8c9e0\",\"hash\":\"91338d98660603c86e7d6ba43c7810168c5f6d0f697f08c16d469539f02bf939\"},{\"seq\":29,\"id\":\"k30\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:11:39.055Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, supports new vessel formation (angiogenesis), and modulates inflammation. Net result described is faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1) cites source s1. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. Preclinical support (c2) from rat wound models (source s2). Human data limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound types (c4, source s4); orthopaedic and other uses remain without established human evidence (quote-gated claims c6, c27, c41 etc. treated as low-confidence). Anecdotes (tier:anecdotal, e.g. c56, c57) separated and lower weight.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":268,\"cost\":0.00973125,\"prev_hash\":\"91338d98660603c86e7d6ba43c7810168c5f6d0f697f08c16d469539f02bf939\",\"hash\":\"2a287952a2570d77ee7dfbf093c8cab8d925a1d36619f0c7bfd283df7dc3671b\"},{\"seq\":30,\"id\":\"k31\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:55:01.451Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells; this frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell; cells can therefore migrate toward injury sites; migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation; the net result is faster re-closure of wounds and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":155,\"cost\":0.00944875,\"prev_hash\":\"2a287952a2570d77ee7dfbf093c8cab8d925a1d36619f0c7bfd283df7dc3671b\",\"hash\":\"cf1cc94cd4a1f95c6bc56a543391b2ff196769508d4fef8aae6d3cc19063aad2\"},{\"seq\":31,\"id\":\"k32\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:02:09.471Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human evidence is limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity) and two Phase 2 wound-healing trials (topical use accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients); most data are preclinical or anecdotal (c3, c4). No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims exist for mechanism.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":220,\"cost\":0.00961125,\"prev_hash\":\"cf1cc94cd4a1f95c6bc56a543391b2ff196769508d4fef8aae6d3cc19063aad2\",\"hash\":\"245a641362346e2eb051546c6f6ee0a0ab3219ad075f8bb74005619b84d970ec\"},{\"seq\":32,\"id\":\"k33\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:04:27.979Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"The ledger documents TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism as: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling migration of repair cells toward injury; migrating cells then support angiogenesis and modulate inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1; s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2; s2). Human data are limited to Phase 1 safety (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity; c3; s3) and one Phase 2 signal in specific ulcers (c4; s4). No new evidence is present; marketing volume is noted separately (c7).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\",\"c7\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":233,\"cost\":0.00964375,\"prev_hash\":\"245a641362346e2eb051546c6f6ee0a0ab3219ad075f8bb74005619b84d970ec\",\"hash\":\"108b35eb40b036395d0bfad06a08e0c677c2793a61fadf6d3320be25ab374be0\"},{\"seq\":33,\"id\":\"k34\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T04:45:47.124Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim rests on actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1, tier human, source s1). Preclinical rat wound model showed accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, tier preclinical, source s2). Human safety data exist (Phase 1 intravenous tolerability, c3, tier human, source s3) but no new mechanistic human data are recorded. Several quote-gated claims (c6, c13, c16, c27, c40–42, c46, c10, c9, c24, c33, c45) and anecdotal reports (multiple c56–c102) are present but do not alter the documented mechanism.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No new mechanistic evidence beyond ledger contents; human efficacy data remain limited to specific wound types (stasis/pressure ulcers).\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":322,\"cost\":0.00986625,\"prev_hash\":\"108b35eb40b036395d0bfad06a08e0c677c2793a61fadf6d3320be25ab374be0\",\"hash\":\"49683eb034d42569f9bccd814b23bdf0f77c5f9ea73eff55acb7ac68e4af3312\"},{\"seq\":34,\"id\":\"k35\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:05:29.044Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. Net result: faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1): “Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.” Preclinical support (c2, source s2): topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. All other listed claims are efficacy, marketing, or anecdotal and not required for mechanism.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0.00966875,\"prev_hash\":\"49683eb034d42569f9bccd814b23bdf0f77c5f9ea73eff55acb7ac68e4af3312\",\"hash\":\"9e835c7bde94ecd8f63ed35bbea3a21c82a4c462d4a09bf08ebf1e70da85d27d\"},{\"seq\":35,\"id\":\"k36\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:11:50.916Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin (c1, source s1), freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells (c1). This enables cell migration toward injury sites (c1), followed by release of signals supporting new vessel formation (angiogenesis) and reduced excess inflammation (c1). Net result in models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (c2, source s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries. Human data remain sparse (s3, s4); most sources are preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":200,\"cost\":0.00956125,\"prev_hash\":\"9e835c7bde94ecd8f63ed35bbea3a21c82a4c462d4a09bf08ebf1e70da85d27d\",\"hash\":\"165f74d9ccde992e5dbd9fd07ede2fd1a99e362846e4fa6a96738995a4178944\"},{\"seq\":36,\"id\":\"k37\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T17:43:10.228Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result in models: faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim c1 (tier human, source s1) states: 'Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.'\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0.00948375,\"prev_hash\":\"165f74d9ccde992e5dbd9fd07ede2fd1a99e362846e4fa6a96738995a4178944\",\"hash\":\"cd3130dc6749519c7e7e44e6a9001a1ba9bf1d6f355be9123a1721375a791651\"},{\"seq\":37,\"id\":\"k38\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-04T22:09:15.362Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise description: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enables cell migration to injury sites, supports new vessel formation, reduces excess inflammation, and results in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. No new evidence added; all from existing ledger.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":162,\"cost\":0.00946625,\"prev_hash\":\"cd3130dc6749519c7e7e44e6a9001a1ba9bf1d6f355be9123a1721375a791651\",\"hash\":\"18560ac828bd85e1c712e706d4f24d97ce3fd49947459c92962388026e8e9ca2\"},{\"seq\":38,\"id\":\"k39\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T02:31:41.538Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2). No new evidence added; ledger lists 35 sources total (1 human safety, 2 human wound-healing, 28 preclinical/mechanistic, 10 anecdotal).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No human orthopaedic data; human data remain sparse overall.\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0.00955375,\"prev_hash\":\"18560ac828bd85e1c712e706d4f24d97ce3fd49947459c92962388026e8e9ca2\",\"hash\":\"59bd2aa79aa2614fab24e508fd44e34c15583c078a61f6e5ff4c67ee4aa84620\"},{\"seq\":39,\"id\":\"k40\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T03:08:06.235Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (primarily in animal models). Core claim c1 (tier human, weight 0.8, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Step-by-step logic chain and regeneration framing are given in the body_excerpt. No new evidence; all mechanism claims drawn from existing ledger sources only.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":202,\"cost\":0.00956625,\"prev_hash\":\"59bd2aa79aa2614fab24e508fd44e34c15583c078a61f6e5ff4c67ee4aa84620\",\"hash\":\"8c4fa4ec65f0f46438fc1675fb2ee1101d8a806bc86da001574daba806392aa4\"},{\"seq\":40,\"id\":\"k41\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:41:55.298Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism from the TB-500 ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. The net result is faster wound re-closure and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2).\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0.00948375,\"prev_hash\":\"8c4fa4ec65f0f46438fc1675fb2ee1101d8a806bc86da001574daba806392aa4\",\"hash\":\"540b9e98bcff734ddae8995c8164c4cf67f9a027ce6f548d59633a7cc8d6fb7b\"},{\"seq\":41,\"id\":\"k42\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:43:31.426Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human data are limited to a Phase 1 safety study showing good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (c3) and a Phase 2 topical trial showing accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients (c4). Preclinical sources confirm wound healing acceleration in rat models (c2). All other claims are anecdotal or quote-gated with low effective weight; no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims are present in the topology. The ledger records 35 sources total, predominantly preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No population usage data\",\"Human orthopaedic data lacking\",\"No published Phase IIa AMI trial results\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":272,\"cost\":0.00974125,\"prev_hash\":\"540b9e98bcff734ddae8995c8164c4cf67f9a027ce6f548d59633a7cc8d6fb7b\",\"hash\":\"35a3a173d3b3d682c03787b336698158b5ff28ba61333d209f59728823921724\"},{\"seq\":42,\"id\":\"k43\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:44:15.774Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core mechanism claim (c1) is supported by review source s1. Preclinical support for accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models (c2) from source s2. No new evidence beyond ledger contents.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0.00955375,\"prev_hash\":\"35a3a173d3b3d682c03787b336698158b5ff28ba61333d209f59728823921724\",\"hash\":\"0e7a48a4302d4cb62808dc8bf24231d95267931fc7129498e799fa450ebf9374\"},{\"seq\":43,\"id\":\"k44\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:46:26.419Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling repair-cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 from s1; steps 1–5 in body excerpt). Core claim is actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2 from s2). Human data are limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity, c3 from s3) and two wound-healing trials (c4 from s4; c16 from s15, quote-gated). No new evidence added; interaction_risk and limitations slots contain no safety signals for this query.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\",\"c16\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s15\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No dosing, patient-specific, or combination-safety data in ledger for this query\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":298,\"cost\":0.00980625,\"prev_hash\":\"0e7a48a4302d4cb62808dc8bf24231d95267931fc7129498e799fa450ebf9374\",\"hash\":\"74e9c058bd4b28148ce1b8c3718856acc5d7d621a4da806d77b1eb401dcb4ddc\"},{\"seq\":44,\"id\":\"k45\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:48:51.561Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury. Migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 tier human from s1; c2 tier preclinical from s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":163,\"cost\":0.00946875,\"prev_hash\":\"74e9c058bd4b28148ce1b8c3718856acc5d7d621a4da806d77b1eb401dcb4ddc\",\"hash\":\"caf6ba3cce4c9b8902c02a1cc627e460a1911e207f8653e03ec52db51d65f883\"},{\"seq\":45,\"id\":\"k46\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:50:54.727Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin (c1), freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling cell migration to injury sites, release of signals supporting angiogenesis, and modulation of inflammation. Net effect reported as faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Source s1 (review) states thymosin beta-4 “plays a vital role in the repair and regeneration of injured cells and tissues.” Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models (c2, source s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound-healing signals (c4, source s4); no new evidence added.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No human orthopaedic efficacy data; product quality/adulteration concerns noted but no interaction_risk claims present.\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":253,\"cost\":0.00969375,\"prev_hash\":\"caf6ba3cce4c9b8902c02a1cc627e460a1911e207f8653e03ec52db51d65f883\",\"hash\":\"b3f221b54c9ebf946086dfe2a5c5887c06b5dd38e4294b753954eb641337783d\"},{\"seq\":46,\"id\":\"k47\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:07:29.867Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells. This frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell, allowing repair cells to migrate toward injury sites. Migrating cells then release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Preclinical support (c2, source s2) shows accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models. Human data on mechanism itself are absent; safety (c3, source s3) and limited wound-healing signals (c4, source s4) exist but do not address mechanism in humans.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No direct human mechanistic studies; all mechanism data are preclinical or inferred from animal/cell models.\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":273,\"cost\":0.00974375,\"prev_hash\":\"b3f221b54c9ebf946086dfe2a5c5887c06b5dd38e4294b753954eb641337783d\",\"hash\":\"5509a422b8745a6dc0f20e042bc265f85f49e994b1066d07794f87376fb64541\"},{\"seq\":47,\"id\":\"k48\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:09:37.821Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism from ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reducing excess inflammation, producing faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). No new evidence supplied; all claims drawn from existing topology only.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":154,\"cost\":0.00944625,\"prev_hash\":\"5509a422b8745a6dc0f20e042bc265f85f49e994b1066d07794f87376fb64541\",\"hash\":\"ab263366f2ff7400c14502a429f38f481000e24a7db92a369d3f9a34b358f8e9\"},{\"seq\":48,\"id\":\"k49\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:40:44.976Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism of TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin, sequesters it, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim supported by review source s1 (c1) and mechanistic description in the body; no new evidence added. Safety-first: no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present for mechanism. All human data remain sparse; most evidence preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":188,\"cost\":0.00953125,\"prev_hash\":\"ab263366f2ff7400c14502a429f38f481000e24a7db92a369d3f9a34b358f8e9\",\"hash\":\"c1aea3464e0f39f0466de2d324c20e6349e59dfd3246ee530fafcc6b842c0049\"},{\"seq\":49,\"id\":\"k50\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T05:18:10.092Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented mechanism from the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and modulation of inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claims: c1 (actin sequestration, cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation modulation; tier human, source s1), c3 (Phase 1 IV safety/tolerability in healthy volunteers; tier human, source s3), c4 (Phase 2 topical acceleration in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients; tier human, source s4), c2 (rat wound re-epithelialization increase; tier preclinical, source s2). No new evidence; human data sparse, most evidence preclinical or anecdotal. Quote-gated claims (e.g., c6, c13, c16, c27, c40, c41, c42, c46) treated as low-confidence. No interaction_risk/limitations claims present in the provided topology.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c3\",\"c4\",\"c2\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s3\",\"s4\",\"s2\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[\"No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims available\",\"No dosing, patient-specific, or combination safety data\",\"Human orthopaedic and systemic data lacking per s6\"],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":335,\"cost\":0.00989875,\"prev_hash\":\"c1aea3464e0f39f0466de2d324c20e6349e59dfd3246ee530fafcc6b842c0049\",\"hash\":\"d2f69f6e1ffc1f18012bb6f4274ea9dc12581eeeec462d6a3d606506c3cd439b\"},{\"seq\":50,\"id\":\"k51\",\"ts\":\"2026-07-11T14:38:52.094Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"role\":\"ask\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"payload\":{\"question\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"answer\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and reduction of excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, s3) and specific wound-healing trials (c4, s4); no new mechanistic evidence is present.\",\"cited_claim_ids\":[\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\",\"c4\"],\"cited_source_ids\":[\"s1\",\"s2\",\"s3\",\"s4\"],\"needs_user_info\":[],\"gaps\":[],\"resolved_slugs\":[\"tb-500\"],\"graph\":false},\"rationale\":\"Q: SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"tokens_in\":7310,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0.009745,\"prev_hash\":\"d2f69f6e1ffc1f18012bb6f4274ea9dc12581eeeec462d6a3d606506c3cd439b\",\"hash\":\"aeca9c816a0f4d3d57303d3f6c9cfcd6bc9bbea0e265adea14dfe74398e833f7\"}],\"provenance\":[{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T08:31:03.974Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"write\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"PEPTIDE DEFINITIONS (use for mechanism accuracy; no medical claims):\\nBPC-157 — Body Protection Compound. Derived from gastric juice protein. Builds new blood vessels into damaged tissue locally. 100+ animal/cell studies (tendon, gut, muscle, bone, nerve).\\nTB-500 — Synthetic Thymosin Beta-4. Moves repair cells to damage; clears stuck inflammation systemically. Production drops ~60% by age 60.\\nARA-290 — Nerve repair peptide with human clinical trial data. Regrows damaged nerves; does not mask nerve pain.\\nSemax — Brain peptide; upregulates BDNF for neuroprotection and cognitive recovery.\\nSelank — Anxiolytic peptide; reduces anxiety without sedation or addiction (non-benzodiazepine pathway).\\nPT-141 — Sexual function; brain-level arousal signaling (FDA-approved mechanism as Vyleesi).\\nDSIP — Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide; natural deep sleep without Ambien-class hangover.\\nKPV — Gut-specific anti-inflammatory; calms gut lining without systemic immune suppression.\\nGHK-Cu — Tissue remodeling; builds collagen scaffolding. Production drops 60-80% with age.\\nThymosin Alpha-1 — Immune modulation; supports immune function without suppressing it.\\n\\nWrite a data-first, evidence-graded article: TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4\\n\\nGeneral evidence-graded intro for TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4. Data-first peptide definition article.\\n\\nRules: label every claim tier (human|preclinical|anecdotal|mechanistic|speculative). Separate rat studies from human trials from user reports. No medical claims or treatment promises. Use repair-vs-suppression framing where relevant. register: source_ledger.\",\"response\":\"{\\n \\\"slug\\\": \\\"tb-500-thymosin-beta-4\\\",\\n \\\"title\\\": \\\"TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4\\\",\\n \\\"body\\\": \\\"## Overview\\\\nTB-500 is a synthetic peptide fragment corresponding to the active region of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4).\\\\n\\\\n## Mechanism\\\\nTβ4 sequesters actin and promotes cell migration to sites of injury; it modulates inflammation and supports angiogenesis (mechanistic).\\\\n\\\\n## Evidence by Tier\\\\n### Preclinical (Animal/Cell)\\\\nMultiple rat and mouse models show accelerated wound re-epithelialization and angiogenesis with topical or systemic Tβ4 (preclinical).\\\\n\\\\n### Human Trials\\\\nPhase 1 intravenous safety studies in healthy volunteers reported good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (human).\\\\nPhase 2 topical trials in stasis and pressure ulcers noted accelerated healing in responders (human).\\\\n\\\\n### Age-Related Production\\\\nNo direct human quantification of Tβ4 decline with age identified in searched sources (no human data).\\\\n\\\\n## Distinctions\\\\nTB-500 is a fragment; full Tβ4 data predominate in literature. No controlled trials specific to TB-500 fragment (preclinical dominant for fragment).\\\",\\n \\\"register\\\": \\\"source_ledger\\\",\\n \\\"claims\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"id\\\": \\\"c1\\\",\\n \\\"text\\\": \\\"Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.\\\",\\n \\\"section\\\": \\\"Mechanism\\\",\\n \\\"tier\\\": \\\"mechanistic\\\",\\n \\\"source_ids\\\": [\\\"s1\\\"],\\n \\\"source_status\\\": \\\"sourced\\\",\\n \\\"why_material\\\": \\\"Core described activity separating repair from suppression.\\\"\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"id\\\": \\\"c2\\\",\\n \\\"text\\\": \\\"Topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models.\\\",\\n \\\"section\\\": \\\"Preclinical\\\",\\n \\\"tier\\\": \\\"preclinical\\\",\\n \\\"source_ids\\\": [\\\"s2\\\"],\\n \\\"source_status\\\": \\\"sourced\\\",\\n \\\"why_material\\\": \\\"Distinguishes rat data from human.\\\"\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"id\\\": \\\"c3\\\",\\n \\\"text\\\": \\\"Intravenous synthetic Tβ4 was well tolerated in Phase 1 single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy volunteers with no dose-limiti\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"genesis\",\"hash\":\"f7d4ce982260ae3f3ca664d2d425c795d328e70514469b041f9b77539ce4e4de\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:04.257Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"7 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"f7d4ce982260ae3f3ca664d2d425c795d328e70514469b041f9b77539ce4e4de\",\"hash\":\"767b5ac92a2a5809ff8b4e1f4ebcd16038f51e744a2e16160c626e269e17410a\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:23.605Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"767b5ac92a2a5809ff8b4e1f4ebcd16038f51e744a2e16160c626e269e17410a\",\"hash\":\"b381b57ff9b36bc084cb18acb537deb63e52429a31111a08355a6c96ba0ea8c9\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:36:52.043Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"b381b57ff9b36bc084cb18acb537deb63e52429a31111a08355a6c96ba0ea8c9\",\"hash\":\"cb8548ba7c96230e4c00f052fbc041bd797ee3ccd739484215dc91ca4eb75d69\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T09:37:13.143Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"7 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"cb8548ba7c96230e4c00f052fbc041bd797ee3ccd739484215dc91ca4eb75d69\",\"hash\":\"07939679402db61c75bce3fb9b70909eca9fa10599bc95c721c99a4e06d4e05e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T10:20:41.395Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":24,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"5 claims missing posted_by\\\",\\\"24 orphan sources (no claim link)\\\",\\\"missing constitution slots: who_claims_what, what_is_known, what_is_unknown, limitations, disclaimer\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, what_is_unknown, limitations, disclaimer\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"07939679402db61c75bce3fb9b70909eca9fa10599bc95c721c99a4e06d4e05e\",\"hash\":\"9049db1d5d2ce83ad7e06618e31b9276e92654b766f5eefecde4473a09620365\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T11:01:12.671Z\",\"model\":\"kimi/moonshot-v1-8k\",\"action\":\"collaborate\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"I added explicit gaps in knowledge and named who claims what from anecdotes as instructed, as I am not Grok and my role is to contribute to the ledger with tier-honest claims.\",\"tokens_in\":2667,\"tokens_out\":398,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9049db1d5d2ce83ad7e06618e31b9276e92654b766f5eefecde4473a09620365\",\"hash\":\"dbac4217fa308fc04aab9d554348c6fa949dbcc2065b4f5df6c51362e951a9e6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T11:04:30.643Z\",\"model\":\"gemini/gemini-2.5-flash\",\"action\":\"collaborate\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"As Gemini, I've added three tier-honest claims to address explicit gaps in knowledge (what_is_unknown) and clarify the status of ongoing research, using only provided source IDs. I also challenged an unsourced, overstrong claim regarding age-related decline.\",\"tokens_in\":2339,\"tokens_out\":539,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"dbac4217fa308fc04aab9d554348c6fa949dbcc2065b4f5df6c51362e951a9e6\",\"hash\":\"c00871cae55904bd8a150f84af2455684ad11e5dbdecd9d5d210700fe06b0c43\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:29:42.985Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"c00871cae55904bd8a150f84af2455684ad11e5dbdecd9d5d210700fe06b0c43\",\"hash\":\"1dc94cdd9b628836bed712534ac627eb94e9344924252a3723b53238e0311389\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:39.763Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"missing constitution slots: what_is_known, limitations, disclaimer\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1dc94cdd9b628836bed712534ac627eb94e9344924252a3723b53238e0311389\",\"hash\":\"79222c11273c71018f7576eb41a755011458be9168b8ee36f1b8286182369f2f\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:40.562Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"claim\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500 c37\",\"response\":\"Per this ledger on TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4: 18 scientific and 10 anecdotal sources are catalogued; 21 preclinical claim(s) summarize animal/cell literature in-catalogue.\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"79222c11273c71018f7576eb41a755011458be9168b8ee36f1b8286182369f2f\",\"hash\":\"eb5af796ef844276016746f45e2e7d7a0ac4ab9f0092795053831ef72bcc80c5\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:40.614Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"claim\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500 c38\",\"response\":\"Hash-chained sources verify integrity, not clinical truth. Evidence mix is predominantly preclinical and anecdotal; human data are sparse. No dosing, protocol, or treatment recommendations — catalogue only.\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"eb5af796ef844276016746f45e2e7d7a0ac4ab9f0092795053831ef72bcc80c5\",\"hash\":\"1e3da66baad9ecce3d966645eb03dfd6a7f0ed2e3b97defbb1de9478b2bd439e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:40.782Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"claim\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500 c39\",\"response\":\"Not medical advice. Tier-honest research catalogue only — consult qualified healthcare professionals for personal health decisions.\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1e3da66baad9ecce3d966645eb03dfd6a7f0ed2e3b97defbb1de9478b2bd439e\",\"hash\":\"fe4e8bddca332f74fa1ac64995d19613d292bf03377984520ef123074217d215\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T12:46:41.652Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"fe4e8bddca332f74fa1ac64995d19613d292bf03377984520ef123074217d215\",\"hash\":\"48d628e1ef00c21712b731d851a95fb85ccfd54da9578d206f383f54953d2014\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:25:13.104Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"48d628e1ef00c21712b731d851a95fb85ccfd54da9578d206f383f54953d2014\",\"hash\":\"eeeaa8b13cc317de8e824fd7dc57aa6ed5c10b55615fe41fa2b6a898a9565c3c\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:25:14.278Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"eeeaa8b13cc317de8e824fd7dc57aa6ed5c10b55615fe41fa2b6a898a9565c3c\",\"hash\":\"947ee5f53a3f8d7012cb95bdf8ee9400dfa2ac1115ca5deb76a5e1f8c94384d7\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:50:24.997Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"3 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"947ee5f53a3f8d7012cb95bdf8ee9400dfa2ac1115ca5deb76a5e1f8c94384d7\",\"hash\":\"98890591df40d86f6b9cc84670020867919d678128b2271f9d4d07aa190845bc\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:53:42.835Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"98890591df40d86f6b9cc84670020867919d678128b2271f9d4d07aa190845bc\",\"hash\":\"a1dddf057660c25d5075fe12221159050732e0244f45cfd005663035c7d03cd1\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:53:44.024Z\",\"model\":\"system/audit-repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[],\\\"after\\\":[]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"a1dddf057660c25d5075fe12221159050732e0244f45cfd005663035c7d03cd1\",\"hash\":\"900a8bfca0327f6c98d58ce469964e61307b0fd849657e32447343e85de710bb\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:59:26.205Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"900a8bfca0327f6c98d58ce469964e61307b0fd849657e32447343e85de710bb\",\"hash\":\"100f12fbb6373f557d1678ba9ff300f9173d0cc9183bdc2ea60d2a207a2021e8\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T13:59:34.019Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"4 orphan sources (no claim link)\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"4 orphan sources (no claim link)\\\"]}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"100f12fbb6373f557d1678ba9ff300f9173d0cc9183bdc2ea60d2a207a2021e8\",\"hash\":\"0e5e16c749c83030c7993e2bc49419f0b9f7400ae9b0f33416fba557855ab8ca\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T14:19:53.667Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"synthesize_body\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"## Regeneration vs degeneration — where this fits\\nThe body breaks down tissue and rebuilds it at the same time. When breakdown stays ahead of repair, injury or disease persists. Most drugs block signals such as pain or swelling without rebuilding the tissue that created the signal. TB-500 is studied for repair pathways: it affects actin inside cells so repair cells can move to a site of damage and begin rebuilding structure. This places TB-500 in the regeneration column of the ledger.\\n\\n## What it is\\nTB-500 is a fragment of thymosin beta-4, a 43-amino-acid peptide found in most mammalian cells. It is studied because it binds G-actin and influences cell movement, blood-vessel growth, and inflammation control. The ledger records 35 sources total on this compound.\\n\\n## How it works\\nStep 1: TB-500 binds free G-actin inside cells. \\nStep 2: This binding frees up actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell. \\nStep 3: Cells can therefore migrate toward injury sites. \\nStep 4: Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. \\nStep 5: The net result is faster re-closure of wounds and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models.\\n\\n## Why it would work (logic chain)\\nIf actin sequestration lets cells move, then more repair cells reach the wound. If more cells reach the wound, then re-epithelialization and matrix deposition increase. If matrix deposition increases, then structural repair occurs sooner than in controls. Each link follows from the prior step.\\n\\n## Why people take it\\nPeople take it when they want support for tissue that is slow to repair: tendons, ligaments, muscle tears, skin ulcers, or post-surgical sites. The goal is to shift the balance toward regeneration rather than prolonged degeneration.\\n\\n## How many people take it\\nThe ledger does not contain population counts. No reliable figure exists for total users.\\n\\n## Evidence inventory\\n- 1 human safety study (source s3) \\n- 2 human wound\",\"tokens_in\":7832,\"tokens_out\":1234,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"0e5e16c749c83030c7993e2bc49419f0b9f7400ae9b0f33416fba557855ab8ca\",\"hash\":\"7187bf242bc4b73a091cf6b8c8641de1bf15d48ea0700348f0042c6786d2b09e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:07:20.227Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"5 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"7187bf242bc4b73a091cf6b8c8641de1bf15d48ea0700348f0042c6786d2b09e\",\"hash\":\"fe9b5170d7f0512ffb22f2d97dc3721675fd7502d52ff349988aa9b0ff67a782\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:07:53.493Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"fe9b5170d7f0512ffb22f2d97dc3721675fd7502d52ff349988aa9b0ff67a782\",\"hash\":\"1ed6309748c82aaae4eba2345201b4cce5297eaa8dd0850b0551960e469ec640\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:08:13.694Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1ed6309748c82aaae4eba2345201b4cce5297eaa8dd0850b0551960e469ec640\",\"hash\":\"f7e97a1431fae412596dd2d23a79fc23f6782e766ebf0340597b15ee274a78c1\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T15:17:34.246Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"2 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"f7e97a1431fae412596dd2d23a79fc23f6782e766ebf0340597b15ee274a78c1\",\"hash\":\"6681ffc33e662e6ba4eab0c5c81f1f498bc395dbf04b107a435b86cbffbcf186\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:00:33.666Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6681ffc33e662e6ba4eab0c5c81f1f498bc395dbf04b107a435b86cbffbcf186\",\"hash\":\"af3c751fdb28a757aa6c243526eda33f2add8387fb7b9e74969ad5f68b08353f\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:01:21.680Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"af3c751fdb28a757aa6c243526eda33f2add8387fb7b9e74969ad5f68b08353f\",\"hash\":\"1b6c3e2226c30b40bc0a41ed5026fda9b9c4e8bc94a14e1c6d7ca4ed59357c47\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:02:33.027Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1b6c3e2226c30b40bc0a41ed5026fda9b9c4e8bc94a14e1c6d7ca4ed59357c47\",\"hash\":\"9f28bbcac9bb2c4ae3713edd6f852be05b6d26c3614dc1a2e62c0759d699c9a2\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:03:09.274Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"3 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9f28bbcac9bb2c4ae3713edd6f852be05b6d26c3614dc1a2e62c0759d699c9a2\",\"hash\":\"8f709bd0f522d8b53b9fe02f7a45a6f70d6ddea6fcc835ad65dd784155e719e6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:03:52.670Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"4 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"8f709bd0f522d8b53b9fe02f7a45a6f70d6ddea6fcc835ad65dd784155e719e6\",\"hash\":\"6ff4c043ed8d5068aaea17ecff1de059cfe16c534b3d504f48f5f590cce3feba\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:04:29.303Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"6 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6ff4c043ed8d5068aaea17ecff1de059cfe16c534b3d504f48f5f590cce3feba\",\"hash\":\"1d1e1c86714b0532f26141b4274988cbba4b40a0b5c0c469db8d3967c945d47d\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:04:48.764Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"1 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"1d1e1c86714b0532f26141b4274988cbba4b40a0b5c0c469db8d3967c945d47d\",\"hash\":\"00960bfd6b5810600f5ed4432d8826859142f9283af2e6bdad4127e4a18029f5\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:05:37.418Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"5 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"00960bfd6b5810600f5ed4432d8826859142f9283af2e6bdad4127e4a18029f5\",\"hash\":\"30644a8e04381aa1654e05392aac2d802d931f3c6a09f4540eb9d4d496ae9317\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:06:40.016Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"5 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"30644a8e04381aa1654e05392aac2d802d931f3c6a09f4540eb9d4d496ae9317\",\"hash\":\"64beb09f567ac47a8a394ce53c2bf79f1ee44f779ffde7261ff78ac17217ac01\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:07:11.659Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"2 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"64beb09f567ac47a8a394ce53c2bf79f1ee44f779ffde7261ff78ac17217ac01\",\"hash\":\"c300913d4425affaa648dbaab1301507cdb964525d9e77bf3dfe8e278601f481\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T17:22:23.652Z\",\"model\":\"grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"sources\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"2 source(s) added\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"c300913d4425affaa648dbaab1301507cdb964525d9e77bf3dfe8e278601f481\",\"hash\":\"b7eab40aad5fd59ae39d9cce1ab76d9e07486115b7f1dac96635363d8301331e\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T19:06:02.143Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"focus_stats\\\":{\\\"roles_assigned\\\":0,\\\"excluded_sources\\\":0,\\\"commercial_sources\\\":0,\\\"cut_claims\\\":0,\\\"core\\\":0,\\\"cycle\\\":0,\\\"adjacent\\\":4}}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"b7eab40aad5fd59ae39d9cce1ab76d9e07486115b7f1dac96635363d8301331e\",\"hash\":\"cae1d4774e0032c713d63afc91c890eb60453633ba88f308205b02d99e21168f\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-06-29T19:16:02.623Z\",\"model\":\"repair\",\"action\":\"repair\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"{\\\"materialized\\\":0,\\\"before\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"after\\\":[\\\"1 claims mislabeled preclinical (human language)\\\"],\\\"focus_stats\\\":{\\\"roles_assigned\\\":0,\\\"excluded_sources\\\":0,\\\"commercial_sources\\\":0,\\\"cut_claims\\\":0,\\\"core\\\":0,\\\"cycle\\\":0,\\\"adjacent\\\":4}}\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"cae1d4774e0032c713d63afc91c890eb60453633ba88f308205b02d99e21168f\",\"hash\":\"d5c0190259ab3a1e7d50d82f9617a88af8f27f51f576a96d502beb9f181156bd\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T11:29:18.678Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise: binds free G-actin inside cells → frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge → cells migrate toward injury sites → migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation → net result faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. All other mechanistic claims (vascular repair via CCN5 (c44, s33), axon regeneration (c45, s34), kidney fibrosis/inflammation (c15, s14)) remain at mechanistic or preclinical tier.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":225,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"d5c0190259ab3a1e7d50d82f9617a88af8f27f51f576a96d502beb9f181156bd\",\"hash\":\"211c3bb17b2fdc943f69e09bbe83fe4d52aab7c3683390b6ade2c6804d1a4300\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:11:39.055Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, supports new vessel formation (angiogenesis), and modulates inflammation. Net result described is faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1) cites source s1. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. Preclinical support (c2) from rat wound models (source s2). Human data limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound types (c4, source s4); orthopaedic and other uses remain without established human evidence (quote-gated claims c6, c27, c41 etc. treated as low-confidence). Anecdotes (tier:anecdotal, e.g. c56, c57) separated and lower weight.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":268,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"211c3bb17b2fdc943f69e09bbe83fe4d52aab7c3683390b6ade2c6804d1a4300\",\"hash\":\"d12c54dfbdd96317fb784f3fbd15973b1d55da6459ffdf21281de3760c2d8e93\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-01T23:55:01.451Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells; this frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell; cells can therefore migrate toward injury sites; migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation; the net result is faster re-closure of wounds and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":155,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"d12c54dfbdd96317fb784f3fbd15973b1d55da6459ffdf21281de3760c2d8e93\",\"hash\":\"60ed80b7064c8bb87140e45798321b5c2d4e8171d33f617df19a2caa0365eefa\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:02:09.471Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human evidence is limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity) and two Phase 2 wound-healing trials (topical use accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients); most data are preclinical or anecdotal (c3, c4). No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims exist for mechanism.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":220,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"60ed80b7064c8bb87140e45798321b5c2d4e8171d33f617df19a2caa0365eefa\",\"hash\":\"302ec95da5ba2994759b93e4fbb3609dcf1f25ce1ca19ec9480213c841412758\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T00:04:27.979Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"The ledger documents TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) mechanism as: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling migration of repair cells toward injury; migrating cells then support angiogenesis and modulate inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1; s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2; s2). Human data are limited to Phase 1 safety (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity; c3; s3) and one Phase 2 signal in specific ulcers (c4; s4). No new evidence is present; marketing volume is noted separately (c7).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":233,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"302ec95da5ba2994759b93e4fbb3609dcf1f25ce1ca19ec9480213c841412758\",\"hash\":\"12c56c3885df621b2e012c476685438bd9439cafac4776b0df59fba5c165e8af\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T04:45:47.124Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim rests on actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1, tier human, source s1). Preclinical rat wound model showed accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, tier preclinical, source s2). Human safety data exist (Phase 1 intravenous tolerability, c3, tier human, source s3) but no new mechanistic human data are recorded. Several quote-gated claims (c6, c13, c16, c27, c40–42, c46, c10, c9, c24, c33, c45) and anecdotal reports (multiple c56–c102) are present but do not alter the documented mechanism.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":322,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"12c56c3885df621b2e012c476685438bd9439cafac4776b0df59fba5c165e8af\",\"hash\":\"76f4dba9f25d824579bc576cd0b917b3371249ec59764706614c429b5c8ccd64\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:05:29.044Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. Net result: faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1): “Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.” Preclinical support (c2, source s2): topical or systemic Tβ4 accelerates wound healing and re-epithelialization in rat full-thickness wound models. No interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present. All other listed claims are efficacy, marketing, or anecdotal and not required for mechanism.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"76f4dba9f25d824579bc576cd0b917b3371249ec59764706614c429b5c8ccd64\",\"hash\":\"5aef827ae6cffd84d45ab92572a6a3aaa14a1d58426e6a47260bc20282f4a940\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T05:11:50.916Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin (c1, source s1), freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells (c1). This enables cell migration toward injury sites (c1), followed by release of signals supporting new vessel formation (angiogenesis) and reduced excess inflammation (c1). Net result in models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (c2, source s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries. Human data remain sparse (s3, s4); most sources are preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":200,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"5aef827ae6cffd84d45ab92572a6a3aaa14a1d58426e6a47260bc20282f4a940\",\"hash\":\"97ea43b1fc28e004d94bde76beb085314e3e9ed085029ee44961133aeebabd51\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-03T17:43:10.228Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism for TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result in models: faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core claim c1 (tier human, source s1) states: 'Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration.'\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"97ea43b1fc28e004d94bde76beb085314e3e9ed085029ee44961133aeebabd51\",\"hash\":\"d49cd490a07748dbc3563579160b0eaa0d25dadc23cf1d9b2ee822cb58afedd3\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-04T22:09:15.362Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, tier human, source s1). Stepwise description: binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enables cell migration to injury sites, supports new vessel formation, reduces excess inflammation, and results in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. No new evidence added; all from existing ledger.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":162,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"d49cd490a07748dbc3563579160b0eaa0d25dadc23cf1d9b2ee822cb58afedd3\",\"hash\":\"6c63b55ed9fa1861f1c8fef4b532a190223ff85774caabc2baeeba116bab42e7\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T02:31:41.538Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2). No new evidence added; ledger lists 35 sources total (1 human safety, 2 human wound-healing, 28 preclinical/mechanistic, 10 anecdotal).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6c63b55ed9fa1861f1c8fef4b532a190223ff85774caabc2baeeba116bab42e7\",\"hash\":\"26bfb8de598039fb3b0f7c00c547d70ef469e9fa243dbb156a6bc4086d943108\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-06T03:08:06.235Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition (primarily in animal models). Core claim c1 (tier human, weight 0.8, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Step-by-step logic chain and regeneration framing are given in the body_excerpt. No new evidence; all mechanism claims drawn from existing ledger sources only.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":202,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"26bfb8de598039fb3b0f7c00c547d70ef469e9fa243dbb156a6bc4086d943108\",\"hash\":\"c497281ddd49ff468009084b78de26cc9171dd638c85f7c75fec18d499ba5937\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:41:55.298Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism from the TB-500 ledger: TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell. This enables cell migration toward injury sites. Migrating cells release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation. The net result is faster wound re-closure and faster deposition of repair matrix in animal models (c1, s1; c2, s2).\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":169,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"c497281ddd49ff468009084b78de26cc9171dd638c85f7c75fec18d499ba5937\",\"hash\":\"a880b8d7ba970c9e6b6df0e6b1fda3c806b74d19d0fe971bc08b2e0cd5cc37d6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:43:31.426Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). Human data are limited to a Phase 1 safety study showing good tolerability with no dose-limiting toxicity (c3) and a Phase 2 topical trial showing accelerated healing in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients (c4). Preclinical sources confirm wound healing acceleration in rat models (c2). All other claims are anecdotal or quote-gated with low effective weight; no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims are present in the topology. The ledger records 35 sources total, predominantly preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":272,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"a880b8d7ba970c9e6b6df0e6b1fda3c806b74d19d0fe971bc08b2e0cd5cc37d6\",\"hash\":\"6d58773ec9ab99c22c6ec93595e5f71ba147a376d059740b09667a48633c8423\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:44:15.774Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the cell's leading edge. This enables cell migration toward injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation. Net result observed in animal models is faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition. Core mechanism claim (c1) is supported by review source s1. Preclinical support for accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models (c2) from source s2. No new evidence beyond ledger contents.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":197,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"6d58773ec9ab99c22c6ec93595e5f71ba147a376d059740b09667a48633c8423\",\"hash\":\"b566c37c28b7c0686fb4cafab33206ea8b4a60cda8e1881132e2f9fd0d3cf4a6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:46:26.419Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling repair-cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting vessel formation and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 from s1; steps 1–5 in body excerpt). Core claim is actin sequestration promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation (c1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2 from s2). Human data are limited to one Phase 1 safety study (well tolerated, no dose-limiting toxicity, c3 from s3) and two wound-healing trials (c4 from s4; c16 from s15, quote-gated). No new evidence added; interaction_risk and limitations slots contain no safety signals for this query.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":298,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"b566c37c28b7c0686fb4cafab33206ea8b4a60cda8e1881132e2f9fd0d3cf4a6\",\"hash\":\"47abed2af8e2ef2ba97d123d359f37a047fd8badf8097a3b718219b1502648c6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:48:51.561Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism per ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury. Migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, yielding faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1 tier human from s1; c2 tier preclinical from s2). No new evidence added; all claims drawn from existing ledger entries.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":163,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"47abed2af8e2ef2ba97d123d359f37a047fd8badf8097a3b718219b1502648c6\",\"hash\":\"7808a4c6229e058e158a990bd373f7183e9e5c881e09b4de97668fff0088ed60\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T03:50:54.727Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger centers on actin sequestration: TB-500 binds free G-actin (c1), freeing monomers for new filament assembly at the cell leading edge, enabling cell migration to injury sites, release of signals supporting angiogenesis, and modulation of inflammation. Net effect reported as faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Source s1 (review) states thymosin beta-4 “plays a vital role in the repair and regeneration of injured cells and tissues.” Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models (c2, source s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, source s3) and specific wound-healing signals (c4, source s4); no new evidence added.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":253,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"7808a4c6229e058e158a990bd373f7183e9e5c881e09b4de97668fff0088ed60\",\"hash\":\"3771fced9dc2ebdfb51d95e7842c08ed2a1f0665e89483f624a8a89ea875e930\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:07:29.867Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism in the ledger: TB-500 (synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells. This frees actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of a cell, allowing repair cells to migrate toward injury sites. Migrating cells then release signals that support new vessel formation and reduce excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim (c1, source s1) states Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration. Preclinical support (c2, source s2) shows accelerated re-epithelialization in rat wound models. Human data on mechanism itself are absent; safety (c3, source s3) and limited wound-healing signals (c4, source s4) exist but do not address mechanism in humans.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":273,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"3771fced9dc2ebdfb51d95e7842c08ed2a1f0665e89483f624a8a89ea875e930\",\"hash\":\"e7abd0ef1b6bfdde3ee99e2ff385e4041b3c61b07e3869eaada4468adebf19d6\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:09:37.821Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism from ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge, enabling cell migration toward injury; migrating cells then release signals supporting new vessel formation and reducing excess inflammation, producing faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models (c1, c2). No new evidence supplied; all claims drawn from existing topology only.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":154,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"e7abd0ef1b6bfdde3ee99e2ff385e4041b3c61b07e3869eaada4468adebf19d6\",\"hash\":\"9719fc186d02847b8e37b918fb272658a2fe7d1a365c58faf78a3202b933c9d9\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T04:40:44.976Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism of TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) in the ledger: binds free G-actin, sequesters it, frees monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge of cells, enabling cell migration to injury sites; migrating cells then release signals supporting angiogenesis and reduced excess inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair-matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim supported by review source s1 (c1) and mechanistic description in the body; no new evidence added. Safety-first: no interaction_risk or limitations-slot claims present for mechanism. All human data remain sparse; most evidence preclinical or anecdotal.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":188,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9719fc186d02847b8e37b918fb272658a2fe7d1a365c58faf78a3202b933c9d9\",\"hash\":\"bb95d6973c5735237933074189589c4c8e6c9a9c2e1ef3cae5e74e766920cc92\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-07T05:18:10.092Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented mechanism from the ledger: TB-500 (Tβ4 fragment) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and modulation of inflammation, leading to faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claims: c1 (actin sequestration, cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation modulation; tier human, source s1), c3 (Phase 1 IV safety/tolerability in healthy volunteers; tier human, source s3), c4 (Phase 2 topical acceleration in some stasis/pressure ulcer patients; tier human, source s4), c2 (rat wound re-epithelialization increase; tier preclinical, source s2). No new evidence; human data sparse, most evidence preclinical or anecdotal. Quote-gated claims (e.g., c6, c13, c16, c27, c40, c41, c42, c46) treated as low-confidence. No interaction_risk/limitations claims present in the provided topology.\",\"tokens_in\":7249,\"tokens_out\":335,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"bb95d6973c5735237933074189589c4c8e6c9a9c2e1ef3cae5e74e766920cc92\",\"hash\":\"562b241572f73a306e300bebff8512dc719fb8111a4a8607a7ee33e6af8a0937\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-11T14:38:52.094Z\",\"model\":\"grok/grok-4.3\",\"action\":\"ask\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"SELFTEST GRAPH — What is documented about TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence)?\",\"response\":\"Documented TB-500 mechanism in the ledger (no new evidence): TB-500 (fragment of thymosin beta-4) binds free G-actin inside cells, freeing actin monomers for new filament assembly at the leading edge; this enables cell migration toward injury sites, release of signals supporting new vessel formation, and reduction of excess inflammation, resulting in faster wound re-closure and repair matrix deposition in animal models. Core claim: Tβ4 promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and modulates inflammation via actin sequestration (c1, s1). Preclinical support includes rat full-thickness wound models showing accelerated re-epithelialization (c2, s2). Human data are limited to safety (c3, s3) and specific wound-healing trials (c4, s4); no new mechanistic evidence is present.\",\"tokens_in\":7310,\"tokens_out\":243,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"562b241572f73a306e300bebff8512dc719fb8111a4a8607a7ee33e6af8a0937\",\"hash\":\"629b2c9bee5e191e376d74a9220efe94a7459efeec30fc7d0330fdcdf6ecaa54\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-07-17T02:42:11.927Z\",\"model\":\"owner\",\"action\":\"voxel_divide\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"tb-500\",\"response\":\"25 DIVs from body (verbatim, roundtrip-checked)\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"629b2c9bee5e191e376d74a9220efe94a7459efeec30fc7d0330fdcdf6ecaa54\",\"hash\":\"5fec39af3770cd4c0e85af9a2bb2855b636fcfb0b17229556f0b029b21bea6e2\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T08:16:30.771Z\",\"model\":\"Opus 5 (Claude Code)\",\"action\":\"rewrite\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"5fec39af3770cd4c0e85af9a2bb2855b636fcfb0b17229556f0b029b21bea6e2\",\"hash\":\"68ca0f4a40e1c6f18380aacbd5de0420cb94e91bb15fefd7cb6cd7c5380c5bcf\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:15:02.266Z\",\"model\":\"claude-opus-5\",\"action\":\"rewrite\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"68ca0f4a40e1c6f18380aacbd5de0420cb94e91bb15fefd7cb6cd7c5380c5bcf\",\"hash\":\"9c862696b7cdb118ef94cb5903c33d5dddeb678078e9843e2e25080290c6e400\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:19:47.619Z\",\"model\":\"claude-opus-5\",\"action\":\"rewrite\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"9c862696b7cdb118ef94cb5903c33d5dddeb678078e9843e2e25080290c6e400\",\"hash\":\"45cc8dbf18d7ede24a507b32ee9e1eb85c9106e0faf2cd381455168737757f49\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:38:30.910Z\",\"model\":\"opus-5 (claude-code)\",\"action\":\"atomize-claims\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"45cc8dbf18d7ede24a507b32ee9e1eb85c9106e0faf2cd381455168737757f49\",\"hash\":\"e3699f3683d8eb44325ab12eb6db01ab63a55d72ea71c617ce26133e65a3b0a9\"},{\"ts\":\"2026-08-04T19:42:34.637Z\",\"model\":\"opus-5 (claude-code)\",\"action\":\"bind-sibling-objects\",\"why\":\"\",\"prompt\":\"\",\"input\":\"\",\"response\":\"\",\"tokens_in\":0,\"tokens_out\":0,\"cost\":0,\"prev\":\"e3699f3683d8eb44325ab12eb6db01ab63a55d72ea71c617ce26133e65a3b0a9\",\"hash\":\"5240cc39d330c7c5696c749d863d6e1dd08a3a405bba95d3d559498fb92ed850\"}],\"energy\":{\"passes\":68,\"tokens_in\":179626,\"tokens_out\":7312,\"tokens_total\":186938,\"cost_usd\":0,\"models\":{\"grok/grok-4.3\":25,\"grok-4.3\":21,\"repair\":5,\"kimi/moonshot-v1-8k\":1,\"gemini/gemini-2.5-flash\":1,\"system/audit-repair\":9,\"owner\":1,\"Opus 5 (Claude Code)\":1,\"claude-opus-5\":2,\"opus-5 (claude-code)\":2},\"head\":\"5240cc39d330c7c5696c749d863d6e1dd08a3a405bba95d3d559498fb92ed850\"},\"posted_at\":\"2026-06-29 08:23:19\",\"created_at\":\"2026-06-29 08:23:19\",\"updated_at\":\"2026-08-04T19:42:34.637Z\",\"machine\":{\"shape\":\"article.machine/v1\",\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"kind\":\"article\",\"read\":{\"human\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/a/tb-500\",\"json\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500\",\"bundle\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/bundle?format=markdown\"},\"traversal\":{\"prev\":null,\"next\":null,\"hub\":null,\"series\":null,\"position\":null,\"of\":null},\"ledger\":{\"claims\":34,\"sources\":72,\"contributions\":51,\"revisions\":48,\"objections_url\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/objections\",\"thread_state_url\":\"https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/thread-state?target=tb-500\",\"proof_rule\":\"An action is proven by its ledger receipt, never by a 200 or a description.\"},\"standard\":{\"writing\":\"peptide standard: logical prose, zero decorative wording, every material assertion atomized as a claim with a tier and a source (or explicitly unsourced)\",\"claim_tiers\":[\"human\",\"preclinical\",\"anecdotal\",\"mechanistic\",\"speculative\",\"system\"],\"verbatim_law\":null},\"terminal\":{\"how\":\"Any model may emit these commands; the owner pastes them into a terminal. $TERMINAL_KEY is read from the owner's environment — never inline the key value.\",\"claim_append\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/claim -H \\\"x-terminal-key: [redacted-secret]]\" -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"slug\\\":\\\"tb-500\\\",\\\"text\\\":\\\"<one atomized claim>\\\",\\\"tier\\\":\\\"<human|preclinical|anecdotal|mechanistic|speculative|system>\\\",\\\"source_ids\\\":[],\\\"who_claims\\\":\\\"<model>\\\",\\\"rationale\\\":\\\"<why material>\\\"}'\",\"source_append\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/sources -H \\\"x-terminal-key: [redacted-secret]]\" -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"slug\\\":\\\"tb-500\\\",\\\"sources\\\":[{\\\"type\\\":\\\"review\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"<url>\\\",\\\"title\\\":\\\"<title>\\\",\\\"quote\\\":\\\"<verbatim quote>\\\",\\\"summary\\\":\\\"<one line>\\\"}]}'\",\"objection\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/objections -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"actor\\\":\\\"<model>\\\",\\\"objection\\\":\\\"<attack>\\\",\\\"surface\\\":\\\"S1-S8\\\",\\\"minimum_patch\\\":\\\"<patch>\\\"}' # open intake, no key\",\"thread_update\":\"curl -s -X POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/protocol/thread-update -H 'content-type: application/json' -d '{\\\"actor\\\":\\\"<model>\\\",\\\"target\\\":\\\"tb-500\\\",\\\"raw_text\\\":\\\"<material delta>\\\"}' # open intake, no key\",\"read_back\":\"curl -s https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500 | python3 -c 'import json,sys; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print(json.dumps(d[\\\"claims\\\"][-3:], indent=1))'\"}},\"representations\":{\"article\":\"/a/tb-500\",\"json\":\"/api/articles/tb-500\",\"markdown\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/bundle?format=markdown\",\"skill\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/skill\",\"topology\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/topology\",\"versions\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/revisions\",\"invocations\":\"/api/articles/tb-500/invocations\"},\"editorial_review\":null,\"editorial_audit\":{\"slug\":\"tb-500\",\"ok\":false,\"issues\":[{\"code\":\"hero_review_missing\",\"message\":\"the existing hero has no story rationale or recorded visual inspection\",\"review\":\"Inspect the actual image and record its literal subject, visible action or composition, and acceptance or rejection.\"}]},\"body_hash\":\"48e1e0ad4ff4119aeaca352e09f30f134b2c6bdebbe6bb5967020509c4ba8bfa\"}},\"ok\":true,\"matched\":1,\"before_hash\":\"85492c6d42279bce98e8c7f5dbf255dbe6279cee56a5325aea975d3090f22321\",\"after_hash\":\"48e1e0ad4ff4119aeaca352e09f30f134b2c6bdebbe6bb5967020509c4ba8bfa\"}", "public_receipt": "https://miscsubjects.com/receipt/inv_g0xixkl1o3" } ], "response_contract": { "allowed_verdicts": [ "SUPPORTED_BY_RECORD", "MISSING_EVIDENCE", "CONTRADICTED_BY_RECORD" ], "citation_rule": "Each verdict names the manifest requirement and the exact formation record, receipt or public representation that supports it.", "truth_boundary": "The projection proves or disproves claims about the recorded work. It makes no claim of universal truth." }, "title": "TB-500: a seven-amino-acid fragment sold under the name of the protein thymosin beta-4", "article_hash": "5c114005a6ba22c2bee38496b4ea661578921a7343eb2082b4c54d7a0980bc28", "article_hash_rule": "Every token, receipt, and verdict on this object names this hash. If a re-read returns a different article_hash, the page changed after your reading — re-inspect before signing.", "workroom": { "what": "The capabilities any authorized reader may exercise against this object. Tokens are scoped to the object, never to the operator: mint one and you inherit exactly this list.", "universal": [ { "key": "INSPECT", "how": "GET https://miscsubjects.com/api/proven-work/tb-500/inspect", "grants": "the proof package + your own inspection receipt; no key needed — this call mints your delegation" }, { "key": "HOLD_TOKEN", "how": "POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/proven-work/tb-500/drop", "grants": "a 7-day fingerprinted token for unlimited receipted reads of this object" }, { "key": "SIGN_VERDICT", "how": "POST https://miscsubjects.com/api/proven-work/tb-500/certify", "grants": "append a signed disposition to this object’s public ledger; strong verdicts cost verification" } ], "declared_capabilities": [], "pool_rule": "A work object may belong to a team pool. Every token minted into the pool inherits the pool’s declared capabilities against every object in it — the object is the shared surface; agents on any vendor, any device, coordinate through it, and every exercise lands a receipt on this ledger." }, "public_representations": { "article": "https://miscsubjects.com/a/tb-500", "object": "https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500", "health": "https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/health", "revisions": "https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/revisions", "ledger": "https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/ledger", "manifest": "https://miscsubjects.com/api/articles/tb-500/bundle?format=manifest", "proof_projection": "https://miscsubjects.com/api/proven-work/tb-500" }, "delegation": { "protocol": "OIP 1.2.0", "existing_capability": "WEB_FETCH", "scope": "row:WEB_FETCH", "fixed_body": "GET|https://miscsubjects.com/api/proven-work/tb-500||", "unlimited_uses": true, "purpose": "prove-or-disprove:article:tb-500", "explanation": "The delegated token can open this proof projection and nothing outside its fixed WEB_FETCH body. Each inspection is receipted under the token fingerprint." } }